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IM£W AND VALUABLE BOOK FOR FAMILIES & SCHOOLS. 




.jFomilinr CjiingH. 



A GUIDE TO THE SCIENTIFIC KNOWL- 
EDGE OF THINGS FAMILIAR. By the Rev. Dr. 
Brewer, Head Master of King's College School, N'or- 
wich. Carefully revised and adapted for use in Fami- 
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This Volume contains about 2,000 Questions and Answers, 
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convenient for study, and so easy for reference. 

Extract FErvM Preface. — " No science is generally more iutere-sfing thiin that 
n-hich explains the common phenomena of life. " We see that salt and snow are both ^ 
white, a rnsa red, leavts green, and the violet a deep purple ; but how few persons ' 
ever ask the reason why ! We know that a flute produces a musical sound, and a '\ 
;^rarked bell a discordant one— that fire is hot, ice cold, and a candle lunnnons^— \ 
that water boils when subjected to heat, and freezes from co|d ; but when a child looks \ 
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• l:»u\de to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar' ii\slnicttve and amusing t« 
'lie young, ae well as to tlscse of matarer life." 



PUBLISHED Br C. S. FRANCIS <fe CO., NEW YORK. 

Dr. Brewer^ s Guide to Science ; 

Or, tho Scientific Knowledge of Familiar Things. 
490 pages. Price 62i cents. 
The object of this book is to explain scientifically and in 
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tions of the common phenomena of life, such as these, — 
Why does lightning turn beer and milk sour? 
Why do leaves turn brown in autumn ? 
Why is mortar adhesive ? 

Why are coals black— snow white— leaves green— violets blue 
— and roses red ? 
It contains an amount of useful information never before col- 
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Why is ice cold and fire hot? 

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/ 

A GUIDE 

TO ^3 <^ 

ROMAN HISTORY, 

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE CLOSE OF 
THE WESTERN EMPIRE. 



THE REV. DR/BREWER, 

AUTHOR OF "guide TO SCIENCE,*' "GUIDE TO ENGLISH HISTORY, 
"GUIDE TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION," ETC., ETC, 



Cawfulla Bc^iseU, antr atraptelj for W^%t in jFamtliea antj ^c1^ool« 
of tte sanitetj .States. 




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Ent«r«^ according to Act of Congress, iu the year 1852, 

By C. S. Francis & Co., 

In the Clerk's OfiBce of tlie District Court of the United States for the Southern Distric* 

©f New York. 






^^^ 



■A, 






PREFACE. 



This manual of Roman History contains an account 
of the rise, progress, and decline of the Roman nation ; 
the causes which tended to its development and decay ; 
its social, domestic, and political constitutions, laws, 
customs, and habits ; and a hiograpliical sketch of the 
kings and emperors, as well as of those natives and for- 
eigners, whose names ai*e familiar to the classic reader, 
or whose influence affected this wonderful people. 

As, however, history serves a twofold purpose, — illus- 
tration as well as instruction, — numerous anecdotes and 
legends have been introduced in a smaller type, to ena- 
ble students to understand the allusions of ancient and 
modern authors ; but great care has been taken to sep- 
arate these mythic traditions from authentic history. 

The accents and quantity of all proper names and 
Latin words have been distinctly marked ; the modern 
name, as well as the latitude and longitude of ancient 
places, have been added; and every method has been 
adopted, which the author deemed advisable, to render 
this " Guide to Roman History" amusing and instruc- 
tive. 



CONTENTS. 



PART I. 

THE MYTHIC OR REQAL PERIOD. 

I. — Aborigines of Italy . , . . . . 13 
Celebrated persons ... 19 

II.—The 7 Kings of Rome .... 22-116 

m.—l. Romulus 22-25 

His institutions . . . 26-35 

Lictors, 26. Senate, 27. Tribes, 28. Clients, 32. 

Celebrated characters . . . 35-37 

IV.--2. NuMA PoMPiLius .... 38-41 

His institutions . . . 41-48 
Pontiflfs, 42. Augurs, 43. Flamens, 45. Salii, 45. Fecials, 46. 

v.— 3. TuLLUs HosTiLius .... 49-53 

Alba Longa destroyed^ 52. Senate House built, 53. 

VI. — 4. Angus Marcius 54-56 

Plebeians founded .... 57 
Celebrated characters . . . 60-63 

VII.— 5. TARauiN I. or Pmscus . . , 64-67 

Cloaca Maxima, 68. Forum, 69. Comitia, 71. Games, 72. 

Political changes (third tribe) . . , 75 

VIII.— 6. Servius Tullius 80-86 

Political changes . . . 86-97 

Plebeians classed, 86. Comitia tributa, 87. Classes, 88* 

Census, 94. Coin, 95. Wall, 97. 



CONTENTS. 



IX.— 7. TAiiauiN II. or SupEREus . . . 98-116 

The tale of Lucretia, lOG. Abdication, 108. Porsenna, 113. 

Death, 116. First Consuls, 109. First Dictator, 115. 

Customs and manners . . . 117-122 

Funerals, 117. Houses, 119. Costume, 119. Religion, 122, 

Celebrated persons . . . 123-128 



PART II. 

THE REPUBLIC. 



X. — The Great Struggle of the Patricians and Ple- 
beians 129-135 

Debtors, 131. Secession I., 132. Tribunes, 132. 

Social and Political History of the Period . . . 135-147 

Agrarian Laws, 140. Triumph, 146. Ovation, 146. 

Public Officers in the Republic 147-J55 

Consuls, 147. Dictator, 149. Queestors, 149. 

Tribunes, 150. ^diles, 154. 

Celebrated persons . . . 155-163 

XI.— The Decemvirates ..... 163-170 

The tale of Virginius, 165. Secession XL, 167. 

Decemvirate abolished, 1G8. Siege of Veil, 169. Faliscan War, 170. 

Political and Social Histoiy of the Period . . . 171-174 

Censors, 171. Standing army, 173. Soldiers receive pay, 174. 

Celebrated persons . . . 174-178 

XII.— The Invasion of the Gauls . . . 178-191 

Rome burnt, 183. Geese save Rome, 184. 

Camillus repels Brennus, 186. Rome rebuilt, 180. The Tribes, 187. 

Social and Political History of the Period . . . 191-195 

First Plebeian Consul, 190. Fasti, 192. 

Annals of Rome, 192. Crowns, 193. Pr^tors, 195. 

Celebrated persons . . 196-204 

Tlie Seven Wonders of the World, 204. 

XIII.—The Three Samnite Wars . . . 204-217 

The first, 204. Antium taken and the Rostra built, 207. 
The second, 208. The third, 210. Pyrrhus inviides Rome, 214-217. 



CONTENTS. 



9 



Political and Social History of the Period . . . 217-231 

Rome and its revenue increased, 217. 

, Secession III., 219. Hortensian law, 219. Qusestors, 220. 

Franchise, 220. Colonies, 221. Rome advanced in civilization, 222. 

Houses, 223. Silver Coin, 225. Shaving, 225. 

Dress, 227. Amusements, 228. Gladiators, 229. 

Celebrated persons . . . 231-246 

XIV.—The First Punic War .... 247-254 

The first Roman fleet and sea fight, 249. 

The first Roman province, 253. The Temple of Janus closed, 254. 

Political and Social History of the Period . . 254-259 

Ships, 255. Gladiators, 256, Praitors of Provinces, 257. 

Publicans, 258. Artillery, 258, 

Celebrated persons ... 259-264 

The first Roman authors, 261. 



XV.—The Second Punic War 



264-272 



Hannibal invades Italy, 267. Scipio invades Africa, 269. 

The three Macedonian wars, 273-275. The Syrian war, 275. 

Celebrated persons . . . 277-293 

Hannibal, 277. Scipio Africanus, 280. Archimedes, 289. 



XVI.— The Third Punic War 



293-299 



Gai-thage destroyed, 295. The Achtean war, 298. 

^Corinth destroyed, 296. The Numantian war, 298. Servile war, 298. 

Political and Social History of the Period . . . 300-304* 

Morals degenerated, 300. The Drama, 301. 

Plebeians abolished, 302. 

Celebrated persons . . . 305-308 

XVII. — The Gracchi ...... 309-S12 

XVIII.— The Jugurthine War .... 312-315 

XIX. — The Cimbrian War .... 315-318 

XX. — The Social or Marsic War . . . 319-321 

XXI.— The Three Mithridatic Wars . . 321-325 

XXII.-The Civil Wars 326-332 

XXIII. — Catiline's Conspiracy .... 332-334, 

Political and Social History of the last 7 chapters . . . 335-344 

Roman luxury, 335.^ Houses, 335. Banquets, 338. 

Baths, 338. Gardens, 339. 

1* 



10 CONTENTS. 

Tkan 

Mirrors, 34 J. Bridal dress and customs, 342. 

Celebrated persons of the same period . . . 344-354 

Marius, 344-346. Sylla, 346-349. Mithridates, 352. 

XXIV.— The Two Triumvirates . ... 354-367 

The first, 356. The second, 366. 

Pompey's rise and fall, 354-358. Caesar's rise and fall, 356-364. 

The Roman year, 366. 

Celebrated persons of the period ... 367-380 

Oicero, 367-369, Pompey, 371. Ciesar, 373. His Campaigns, 374. 

Authors, 379. 

XXV.— The Close of the Republic . . . 380-384 

Battle of Philippi, 381. Battle of Actium, 382. 

Celebrated persons of the period .... 384-389 

Antony, 385. Brutus, 387. Cassius, 388. 

Decline of the Roman Character . . 389-393 

Equites, 390. Revenue, 392. Moral degradation, 392, 393. 



PART III. 

THE EMPIRE. 



XXVI.— 1. Augustus ...... 394-403 

Domestic customs, 398. Augustan authors, 400-403. 

2. Tiberius, 403-405. 3. Caligula, 405-407. 4. Claudius, 407, 408. 

5. Nero . . . 408-412 

The Great Fire, 409. The Golden Palace, 409. Authors, 410, 

6. Galba. 7. Otho. 8. Vitellius, 412. • 

9. Vespasian . . . 413 
Siege of Jerusalem, 413. Coliseum, 414. 

10. Titus . . . 414-416 
Herculaneum and Pompeii, 414. 

11. Domitian, 416. 

XXVII.— The 5 Good Emperors . . . 418-427 

12. Nerva, 418. 13. Trajan, 418-421. 

U. Hadrian, 421. 

15. Antoninus Pins 4xJ;i 16. Marc^.ig AnveHMS, 424-427. 



CONTENTS. 11 



FAOB 



XXVIII. — The Decline of the Roman Empire . . 427 

17. Commodus, 427. 

18. Pertiaax, 427. 19. Didius. 20. Severus I., 428. 

The 12 Persecutions of the Christians, 429. 

21. Caracalla, 429. 22. Mucrinus. 23. Elagabalus, 430. 

24. Alexander Severus. 25. Maximin, 431. 
26. Gordian Africanus. 27. Pupienus and Balbinus, 432. 
28. Gordian. 29. Philip. 30. Decius, 432. 
31. Gallus. 32. iEmilianus. 33. Valerian. .34. Gallienus, 433. 
35. Claudius II. 36. Aurelian, 434. 
37. Tacitus. 38. Probiis. 39. Carus. 40. Carinus, 436. 
41. Numerian. 42. Dioclesian, 436. 
The Empire divided, 438. 
The 10th Persecution of the Christians, 437. 
43. Maxim ian. 44. Constantius. 45. Galerius, 436-438. 
46. Constantino the Great, 438-441. 
The Miraculous Cross, 438. Seat of Empire removed, 438. 
Council of Nice, 439. 
47. 48. 49. The three sons of Constantine. Constantius II., 441. 
50. Julian the Apostate, 441. 
51. Jovian. 52. Valentinian I., 442. 
The Huns, 442. The Alemanni, 443. 
53. Gratian . . . 443-445 
The Goths, Ostro-Goths, and Visi-Goths, 444. 
54. Valentinian II., 444. 
55. Theodosius the Great ... 445 
Christianity established, 445. Empire finally divided, 446. 
56. Honorius, 446. Alaric plunders Rome, 446. 
57. Valentinian III. ... 446 
The Romans withdraw from Britain, 446. Attila, 447. * 
Rome plundered by Gepseric, 448. 
58. Petronius. 59. Avitus. 60. Majorianus. 01. Severus III., 448 
62. Antheraius. 63. Olybrius. 64. Glycerius, 448. 
65. Julius Nepos. 66. Romulus Augustulus, 448. 
The Western Empire ended, 449. 

XXIX.— Concluding Hemarks .... 449-452 
XXX. — Index . . . » . . . , 453 



THE HISTORY OF ROME. 



PART I. 

The Mythic Period. 

254 Years. 

From the foundation of Rome to tlie death of Tarquin, the 
last Kinff. From b. c. 753 to 499. 



This period is called *' mythic," because it is so mixed with 
fables that it is almost impossible to separate truth from fic- 
tion : it is, however, quite necessary to be familiar with these 
early traditions, in order to understand the literature, my- 
thology, and civil institutions of the ancient Romans. 

Question 1. By whom was Italy peopled^ ivhen 
Rome was founded ? 

Answer. By the Etrus'cans, a highly 
civilized and luxurious people ; and a 
vast number of independent tribes, in 
various stages of civilization. 

Such as the Umbrians, Ligurians, Siculians, Aborigines, 
Sabines, &c. The Etruscans (a people of Etruria) were also 
called Tuscans, and inhabited twelve large cities. Etruria is 
now the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. 

2. Winch were the most important of these, 
connected with Roman History ? 

A. The Aborig mes, afterwards called 
Latins ; and the Sa'bines, 

N. B. Two dots (• •) over a final ** es," show that the es is a 
distinct syllable, as ab-o-rig-i-nes. 



14 MYTHIC PERIOD. 

3. Why were the Abongi?ies called Latins ? 
A. They were so called from Lati'nus, 

one of their kings. 

Tradition says, that King Latinus was so respected by the 
Aborig'ines, that they called their country La'tium, and the 
people Latins, in honour of him. B. c. 1300. 

Latium was about 50 miles long and 16 broad: but it con- 
tained no fewer than 47 independent cities. 

4. What tradition is perpetuated by the poet 
Virgil respecting the daughter of Latinus. 

A. After the siege of Troy {in Asia 
Minor)^ ^ne'as fled to Italy, and married 
Lavin'ia (the daughter of King Lati nus), 
who had been betrothed to another man. 

5. To whom had Lavinia been betrothed ? 

A. To King Turnus, a native prince ; 
who was so incensed against the Trojans, 
that he made war upon them ; but was 
killed in single combat by ^ne'as. 

6. Did JEtueas succeed to the croivn of Latium ? 
A. Yes: and founded the city Lav- 

in mm : so called in honour of his wife 
Lavin'ia. 

7. Who succeeded ^neas ? 

A. His son Asca'nias, who removed 
the seat of empire to Alba Longa. 

Alba Longa means the " long white city," — so called, be- 
cause ^neas (according to a prophecy) found there a white 
sow with thirty young ones. It contained thirty independent 
cities. 

8. Who succeeded Ascanias ? 

A. Thirteen princes (called the Syl'- 
vii.) These princes w^ere so called from 



NUMITOPv AND A^^I^LIUS. 15 

SylVius, the son of Ascaiiias, and the 
first of the 13 Kings. 

9. What is the tradition about Frocas, the last 
King hut one of Alba.Longa ? 

A. It is said^ he had two sons (Nu'- 
mitor and Amulius) : He left the king- 
dom to his eldest son Nn'mitor, but the 
younger brother drove him from his king- 
dom, and usurped the crown himself. 

10. Iloia did Amulius seek to establish his 
us7irped doriiinion ? 

A. By laurdering Nu'mitor's son ; and 
compelling I'lia (his brother's daughter) 
to become a Vestal Virsrin. 

o 
Vestal Virgins, like modern Nuns, were not allowed to 
marry. 

11. Did Ilia submit to her uncle, and remain a 
Vestal Virgin all her life ? 

A. No ; the legend says, that the god 
Mars fell in love with her ; and that she 
had two sons at one birth, whose names 
were Rom'ulus and Re'mus. 

12. How did Amulius punish Ilia for violating 
the laiDb of the Vestal Virgins ? 

A. He ordered her to be buried alive 

on the banks of the A'nio, and her two 

babes to be cast into the river. 

13. What became of the tivo babes, according 
to Roman legend ? 

A. They were thrown into the river ; 

but the cradle, in which they were lying, 



16 MYTHIC PERIOD. 

floated onward to the Ti'ber, which at 
that time had overflowed its banks. 

14. Did the babes perish in the river ? 

A. No: The cradle floated over the 
meadow, till it struck against a fig-tree 
growing at the foot of the Paratine hill. 

This fig-tree, called Ficiis Rumina'lis, was preserved at 
E/ome for many centuries, and held sacred. — Rumina'lis means 
** giving suck" (prcebens rume7i): so called, because the wolf 
"gave suck" to Romulus and Remus under this fig-tree," ac- 
cording to tradition. 

15. What became of the tivo bahes after the 
cradle stranded ? 

A. A wolf, (so the story says,) coming 
to drink, heard the cries of the babes, 
and suckled them under the fig-tree. 

It is said, that a Woodpecker also brought them food. 
Hence both the Wolf and the Woodpecker were consecrated 
to Mars. 

16. Hoiv long did the Wolf give suck to the 
tivo foundlings ? 

A. Till an old shepherd of King 

Amulius happened to see them ; and 

took them home to his wife, who brought 

them up as her own sons. 

The Shepherd's name was Faus'tulus, and his wife's name 
Acca Lauren'tia. The reputed straw- hut of this shepherd was 
preserved to the time of Nero. 

17. What became of Romulus and Remus 
after they grew wp ? 

A. They heard about the story of their 
birth ; slew the wicked usurper, who had 
cast them into the river; and restored 



EOMULUS AND REMUS. 17 

Nu'mitor (their grandfather) to his 
throne. 

18. Did they retire to private life after this ? 
A. No : the legend says, they built a 

city on the spot where the cradle strand- 
ed ; and then quarrelled about the sover- 
eignty of it. 

19. lioiv did they settle the dispute ? 

A. They agreed to refer the matter to 
the gods: so Romulus went to the top 
of mount Paratine, and Remus to the 
top of mount Av entine, to see what 
would happen. 

20. What occurred after they had taken their 
stand on the top of these two hills ? 

A. Remus saw six vultures fly toward 

the south, and sent to tell his brother: 

But while the messenger was on his way, 

twelve vultures started up at the foot of 

Romulus, and flew over his head. 

21. Which of these omeyis was considered to 
give the superior claim ? 

A. Remus claimed the kingdom, be- 
cause he saw the vultures first: And 
Romulus claimed the kingdom, because 
he saw the largest number. 

22. Which of the two brothers ivas ultimately 
inade king ? 

A. Romulus. But his brother, to an- 
noy him, skipped in contempt over the 



18 MYTHIC PEPJOD. 

wall of his city ; and Romulus killed him 
on the spot. 

23. Hoiv did Romidus show his contrition for 
this wicked act ? 

A. He instituted a yearly festival, 

which was ever after observed by the 

Romans in the month of May. 

These festivals were called Lemu'ria. They were held in 
honour of the souls of the dea(i, which were thought to^ wan- 
der, like" ghosts, over the earth, and disturb the peace of the 
living. 

Good Spirits were called *' Lares familia'res :" and Evil 
Spirits were called " Lem'ures." 

Lemu'ria is probably a corruption of Remu'ria ; a word de- 
rived from Remus, in whose honour the festivals \yere insti- 
tuted. 

24. Hoiv is this legend sometimes exjilained ? 
A. It is said that the woman, who 

brought up the two foundlings, was called 
by her neighbours " Lu'pa" (wolf); And 
hence rose the fable. 

No dependence can be placed upon such explanations. 

25. Hoiv does Niehuhr [the great German his- 
torian) attempt to reduce this legend into probable 
history ? 

^A. He says Rom'ulus is only the w^ord 
Rome personified, and Re'rnus is a simi- 
lar personification of the neighbouring 
town Remu'ria. These two towns (which 
were once like brothers), after a time be- 
came hostile to each other ; upon which 

Niebuhr pronounce Ne'-bur. 



^NEAS. 19 

the people of Rome rose up against the 
people of Remuria and slew them. 

It is impossible to say whether such persons as E-omulus 
and Remus ever existed; but it is quite certain, that many of 
the customs and institutions of Rome are due to the traditions 
connected with their names. 



Celebrated persons prior to the 
foukdation of eome. 

26. Who ivas .Mneas ? 

A. A Trojan prince, son of Anchi'ses 
and Ve'nus. His first wife w^as a daugh- 
ter of Pri'am, the last King of Troy ; his 
second wife w^as Lavin'ia, the daughter 
of Lati nus, King of La'tium. 

Priam, the King of Troy (in Asia Minor) had 19 children. 
When Troy was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks, after 
a siege of 10 years, the aged Priam was slain by NeoptoFimus, 
son of Achil'ies. This tale is the subject of Homer's admi- 
rable epic poem, called the Iliad. 

27. What became of JEneas after the burning 
of Troy ? 

A. He fled from the burning city, car- 
rying his father on his shoulders ; and 
embarked on the Mediterranean Sea with 
a fleet of 20 ships. 

28. Where did this fleet of .Mneas sail to ? 
A, After being tossed about from place 

to place for seven years, and the loss of 
seven ships, ^neas with thirteen of his 
galleys arrived in Italy. 



20 MYTHIC PERIOD. 

29. Did JEneas finally settle in Italy ? 

A. Yes, and Lati nus (King of La'- 
tium) gave him his daughter in marriage. 
Tradition says, moreover, that ^ne'as and 
his descendants reigned in Latium for the 
space of 300 years. 

This tale of ^neas is the subject of Virgil's famous epic 
poem, called the ^ne'id. The last 6 books are occupied with 
the adventures of ^neas after he landed in Italy. 

30. Who ivas Vesta ? 

A. The goddess of fire. It is said 
that ^ne'as introduced the worship of 
Vesta into Italy. Her priestesses were 
called Vestal Virgins. 

Vesta from the Greek word earla (a hearth). 

31. What %Dere the duties of the Vestal Vir- 
gins ? 

A. To watch by turns, both night and 
day, the everlasting fire of Vesta : and 
to guard the Palla'dium, deposited in the 
Temple. , 

32. What was the Palladium ? 

A. An image of Pallas, which, the 
Trojans say, fell down from heaven. 
When Troy was burnt, -^ne'as carried 
away this famous image, and placed it in 
the Temple of Vesta. 

33. Why was the image of Pallas watched 
over so carefully ? 

A. Because, the Romans thought, so 
long as the image was safe, the city would 



THE PALLADIUM. 21 

be safe ; but if ever the image were 
stolen, the city would be destroyed. 

The Scotch had a similar superstition. There was a stone 
in a village near Perth (called Scone) on which the Scotch 
Kings were crowned. It was generally believed in Scotland, 
that so long as this stone remained there, the kingdom would 
be secure ; but if ever it were removed, Scotland would no 
longer remain an independent kingdom. Edward L, King of 
England, carried this stone to London, where it is framed ; and 
it has been used ever since, as the coronation chair of all the 
English sovereigns. 

34. How %oere the Yestah dressed ? 

A. They wore a long white robe, bor- 
dered with purple; and a fillet round 
their head. No Vestal Virgin was al- 
lowed to wear any ornament, or even 
long hair. 

-^ 35. How was a Vestal Virgin lounished, if she 
married ? 

A. She was buried alive ; and her 
lover scourged to death. 

36. What tradition was held by the Romans 
respecting Ilia, the mother of Romulus and Remus, 
after her dishonour ? 

A. That she was buried alive near the 
banks of the Tiber ; but the river, over- 
flowing its banks, washed away the 
mound which was raised over her: in 
consequence of which, the Romans used 
to say, that Ilia married the river Tiber 
after death. 

See Horace. Ode 2. Book I. 



22 MYTHIC PERIOD. 

THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME. 

Reigned 244 years from b. c. 753 to 509, 

Romulus (called the Founder of Rome), 

The first King of Rome reigned 37 years; 
from B. c. 753 to 716. 



MYTHIC LEGENDS ABOUT ROMULUS. 

N. B. These legends are not to be looked upon as historic 
facts, but as highly poetical traditions. 

87. Bij whom ivas Rome founded ? 

A. By Kom'iilus, on the Paratine hill. 

It was nearly a square, containing about 
1000 houses ; but very thinly peopled. 

It was built upon the Palatine hill — 1st, Because the cradle 
stranded at the foot of this hill: and 2dly, Because the tvvelve 
vultures appeared to Romulus on this hill. 

38. How did Fvomulus contrive to increase the 
number of his citizens ? 

A. He gave a welcome to every stran- 
ger, vagabond, and malefactor, who fled 
thither : By which means he soon in- 
creased the number of mole inhabitants. 

39. IJotv did Itcmiidus contrive to bring ivomen 
to his new city ? 

A. He proclaim.ed a festival in honour 
of Neptune, and invited all the neighbour- 
ing people to come and see the games. 



ROMULUS. 23 

40. How did this festival serve to increase the 
female popidation of Rome ? 

A. While the games were going on, a 

number of young Romans rushed into 

the crowd, and carried off the young 

Sa'bine women who had come to see the 

festival, and married them, 

41. Ilotv did the neighbouring states resent this 
breach of hospitality ? 

A. They collected several armies from 

time to time to punish the Romans, but 

were defeated in every engagement. At 

length the Sa'bines marched to Rome 

with a formidable army, entered the city, 

and put the Romans to flight. 

42. Hoiv does tradition say this flight was 
arrested ? 

A. In the midst of the flight, the 

Sa'bine women, who had been carried off 

by the Romans, rushed between the two 

armies, beseeching them to desist, because 

one army contained their kinsmen, and 

the other their husbands. 

43. What effect had this interference? 

A. Both armies laid down their arms, 
and came to terms of peace. 

44. What ivere these terrns of iieace ? 

A. 1st — That the two nations should 
unite into one : 

2dly— That Ta'tius (the King of the 



24 MYTHIC PEEIOD. 

Sa'bines), and Romulus (the King of the 
Romans), should be joint kings : and 

3dly— That the two people should be 
called by the compound name of " Ro- 
manus Quiri'tes." 

Quirites or Curites from Cu'res, the chief city of the SaO^ines. 
The people were called '^ Pop'ulus Roma'nus Quiri'tes." 

45. Where did the two kings T alius and 
Romulus divell ? 

A. Ta'tius built a new city on the 
Capit'oline hill ; but Romulus continued 
to dwell in the city built on the Paratine. 

46. When the tivo kings wanted to confer with 
each other ^ what arrangement was made ? 

A. They both descended into a valley 

between the two hills ; hence called the 

" Comitlum" (^or place of meeting J. 

From two Latin words cum-itur (ihei/ are come together). 
Pronounce Co-mish'-i-um. 

47. How long did Tatius and Romulus remain 
joint kings of Rome ? 

A. About five years; when Ta'tius 
was killed, and Romulus was again the 
sole king of the new city. 

48. How long did Romulus survive, after the 
death of Tatius ? 

A. About 27 years. He died at the 

age of 55, after a reign of 37 years. 

49. What is the legend res'pecting the death of 
Romulus ? 

A, As he was reviewing his troops, 



PROOFS OF THE EARLY UNIOK. 25 

t 

the sun became suddenly overcast, a great 
tempest arose, and the god Mars came down 
in the storm and carried him to heaven. 

After his death, Romulus was worshipped as a god ; and a 
temple called Quirinus built to his honour, 

50. What attempt has been Qnade to explain 
the legend about the rape of the Sabines ? 

A. At one time (some suppose) the 

people of Rome were not allowed to 

marry the people of Quir'ium ; but in 

process of time they broke through this 

prohibition. After which the two petty 

states became united. 

51. What proof exists of the early union of the 
Romans and Sabines ? 

A. The famous temple of Ja nus was 
dedicated to a god with two faces : 

The original founders of Rome are 
always spoken of as two brothers : 

The name of the people is a compound ; 
for they were not called Romans, but 
Roman Quirites or '' Pop'ulus Romanus 
et Quiri'tes:" 

And the double set of Magistrates tends 
also to prove the truth, that the Romans 
and Sa'bines coalesced in the early period 
of the state. 

The reason why the early period of Roman history is so un- 
certain, is because the public records were destroyed by the 
Gauls, about 360 years after the supposed foundation of Rome. 
The traditionary part of this period is derived from poems and 
ballads ; the memorials of institutions, &c., from the registers 
of the priests and augurs. 
2 



26 KOMIJLUS. 

Civil akd Political Institutions of Eome^ 
usually ascribed to romulus. 

52. What symbols of sovereignty are usually 
ascribed to Romulus? 

A. The body guard which attended 

the person of the King; and the 12 

Lictors, each carrying an axe tied up in 

a bundle of 12 rods, to precede him 

wherever he went. 

These Lictors were usually taken from the lowest of the 
people : They walked one by one in a line before the King -. 
The last in the line was called *' Prox'imus Lictor," because he 
was nearest to the King. 

53. What were the duties of the Roman Lie- 
tors ? 

A. 1st- — To inflict corporal punishment 
on all criminals : and 

2dly— To enforce respect to the King 
when he went abroad, by clearing the 
way, compelling horsemen to dismount, 
and every one to stand uncovered while 
he passed by. 

In the Bepublic, Lictors preceded the Consuls, Praetors, 
Dictators j and even the Trib'unes, ^'diles, and Quaest'ors in 
the Roman provinces. 

54. What insignia of office were assumed by 
Komulus ? 

A. A loose white robe, adorned with 
stripes of purple ; a golden crown, and 
an ivory sceptre. 

Lucius Tarquinius (the 5th King) had a purple robe, and a 
»ceptre with an Eagle on the top — the regalia of the Etrus- 



EOMAN se:n'ate. 27 

cans : Tlie Jewish Kings wore wliite robes ; thence our Lord 
compares Solomon in his glory to a lily. Matt. vi. 28, 29. 

55. What marriage ceremonies among the Ro- 
mans are due to the legend called ' ' the rape of the 
Sabines V 

A. 1st — The hair of the bride was 
divided with a point of a s^ear : 

2dly — -She was taken to the house of 
her husband in the evening^ because the 
day was far spent when the Sabine wo- 
men were carried off: 

Sdly— She was always taken with ap- 
parent violence from the arms of her 
mother : 

4thly— She was always carried by a 
man over the threshold of her husband's 
house : and 

5thly — The chorus of the bridal song 
was " Talasio Talasio ;" the watchword 
used by the Romans, when they seized 
on the Sabine maidens who came to see 
the games. 

56. What great noMonal assembly is usually 
ascribed to Romulus ? 

A. The Roman Senate, which con- 
sisted originally of 100 men; but after 
the Sabines were joined to the Roman 
people, another 100 members were added. 

The senate consisted of 200 members till the reign of Tar- 
quinius Priscus, who increased the number to 300. In the 
time of Augustus the number was 600. 



28 EOMULUS. 

57. What were the duties, of the Roman 
Senate ? 

A. To make laws ; to levy taxes ; to 

vote pensions ; to appoint ambassadors ; 

to decree fasts and festivals, &c. 

The senate was not absolute in Kome. They merely debated 
on the affairs of state, and reported their opinion to the peo- 
ple in a public assembly called the Comitia Curiata, and this 
assembly ratified or rejected the opinion of the senate by vote, 

58. What badges of office %vere worn hij the 
Roman Senators ? 

A. A tunic, with a broad stripe of pur- 
ple running down the front ; and black 
buskins, with the letter C marked on the 
instep. 

This C. stood probably for the word Centum {a hundred), 
the original number of the order. 

59. How did Komulus divide the burghers of 
his netv city ? 

A. Into 3 tribes ; each tribe into 10 
Cu'rise; and each Cu'ria into 10 Clans, 
called Gen'tes. 

60. What was the object of this division ? 

A. Each tribe had to furnish the King 
with 1000 foot-soldiers and 100 horse; 
making altogether 3000 foot-soldiers and 
300 horse, called a legion. 

This arrangement continued unaltered till the reign of Tar- 
quinius Priscus, who doubled the number of horse : further 
alterations were made by Servius Tullius. 

" Legion," so called from " lego" (I pick out), because they 
were all picked men. 

A single soldier was called a ''Mi'les," because he was 
"u'nus ex mil'le" (one of a thousand). 



THE THREE TRIBES. ^ 29^ 

The plan ascribed to Romulus for furnishing himself with 
soldiers resembles, in many points, the plan adopted by Wil- 
liam the Conqueror, when he settled in England. 

61. What were the 3 tribes called ? 

A. 1st — The Ram'nes, which included 
all the original followers of Romulus : 

2dly— The Tit'ies, which included all 
the Sabines, who settled in Rome under 
Tatius : 

3dly — The Lu'ceres, a tribe of stran- 
gers, principally Etruscans. — This tribe 
was inferior in rank to the other two. 

The Ram'nes were the Romans proper. — In brief, the origi- 
nal city was called Roma, and its inhabitants with their de- 
scendants Ramnes : 

The Titles derive their name from Ta'tius the Sabine King ; 
all the primitive Sabine settlers, or followers of King Tatius, 
and their descendants, were called Titles : 

The Lu'ceres were scarcely to be called a tribe, till the reign 
of Tullius Hostilius, because they were not represented in the 
Senate. The name is probably derived from Lu'eerum a town 
of Etru'ria — but this derivation is by no means certain. 

62. By what common name ivere all the 3 tribes 
called ? 

A. They were called Pat'res, Patri- 
cians, or Roman people : And when these 
terms are used, — the original burghers 
and their descendants are meant. 

This must be most distinctly understood. The Seiiators in 
a restricted sense were called Pat'res ; but the word Patres in 
its extended meaning, signifies all the Fathers or Original 
families of the city. 

63. Into what subdivisions were the Tribes 
apportioned ? 

A. Each tribe was divided into 10 



30 ROMULUS. 

Cu'rise, and each Cu'ria into 10 Gen'tes 
or clans. 

Niebuhr thinks there were only 10 Gentes to a Curia ; others 
say that each Curia was subdivided into 10 decuria, and each 
decuria contained an indefinite number of gen'tes. 

The name of the Gens always ended in " i a" as Julia, Cor- 
nelia, Valeria, i. e. of the gens Julius, Cornelius, Valerius, &c. 

64. What officers were appointed over these 
subdivisions ? 

A. Over each Cu'ria was a president 
called the Cu'rio, who performed the 
sacred rites of his own Cu'ria or Corpora- 
tion. 

65. Where did the Curice hold their meetings ? 
A;* Each Cn'ria had a separate hall in 

which the members met for civil and re- 
ligious purposes. But the 30 Presidents 
of the 30 Corporations formed a '' Col- 
lege of Priests," who met in a hall called 
the " Cu'ria." 

The principal of the College was called the " Cu'rio Max'i- 
mus." 

%^. Were all the inhabitants of Rome included 
in these divisions ? 

A. All but the slaves and clients. 

67. Who were the slaves ? 

A. Inferior servants, who were the per- 
sonal property of their masters ; not un- 
like the present slaves of North America. 

68. What persons were made slaves by the 
ancient Romans ? 

A. 1st — Captives taken in war : 



EOMAN" SLATES. 31 

2dly — Many criminals, by way of pun- 
ishment: and 

3dly — -All the children of slaves were 
born in the same condition. 

Slaves might be bought in the common market, like cattle, 

69. What work was done by the Roman 
slaves ? 

A. All domestic work. Many slaves, 
however, were employed as factors or 
agents for their masters ; many as me- 
chanics, artizans, and agricultural labour- 
ers ; and many as clerks, teachers, and 
professors of the fine arts. 

70. What power had the Roman muster over 
his slaves ? 

A. He had originally absolute power 
to scourge, sell, or kill them. But the 
power of life and death was limited by 
the latter Emperors of Rome. 

During the Kings, no person had more than one slave to 
attend his person, who bore his master's name, with the word 
por (i. e. puer) added to it. — Thus the slave of Lucius, Publius, 
or Marcius, was called Lucipor, Publipor, Marcipor, &c. ; but 
in the republic, the number of slaves kept by a master was the 
criterion of his respectability. 10, 200, and even as many as 
4000 slaves were kept by individuals in the reign of Augustus. 

71. What natural rights ivere the Roman 
slaves debarred frora ? 

A. They could never legally marry ; 
They could acquire no property, which 
did not belong to their master ; and even 



32 ROMULUS. 

their children were reckoned their mas* 
ters property, and not their own. 

72. What wages were allowed to the Roman 
slaves ? 

A. None at all. But every master 
was enjoined by law to allow each slave 
1 lb. of corn a day, with a little oil and 
salt : On certain festivals they were 
allowed also both fruit and wdne. 

78. Had slaves no means whatsoever of acqui- 
ring property in Rome ? 

A. Not under the kings ; but after 
they were employed in offices of trust, 
their masters allowed them a portion of 
their gains ; this allowance was called the 
slaves' peculi'um^ with which many pur- 
chased their freedom. 

This peculium was the property of the slave by sufferance 
and not by right. — The property of a son, during his father's 
life-time, was also called a '^ peculium." 

74. Who were the Roman clients ? 

A. Strangers who came to Home, and 
lived beneath the protection of some 
powerful burgher, called their Patron. 

The word client is derived from the Greek word kXvelv 
(to hear or obey). So the German word Horiger fa dependa^it) 
comes from the verb Horen (to hear J. 

In Greece also every Sojourner was obliged to choose some 
citizen for his guardian, who was responsible for his good con- 
duct. 

75. Wherein did the cliejits differ from the 
slaves of Roine ? 



ROMAN CLIENTS. '3S 

A. 1st — The clients were free, and not 
in bondage like the slaves : 

2dly — They could acquire property, 
and contract marriage with any persons 
except the old Roman burghers : and 

3dly- — They enjoyed all the natural 
rights, though not the political rights of 
the free citizens. 

76. What were the respective duties of clients 
and patrons ? 

A. The patron was the protector and 
legal adviser of his clients: And the 
clients (in return for these services) fur- 
nished their patron with money in times 
of necessity. 

77. When were these pecuniary contributions 
most frequently expected ? 

A. 1st— -When a patron's daughter 
was married, the clients were expected to 
make up a purse, as a marriage gift. 

2dly — When a patron, or any of his 
sons, was taken captive in war, the clients 
were expected to pay the ransom : and 

3dly — The clients were expected to 
pay the costs of all law-suits. 

If a client died without an heir, his patron inherited the 
property. Patrons and Clients could never bring an action, or 
bear witness against each other. 

78. How did the Roman clients obtain money 
for these several purposes ? 

2* 



34 ROMULUS. 



A. They were the principal tradesmen, 
merchants, and farmers of Rome; their 
patrons were the gentry and soldiers. 

79. What privileges ivere enjoyed by the Kings 

■ of Rome ? 

A. The King could, 1st— Assemble 
the people, and had the right of appeal 
in all matters of importance : 

2dly — He had the command of the 
: army : 

3dly — He was Chief Priest (or Pontl- 
fex Max'imus), and regulated all religious 
matters ; and 

4thly — He was attended by a body 
guard of 300 horsemen, called CeVeres 
or E'quites; and 12 Lictors or Beadles. 

The 300 lior semen, who attended the King, represented the 

■ 300 gentes or clans into which the Roman people were subdi- 
vided. 

80. Hoiv does Niehuhr {the great German his- 
torian) attempt to unravel the leg€7id., about the 

' three Romulian tribes ? 

A. He thinks that Rome was once 
a little Latin town, subject to Alba 
Longa, and built on the Paratine hill ; 
in process of time the people of Rome 
conquered the small Sabine town of 
Quirlum, which stood on the Capit'oline 
hill, and became incorporated with it ; 
later still, the citizens of a small Alban 
town called Lu'cerura was added ; and 



1 
I 



TITUS TATIIjS.—TARPEIA, 85 

the three towns being consolidated, made 
up the three tribes called Ram nes Titles, 
and Lu'ceres. 

Rome is derived by Niebuhr from the Greek word ()6fi7] 
(strength) : Others derive it from ''ruma" (a dug, i. e. of the 
She Wolf) : and Michelet from ^^ Rumo," the ancient name of 
the Tiber. 



Celebrated Characters i^ the EEioit of 
Romulus. 

These characters and the incidents connected with them are 
chiefly mythical; but, being intimately connected with the 
Roman story, ought to be familiar to the historical student. 

81. Who vjere the Sahines ? 

A. An ancient people of Italy, famous 
for their purity of morals, their knowl- 
edge of herbs, and their devotion. 

82. Who tvas Titus Tatius ? 

A. The last King of the Sa'bines, to 
whom the city of Rome was betrayed by 
a woman named Tarpe 'ia. 

83. Who loas Tarpe^ia ? 

A. The daughter of Tarpelus, the 
governor of the Roman citadel in the 
time of Romulus, This infamous woman 
basely betrayed her city to the Sa'bines, 
when they came to besiege it. 

84. Hoio did Taiye'ia betray the city of Rome 
to the Sahines? 

A. She promised Tatius (the King of 

the Sabines) to open the gates of Rome 



86 ACRON. 

to his soldiers, if they would give her ''the 
ornaments worn on their arms." 

85. What ornaments did Tarpeia refer to ? 
A. The golden bracelets worn by the 

Sabine soldiers. But after Tarpe'ia had 
opened the gates, the Sabines chose to 
misunderstand her; and threw their shields 
upon her, saying, " those were the orna- 
ments worn by the Sabines on their 
arms." 

86. What became of Tarpeia ? 

A. She w^as crushed to death by the 
weight of the Sabine shields ; or tram- 
pled to death by the soldiers, rushing 
through the gate. 

87. Hoiv did the 'Romans show their abhorrence 
of Tarpeia for her base treachery ? 

A. They buried her mangled body at 
the foot of a high rock, called hence- 
forth the " Tarpe'ian Eock :" from the 
brow of which certain malefactors were 
hurled, when sentenced to death. 

The Tarpe'ian E-ock is one of the precipices of the Capitoline 
hill, about 88 feet high. Marcus Man'lius, the demagogue, 
was hurled from the Tarpeian Rock. b. c. 382. 

88. Who was Ac'ron ? 

A. The last King of Ceni'na, a small 
state in Latium. He was killed by Eom- 
ulus in single combat, and the spoil taken 
from him devoted to Jupiter Fere'trius. 



SPOLIA OPIMA. 37 

This spoil was called " Spolia opi'ma :" and the term was 
ever afterwards used exclusively to express the spoil which a 
Roman General stripped from the General of the adverse 
army on the field of battle. 

89. Hoiv many have won the " Spolia opima" 
in l^oman History ? 

I A. Only three. 1st — Romulus : 2d — 
, Aulus Cossus : and 3d — Marcus Claudius 
' Marcellus. In every case, the spoil was 
consecrated to Jupiter Fere'trius. 

Komulus slew Ac'ron, the King of fceni'na: 

Aulus C. Cossus slew Lar Tulum'nius, King of the Ye'ii (in 
Etruria) : and 

Marcus Claudius Marcellus slew Viridom'arus, King of the 
Gauls. 

90. What events Of sacred history are cotein- 
porary with the reign of Romulus ? 

A. Hezeki'ah (the r2th King of Ju- 
dah) was cotemporary with Romulus. 
Towards the close of his reign Sal- 
manazar took Samaria, and carried the 
10 tribes into captivity : Thus the kitig- 
dom of Israel closed, as the kingdom of 
Rome commenced. 

Caution to the Young Student. — Without doubt the 
personal history of Romulus is little else than a poetical 
legend, like that of King Arthur of England. So also most 
of the historical incidents of this reign must be treated as 
highly coloured legends : But the institutions ascribed to Rom- 
ulus, and the customs arising from these legendary tales, 
must not be rejected with the legends themselves : These 
customs and institutions are well accredited, and doubtless of 
very ancient date. We must remember too, that many mag- 
nificent kingdoms had existed before the foundation of Rome ; 
and must not imagine that the world was in its infancy, when 
Romulus was born. 



38 NUMA POMPILIUS. 



NuMA PoMPiLius (The Peaceful). 

A Sabine, and 2d King of Rome. 
Keigned 42 years from B. c. 715 to 673. 



THE MYTHIC LEGENDS ABOUT NUMA 
POMPILIUS. 

N. B. As Romulus is-looked upon by historians as a mere 
fulcrum, to whom certain civil customs of unknown origin are 
ascribed ; so Numa is looked upon as a similar ideal personage, 
to whom certain religious customs of unknown origin are 
attached. 

91 . How was Rome governed after the death 
of Romidus ? 

A. The Senate took upon itself the 
government for the space of 12 months ; 
and then the people insisted upon having 
another king. 

The space between the death of one King and the election 
of another is called an inter-regnum ; and the regent for that 
interval is called the inter-rex. 

92. Whom did the Senate appoint to succeed 
Romulus ? 

A. Numa Pompirius, a Sabine of great 
w^isdom ; and son-in-law to Titus Ta'tius, 
the old colleague of Romulus. 

93. What was the policy of Numa's reign ? 
A. To cement together the disjointed 

state ; and infuse into it a love of piety 
and commerce. 

94. What were the first acts of Nv/ma's reign ? 



TEMPLE OF JANUS. 89 

A. To conclude peace with all the sur- 
rounding states ; and to provide a regular 
code of religion for the infant city over 
which he presided. 

95. What arraitgements did Numa make for 
the religious instruction of the Romans ? 

A. He built several temples : Insti- 
tuted a regular order of priests : And 
fixed certain days for religious festivals, 
on which no secular business was to be 
done. 

96. What principal Temple of Rom,e is usually 
ascribed to the reign of King Numa. 

A. The temple of Ja'nus, built entirely 

of bronze. It stood in the great Fo'rum ; 

and was very remarkable, in that its great 

brazen gates were always thrown open in 

times of war, but were shut in times of 

peace. 

97. How often ivas the temple of Janus shut ? 
A. Only three times in 700 years. 

Once at the close of the 1st Pu'nic war, 
and twice in the reign of Augustus ; All 
the rest of the time the Romans were 
involved in war. 

It was shut through all the reign of Numa ; and twice by 
Augustus, once after the battle of Actium (in Epi'rtts, in 
Greece) ; and four years afterwards, at the close of the Can- 
ta'brian war. ( Cantabria is now called the Bay of Biscay^ in 
Spain.) 



40 JANUARY AND FEBRUARY. 

98. What alteration did Numa make in the 
Ko7nan calendar ? 

A. He added the months of January 

and February. He also distinguished 

the days for civil occupations (called 

fasti)^ from those dedicated to religious 

rest (culled iiefasti). 

In the time of Romulus the Roman year consisted of only 
10 months, beginning withMarch, and called Martins, Aquilis, 
Marius, Junius, Quinctili, Sextilis, September, O.ctober, 
Kovember, December. 

The lunar year of Numa consisted of 355 days ; but he 
inserted, every other year, an intercalary month called Merce- 
don'ius, to make up the 365 days of the solar year : This mode, 
of reckoning continued till Julius Caesar reformed the calendar. 

N. B. Agriculture was lawful on the dies nefasti ; and was 
considered a religious occupation. 

99. Why did Numa call the tivo neiv months 
" January and February T' 

A. January was so called in honour 
of Ja'nus: — And February comes from 
the Latin word Febriiari (to he purified) : 
It was so called because Numa com- 
manded all the people to he imrified^ at 
that time, by sacrifice and religious rites. 

100. How did Numa contrive to make the 
Ro'inans accept his neiv laws ? 

A. He declared they were brought 

from heaven by a nymph, called Ege ria, 

and delivered to Irun in a grotto not far 

from Rome. 

This grotto was near the Porta Cape'na (a gate in the south- 
east, now called St. Sebastian). 



DEATH OF NUMA. 41 

101. What effect had these wise arrangements 
on the young city? 

A. The people became united and 
powerful ; especially as they enjoyed 42 
years of profound peace. 

102. How old ivas Numa when he died ? 

A. About 82 years. He was chosen 
King at the age of 40, and reigned in 
Rome for 42 years. 

There is an amusing legend of a strife between Jupiter and 
Numa, to shew his singular sagacity and presence of mind. 
When he was Augur, on one occasion he brought down light- 
ning from heaven without the usual incantations ; whereupon 
Jupiter, in great anger, bade him make a charm " of i^Ae 

heads " '' Of these onions,'" quickly answered Numa : — 

^^ Human " shouted Jupiter, ^^ Hair,'" interrupted Numa: 

*' Living " thundered Jupiter, he was going to add me??, 

but Numa interposed the word ^'' pilcho/rds" and the god was 
so pleased with his wit that he forgave him, and permitted him 
ever after to bring down lightning with a charm composed of 
''the heads of onions, human hair, and living pilchards." 

The story of Numa is, without doubt, mainly or altogether 
fictitious, but his name and reign are so mixed up with the 
religious institutions of Rome, that we must look upon this 
reign as an epoch of certain institutions. 



The Religious Institutions ascribed to 
Numa Pompilius. 

103. What order of Priests were instituted by 
Numa ? 

A. 1.— The Pontiffs. 

2. — The Augurs. 

3.— The Flam'ens. 

4.— The Fe'cials. 



42 KUMA. — THE PONTIFFS. 

He also regulated the number and duties of the Vestal 
Virgins. 

104. Hoiv many Pontiffs were there? 

A. There were 4 Pontiffs, chosen from 
the patricians, and a Chief of the college 
(called the Pontifex Max'imus), an office 
of very great dignity, held by kings and 
emperors. 

At the time of Numa, there were only two tribes of patri- 
cians, the Ram/nes and Titles ; the 3d tribe called the-Lu'ceres 
did not rise into rank till the next reign. — All the appoint- 
ments of Numa recognize two Patrician Tribes only ; — accord- 
ingly there were 4 Pontiffs, 4 Augurs, 4 Vestals, 4 Acting 
Heralds, or Fe'cials, i. e. 2 for each tribe, and 20 Fecials, i. e. 
one for each curia of the 2 Patrician Tribes. 

N. B. The number of Pontiffs was increased to 15 by Sulla 
the Dictator, b. c. 81. 

105. What %vere the duties, of the Pontiffs ? 
K, 1st— -To superintend all religious 

matters, especially the sacred rites of 
Vesta : 

2dly — To dedicate temples, and con- 
secrate priests : and 

3dly — To keep a diary of the public 
transactions from year to year. 

106. What tvas this diary called ? 

A. " The annals of the Max'imus" 
(anna'les Max'imi) ; because kept by the 
Pontifex Max'imus. These annals were 
destroyed, when the Roman city was 
burnt by the Gauls. 

107. How ivere the Po7itiffs dressed ? 

A. In a loose white robe with a broad 



PONTIFFS. — AUGURS. 43 

purple border : And a woollen cap in the 
shape of a sugar-loaf, with a tassel on the 
top called the " A'pex." 

Hence the word A'pex came to signify the top of anything. 

108. How many Augurs were there '^ 

A. Th^re were 4 Augurs chosen (like 
the Pontiffs) from the patrician tribes ; 
and a chief of the college, called '' The 
Master" (Mag'ister colle'gii). 

Sulla the Dictator increased the number of Augurs to 15, as 
he did that of the Pontiffs, b. c. 81. 

109. What were the duties of the Roman 
Augurs ? 

A. 1st — To foretell future events : 
2dly — To interpret dreams : and 
3dly — To declare if any enterprise 
would be successful or not. 

110. From what did the Augurs derive their 
answer s^ ? 

A. Principally from observations on 
the flight, chirping, and feeding of birds. 
The Romans had such faith in these 
priests, that no work of importance Avas 
undertaken without consulting them. 

The word Augur is derived from two Latin words Av-garr, 
i. e. avis garrit (the bird tells or talks). 

111. From whom did the ancient Roma^is 
derive their knowledge of Augury ? 

A. From the Etruscans. — Though 

Romulus and Remus determined by 

augury who was to be sovereign of the 



44 NUMA. 

new city, it was not reduced to a profes- 
sion till Numa appointed priests to make 
it their study and business 

112. Did the Roman Augurs limit their obser- 
vations to birds alone ? 

A. No. They sometimes formed their 
answers from the appearance of the sky, 
from quadrupeds, and even from acci- 
dental circumstances. 

113. How did birds give omens to the Augurs ? 
A. The raven, crow, owl, and cock, hy 

singing : 

The eagle and vulture, hy flight : and 
* Chickens, by the way they picked up 
their food, 

Pulcher Claudius, a consul, in the 1st Pu'nic war, was told 
that his chickens refused to eat, which was considered by the 
Augurs a bad omen. Claudius in anger ordered them to be 
thrown into the sea, saying, "if they won't eat, make them 
drink." But when he engaged with the Carthage'nians he 
was utterly defeated, and returned home in disgrace. 

114. What accidental circumstances were con- 
siaered ominous by the Augurs ? 

A. Such as these. A quadruped or 

reptile crossing your path : 

A bird flying to the right or left : 

A person sneezing, tripping, spilling 

salt at table, &c. ; and, indeed, a great 

many similar trifles. 

When Julius Caesar landed at Adrumetum (in Africa) with 
his army, he happened to trip and fall on his face ; this would 
have been considered a bad omen, had he not, with admirable 
presence of mind, pretended that it was done on purpose : for, 



FLAMEXS, 45 

stretcHng out his hand, he clasped hold of the ground, ex- 
claiming, "Thus I take possession of thee, O Africa!" And 
he actually did possess himself thereof. 

115. How were the Augurs dressed ? 

A. With a cloak and cap similar to 
the Pontiffs : They also carried a crooked 
wand in their hands, called a " Lit'uus." 

Lituus is probably an Etruscan word meaning crooked. A 
bent trumpet was also called a "lit'uus" by the liomans. 

116. Who were the FWmens ? 

A. Three hereditary priests, whose 
wives were also priestesses. They were 
1 . — The Fla'men of Jupiter : 
2. — The Fla'men of Mars : and 
3.— The Fla men of Quirinus or Rom- 
ulus. 

117. Which of these 3 Flamens was the highest 
in honour and dignity ? 

A. The Fla'men of Jupiter, who was 

distinguished by a lie tor or beadle, and 

had a seat in the senate. 

He also wore the ^^to'ga prctexHa,'* a robe with a broad 
purple border, worn only by the great officers of Rome : and 
sat in an ivory chair of state, called the " Sella Curulis.''' 

118. What badge of office did the Flamens 
wear 7 

A. A purple woollen robe (called 

l^na), and a sugar-loaf cap (called a'pex) 

with a tuft of wool for a tassel. 

119. What other order of priests did Numa 
dedicate to the service of Mars, besides the Flamen ? 

A. The 12 Sal'ii. So called, because 



46 NUMA. — SALII. 

on certain festivals they went in proces- 
sion through Rome dancing and singing. 

The Latin verb " salire" means to dance and sing. The 
Salic festival began on the 1st of March, and lasted several 
days. 

120. What ivas the origin of the Salic priests ? 
A. When Rome was afflicted with a 

pestilence, Numa declared that Egeria 
had given him a sacred shield, w^hich he 
w^as to hang up in the temple, and it 
would cure the people. 

This Ege'ria was the nymph, who (as Numa affirmed) 
brought him laws from heaven. 

121. Did Niiiiia obey the nymph Egeria ? 

A. Yes: But fearing lest the shield 
might be stolen, he caused 11 others to 
be made exactly similar ; and then insti- 
tuted an order of 12 priests (called SaFii) 
to guard the 12 shields, and carry them 
in procession through Rome. 

122. Hoiv ivere the Salii dressed ? 

A. In a broidered tunic, bound with a 
brazen belt : A high sugar-loaf cap : A 
sword at their side : A spear in their right 
hand, and a shield in their left. 

123. Who ivere the Fecials ? 

A. They were 20 Heralds appointed 
by Numa to demand satisfaction for pub- 
lic injuries, and to declare war when it 
was refused. 



FECIALS. 47 

124. Were all the Fecials sent together ? 

A. No, only four were sent upon any 
embassy ; 2 from each tribe. 

In the time of Numa the 3d Tribe called Lii'ceres was not 
organized. They were first admitted to Patrician honours by 
Tullus Hostilius. 

125. What symbols of office did these inilitary 
priests wear ? 

A. A wreath of white wool, mixed 

with vervain, round their head: and a 

flint-stone in their hand, to strike the 

animal which was to be sacrificed. 

" Vervain" is a grassy kind of herb. 

126. What ceremony was observed, %Dhen satis- 
faction teas demanded of a foreign state ? 

A. Four Fe'cials went to the borders 
of the enemy's country, and told their 
complaint to Jupiter: They then crossed 
over and told the same to the first native 
they met : They then told it to the senti- 
nel at the city gate: and lastly to the 
chief magistrate. 

When the empire was enlarged, and wars were carried on 
with distant nations, this ceremony was performed in a field 
near the city of Rome, called " Ager hostilis" (the ene/m/s 
field). Thus Mark Antony shot a bloody spear from the tem- 
ple of Bellona into the ager hostilis, before he set out to war 
against the Scythians. 

127. What was this done for ? 

A. That satisfaction might be made 
without recourse to arms. If in 30 days 
no redress was offered, they returned to 
Rome and told the Senate. 



48 NUMA. — COTEMPORARIES. 

128. If the Senate resolved to seek redress by 
arms, what was done ? 

A. One of the Fe'cials was sent back 

into the enemy's country to hurl into it a 

spear burnt at one end, and smeared with 

blood at the other ; to denounce Jire and 

slaughter against the inhabitants. 

This priest was called the "Pat'er Patratus" (or official 
Father). 

129. What irrfportant events of Sacred history 
occurred during the reign of Numa ? 

A. 1st — Senna'cherib's army was mi- 
raculously destroyed. 

2dly— Judith killed Holofer'nes, the 
Assyrian general : and 

3dly — Esarhad'don united Babylon to 
Assyria. 

The prophet Habak'kuk lived during the same period. 
Isaiah, Joel, Jonah, Amos, Micah, and Obadiah, all prophesied 
before the foundation of Rome: Jeremiah was cotemporary 
with Tarquinius Priscus : and Daniel with Tarquinius Super- 
bus, the last King of Rome. 



EAMNES. * 49 



TULLUS HOSTILIUS. 

Bd King of RornGj wbo added Alba Longa to the state. 
Reigned 32 years. From b. c. 673 to 641^ 



Fedl of Aiba Longa, and origin of the Plebs. 



THE MYTHICAL LE^GENDS CONCEEKING TULLUS 
HOSTILIUS, 

130. Who tvms King tifter the death of Numa 
Fompilius ■? 

A. After a short inter-regniim Tullus 

Hostilius, one of the RamVies. usurped 

the crown, 

^' Ramnes,^' the origmal Romans, or those burghers who 
originally settled with Romulus on the PaFatine hill, before 
the Sa^bines were taken into union, 

131. For what is the feign of Tulhis Ilostilius 
remarkaMe ? 

A. For the destruction of Alba Longa ; 
100 years after the foundation of Home: 
and the commencement of the Plebeian 
order. 

Alba Longa (the long white city) was the chief city of La'* 
tium, and was built by Asca^nias (the son of ^ne as) 300 
years before the birth of Romulus. (See Q. 80.) 

132. What was the cause of contention between 
Rome and Alba Longa ? 

A. The Romans and Albans having 
plundered each other's territory, de- 



$0 TULLUS HOSTILIUS, 

manded mutual satisfaction ; which being 
refused, each nation prepared for war, 
but agreed to decide the contest by single 
combat. 

133. Who were elected to decide this important 
contest y according to Roman legend ? 

A. There were 3 brothers all of an 
age^ in the Roman army, called Hora'tii, 
and 3 brothers of the same age in the 
Alban army, called Curia'tii ; These two 
families, who were first cousins, were 
selected by the two armies to vindicate 
the honour of their respective nations. 

This famous combat is said to have taken place m the Fossa 
€luil'la, about 6 miles f^om E,ome. The mothers of these twc? 
families were sisters — and one of the Curia''tii was engaged to 
be married to the sister of the Hora'tii, 

134. How was the contest sustained hy these 
young combatants 2 

A. They engaged hand to hand with 

swords and daggers • soon two of the 

Romans were slain, and the three Albatis 

severely wounded. 

135. How did the surviving Roman maintain 
the fight against his 3 antagonists ? 

A. Being unvv^unded he fled, in order 
to separate his opponents; and as the 
wounded Albans came up one by one, he 
turned upon them and slew them ; leav- 
ing the Romans victors of the field. 



HOEATII AND CURIATII. 51 

136. How does Roman legend conclude this 
romantk: tale ? 

A. The conqueror stripped off the 
robe, made by his own sister, from one 
of the Curia'tii ; and throwing it over his 
shoulders as a trophy, returned to Romee 
On his way home, his sister met him, 
recognized the cloak, and rebuked him 
as the murderer of her espoused husband. 

137. How did tlw victorious stripling bear his 
sister's reproach ? 

A. He struck her in the excitement of 

anger and triumph ; and she fell dead at 

his feet. 

138. Was Horatius yunished for this outrage ? 
A. He was brought to trial, but the 

king interceded for him ; and instead of 
being condemned to death, he was only 
sentenced to " pass under the yoke." 

139. What is meant hy ''passing under the 
yoke V 

A, The yoke was made by three spears, 

fixed in the shape of a door-w^ay. It was 

thought a great disgrace to be obliged to 

pass under, as the Romans used to make 

their vanquished armies do so, in token 

of subjection. 

140. Did this combat of the Horatii and 
Curiatii settle the dispute of the two nations ? 

A. No, The Albans pretended for a 



52 ALBA DESTROYED. 

time to submit ; but being asked to join 
the Romans against the Tuscans, they 
studiously neglected to obey. 

141. Hota did the Romans resent this conduct ? 
A. Having seized the Alban King, 

they tore him to pieces : And then 
marching to Longa Alba, levelled it to 
the ground. 

The name of this king was riifFe''tms : He succeeded Cluillius^ 
who had heen murdered in his tent on the eve of the comhat. 
Fuffetius was fastened to two chariots, driven in opposite direc- 
tions^ and torn limb fiom limb. 

142. What became of the Albans after their 
city was destroyed ? 

A. They were removed to Rome ; had 
habitations assigned them on the Coelian 
hill ; and formed a new order of people 
in Rome, called the Plebeians. 

It cannot be too often impressed upon the young student^, 
that the Patricians of Kome were neither more nor less than 
the original burghers, who constituted the tribes. — All the 
strangers, servants, and free captives, were the clients, slaves, 
and plebeians, 

143. What tradition is recorded of the death of 
TuUus Hostilius ? 

A. Attempting to imitate thunder and 
lightning as Numa had done, he was 
burnt to death in his palace with his wife 
and family. 

144. How long did Tullus Hostilius reign ? 
A. For 32 years: The first 15 were 

spent in peace, and the rest in war. 



niebuhr's hypothesis. 53 

145. What 'public building is generally ascribed 
to Tullus Hostilius ? 

A. The Senate house, for the accom- 
modation of the Roman parliament. 
This building, was called from its founder 
the Cu'ria Hostiria [or the Semate-hoiise 
of Hostilius), 

In the republic, several temples were used for this purpose, 
such as the temple of Apollo, Jupiter Stator, Concord, &c. : 
And under the Emperors the Senate often met in the house of 
a consul, sometimes in a tent, and sometimes even in the open 
air. 

146. What King of Judah was cotemporary 
with Tullus Hostilius ? 

A. Manas'seh, the 16th King of Judah, 
and the young son of Hezeki'ah. He 
was carried captive to Babylon for 12 
months, but was afterwards restored to 
his throne. 

This young prince resembles Henry V. of England, called 
Mad-cap, in one respect ; before his captivity he was dissolute 
and abandoned, as Henry was before he became King ; but 
after his restoration to the throne he was quite a model of 
princes, as Henry Y. was, after he succeeded to the crown. 

147. What explanation does Niebuhr give of 
the combat of the Horatii and Curiatii ? 

A. He thinks it is a poetical represen- 
tation of the 3 Tribes of Rome and Alba. 
As the mothers of the 2 hostile cousins 
were sisters, so Rome and Alba were 
sister nations ; as the Roman combatant 
vanquished his 3 antagonists, so Rome 
vanquished the 3 tribes of Alba Longa. 



54 WARS WITH THE LATINS. 



Aisrcus Marcius (swrnamed the Good). 

The fourth King of Rome, and founder of the Plebeian Order. 
Reigned 24 years, from b. c. 642 to 617. 



148. Who succeeded Tullus Hostilius ? 

A. After a short inter-regnum, Ancus 
Mar'cius, grandson of Numa, was elected 
king. He was no less famous for mili- 
tary prowess, than for his piety and wis- 
dom. 

149. What were the first acts of this wise and 
excellent king ? 

A. To collect the laws of Numa ; in- 
scribe them on large white tables ; and 
hang them up in the public forum, where 
all might see them. 

150. For what luars is Ancus celebrated J 

A. For his wars with the Latins; in 
which many thousands of the enemy 
were brought to Rome, and lived in 
future on the Av'entine hill. 

He also conquered the Sa'bines, Vol'scians, Tus'cans, and 
Fide'na?, a colony from Alba. 

151. How did Ancus Marcius fortify Sortie 
against future invasions ? 

A. He took the hill Janic'ulum into 
the bounds of the city, as a bulwark 
against the Etruscans : and made a deep 



osTiA. 5a 

ditch across the low lands to protect his 
city on the South-east. 

152. What famous seaport taas made by 
Ancus ? 

A. The famous town called Os'tia 
(the havens)^ built at the mouth of the 
Tiber : It had a very celebrated harbour, 
and was the most fashionable watering 
place in Italy. 

This was the oldest colony and the first seaport of the Ro- 
mans : it was about 16 miles from Rome, 

153. To what com^mercial advantage did the 
town of Ostia owe its importance. 

A. To its salt mines, which formed an 
important part of the Roman revenue. 

154. How did the salt works of Ostia contribute 
so largely to the Koman Vectigal ? 

A. Being public property, they were 

let out to farm : The persons who hired 

them, called Publicans (publicani)^ paid 

their rent to government; and these 

rents contributed greatly to the national 

revenue. 

1 55. What famous prison was made by Ancus ? 
A. The great stone prison, near the 

Fo'rum ; which was the first prison built 
in Rome, and remains to the present 
hour. 

156. Is this stone prison the same as the famous 
dungeon called Tullia'num ? 



56 ANGUS MARCIUS. 

A. Not exactly. The Tullia'num was 
a dungeon underground, added to the 
prison by Servius Tullius, the 6th king 
of Rome, 

This dungeon was about 12 feet square, built of stone ; with 
no light except such as found its way into it from a hole at 
the top, through which the prisoners were let down. 

1 57. For what ivas the prison of Ancus Mar- 
cius, and the horrible dungeon of Tullius used ? 

A. For the state prison of Rome; In 
the Tullia'num, prisoners were generally 
executed. 

This dungeon was also called *' Ro^bur" (the stronghold); 
and all readers of Sallust will be familiar with this sou^terrain, 
%vhere Cicero confined the Catiline conspirators. 

The Tower of London is the state prison of England. 

158. What other public ivorks are generally 
ascribed to Ancus Mar cius ? 

A. Several temples ; and a wooden 
bridgfC across the Timber, remarkable for 
being the first bridge ever made in 
Rome. 

159. Hoiv long did this good King reign ? 

A. Ancus Marcius reigned 24 years : 
During which time he greatly beautified 
the city, and enriched his subjects. 



PLEBS. 57 

Political Events in the Eeign of Angus 
Marcius. 

160. What new order of jpeojple arose in Rome 

in the reign of Ancus Mar cms ? 

A. The PLEBS or plebe'ians. 

161. Who were the 'pleh% or 'plebeians of Rome ? 
A. The inhabitants of conquered states, 

brought by their conquerors to live at 
Rome. 

162. In what respect did the Rlebeians differ 
from the other inhabitants of Rome ? 

A. They differed from slaves^ because 

they were free and possessed property ; 

They differed from clients^ because they 

were under no obligation to a patron : 

And they differed from the Pop ulus 

Roma'nus, because they had no political 

franchise. 

163. To tvhat conquered states did the Roman 
plebeians principally belong ? 

A. The Latins. After the conquest 

of Alba Longa, many thousand Latins 

of noble birth were compelled to live at 

Rome. 

164. Were these Latins permitted to retain 
their wealth and titles in Rome? 

A. They were allowed to retain about 

one-third of their landed estates; and all 

their personal property: But their titles 



•58 ANGUS MARCIUS. 

were not recognized ; and even nobles 
and princes were looked upon as ple- 
beians. 

It must be borne in mind that only the original settlers 
belonged to the tribes, and were the Patricians, Pat'res, and 
Pop'ulus. — All other inhabitants of Rome were either Ple- 
be'ians, Clients, or Slaves. 

165. From lohat political privileges ivere the 
"plebeians of Rome debarred ? 

A. 1st — No plebeian could vote in the 
popular assembly (comi'tia curidta) : 

2dly — No plebeian could hold any 
office in the state: 

odly — No plebeian could contract mar- 
riage with a Roman family : and 

4thly — No plebeian could take any 
part in government affairs : All these 
things were the exclusive right of the 
patricians or Pop'ulus Roma'nus. 

166. In %D}ia.t occupation ivere the plebeians of 
Rome principally engaged ? 

A. They constitated the Roman in- 
fantry. Their struggles, however, for 
equality of rights with the Roman 
burghers, caused perpetual tumults in the 
state. 

167. Where did the Roman plebeians dwell ? 

A. On mount Av'entine and its imme- 
diate neighbourhood. 

168. Why is Ancus Marcius called the Father 
of the Romnin Plebeians ? 



PATRICIANS. — CLIENTS.—SLAVES. 59 

A. Because he first incorporated them 
into the Roman state, by giving them 
Mount Av'entine as their freehold ; al- 
lowing them to elect their own officers ; 
and giving them a code of laws. 

He was generally called by the plebeians " The Good King 
Ancus." 

169. Who loere the 'patrician?, of Rome ? 

A. All the free-born citizens, who 
belonged to the 3 Tribes. These were 
the original settlers, and constituted the 
Pop'ulus Roma'nus, or Roman burghers. 

170. What exclusive privileges were enjoyed 
by the patricians or Roman burghers ? 

A. The Senate was chosen from 

among this order ; and none but a 

burgher could vote in the national assem= 

bly (called the comifia curia'ta), 

171. Who ivere the clients of Rome? 

A. Sojourners who came to reside in 
Rome for purposes of trade ; they were 
obliged to put themselves under the pro- 
tection of some patrician, called a Patron, 
who was responsible for their good con- 
duct. 

172. Who were the slaves of Rome ? 

A. Captives taken in war, who lived 
in Rome in a state of bondage ; many, 
however, were engaged as agents, clerks, 
teachers, and agricultural labourers. 



60 LUCUMO. 

173. Who ivere the plebeians of Rome ? 

A, Principally Latins, sent to live at 
Rome after their states were conquered : 
They were perfectly free and independent, 
but had no political power. 

174. Who is called the father of the plebeian 
order ? 

A. Ancus Marcius, because he first 
recognized their independent state; but 
Servius Tullius, the 6th king of Rome, 
divided them into classes, and greatly 
extended their privileges. 



Celebrated Characters in the Reign of 
Angus Marcius. 

175. Who is the most important person to be 
noticed in the reign of Ancus Marcius ? 

A. Luciimo, an Etruscan Chief, who 

came from Tarquin'ii (a town in Etruria) 

to Rome, in the 8th year of King Ancus ; 

and settled there with his wife Tan'aquil. 

Lu'cumo is a mere title, applied to the hereditary chiefs of 
the 12 independent Etrurian nations ; as Pharaoh in Egypt, 
Ceesar in Rome, &c. 

176. What is the supposed origin of this 
Lucumo ? 

A. His father was a Corinthian noble- 
man named Demaratus, who was driven 
from Greece in a rebellion, and took 
refuge in Tarquin'ii ; where he married 



LUCUMO. 61 

a noble lady, and had two sons, Lu'cumo 
and A'runs. 

These are not real proper names. Lucumo is the title given 
to an Etruscan Chief, and Aruns to the next in dignity ; somej7 
what similar to the Dauphin in France. 

177. What became of these two iwinces, Lucu- 
mo and Aruns, ? 

A. A'riins died a young man, leaving 
one son under his brother's protection ; 
but Lu'cumo married a lady of rank in 
Etruria, whose name was Tan'aquil. 

178. Why did Lucumo and Tanaquil leave 
Etruria and migrate to Rome ? 

A. Because Lu'cumo stood candidate 
for some office of dignity in Etru'ria, 
which was refused him, on account of 
his foreign extraction : So his wife per- 
suaded him to leave Etruria, and seek his 
fortune in Rome. 

179. Was Lucumo a ivealthy man? 

A. Yes. Both he and his wife were 
very rich, well-educated, and of high 
birth. They went to Rome in a magni- 
ficent carriage, with a large retinue of 
retainers. 

180. What remarkable prodigy is soAd to have 
occurred to Lucumo^ ivhen he reached the Janicu- 
lum or Western boundary of Rome ? 

A. An eagle hovered over him, took 

off his cap, and soared with it towards 



62 ANGUS MARCIUS. 

the clouds ; then swooping down again, 
replaced it on his head, and flew away. 

181. What did Lucumo and ids wife Tana- 
quil think of this strange 'prodigy ? 

A. Tan'aquil, who was skilled in au- 
gury, embraced her husband with de- 
light ; saying, that the eagle was sent 
by the gods, to assure him that he should 
one day become King of Rome. 

182. When King Ancus heard of the arrival 
of this rich foreign noblefnan, ivhat did he do ? 

A. He sent for him to court, made 

him a senator, and Captain of the Guards 

of Nobles (Trihu'nus CeVerum), 

183. Did LiUciinio retain his Etruscan name 
and title, after he was naturalized at Rome ? 

A. No: He called himself Lucius 
Tarquin'ius Pris'cus. 

He called himself Tarquin'ms because he came from Tar- 
quin'ii in Etruria, but why Priscus is not easy to imagine ; the 
Priscans were one of the Latin tribes. Perhaps Priscus 
(ancient) is merely added by Livy, to distinguish him from 
Tarquinius Superbus ; as we should say Tarquin I. to distin- 
guish him from Tarquin II. 

184. Hoiv did Lucius Tarquinius show his 
gratitude to Ancus for these favours ? 

A. He assisted him in his wars against 
the Latins and Sabines; and took the 
strong city of Fide'nse, by boring a mine 
within the wall. 

Fide'nae, a colony of the Ve'ii, 6 miles from Rome. 



COTEMPOR ARIES. 63 

185. What great Athenian lawgiver ivas co- 
temporary ivith Ancus Marcius ? 

A. Dra'co : As this lawgiver of Athens 

punished every crime, (even idleness,) 

with death, it is said that his laws were 

'Written in blood, 

186. What famous Lesbian poet lived in the 
reign of Ancas Marcius ? 

A. Ari'on ; whose history somewhat 

resembles that of Jonah the prophet: 

For being thrown into the sea, a dolphin 

(charmed by his music) carried him safely 

to Corinth. 

187. What famous king of Babylon was co- 
temporary luith Ancus Marcius ? 

A. Nabo-polas'sar the father of Nebu- 

chadnez'zar, and founder of the kingdom 

of Chaldea. 

Lucius Tarquinius is the first instance we meet with of a 
foreigner rising to rank and freedom in Rome : but the ac- 
counts given in this chapter must be looked upon jis legendary, 
rather than historical. 



64 APIOLA. 



Lucius Taequinius Priscus. 



5th King of E-ome, and Great Patron of the Luceres (or 3d 

Tribe). 

Reigned 38 years. From e. c. 617 to 579. 



188. Who was chosen King upon the death of 
Ancus Marcius ? 

A. Lu'cius Tarquinlus Pris'cus ; who 
had been for 16 years the head of the 
nobles. With this King began the great- 
ness and splendour of ancient Rome. 

189. By ivhat intrigue v;as this foreign prince 
elected to the croivn ? 

A. He was left guardian to the sons of 
Ancus ; but on the day of election, con- 
trived to send them on a hunting ex- 
pedition ; and, w^hile they were absent, 
induced the Cu'rise to elect him king. 

190. In what ivars did Lucius Tarqtdnius 
engage, after he came to the croivn? 

K, His first achievement was the 

storming of Api'ola, a Latin town, about 

10 miles from Rome ; the spoils of which 

he appropriated to adorn Rome. 

191. What was the next tvarlike achievement 
of Lucius Tarquinius ? 

A. After the Latins had been defeated 



TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOLINUS. 65 

at Api'ola they allied themselves to the 
Sabines ; and again made head against 
the Romans, whom they defeated near 
the river An'io. 

192. What was the cause of this defeat? 

A. The superior cavalry brought into 
the field by the Latins and Sabines. 

193. Hoiv did Lucius Tarquinius contrive to 
repair this defeat ? 

A. He doubled the number of his 
cavalry, attacked the foe again, and ob- 
tained a brilHant victory near the place 
of his former overthrow. 

194. What did Lucius Tarquinius do after 
this victory ? 

A. He pursued the Sabines into their 

own country ; fought another battle ; 

took Colla'tia and all its territory ; and 

then returned in triumph to Rome. 

195. Hoiv did Lucius Tarciuinius shoiv his 
gratitude and piety for these great victories ? 

A. He built the magnificent temple of 
Jupiter Capitolinus on the Capit'oline 
hill; according to a vow be had made 
on the field of battle. 

This famous Temple was built on the Tarpe'ian rock. It 
was begun by Lucius Tarquin., continued by Servius Tullius 
his successor, and finished by Tarquinius Superbus. It cov- 
ered 8 acres of land, was 200 feet broad and 215 feet long. Its 
•• ascent was by 100 steps, the gates were of brass and gold, the 
inside marble. It was the most magnificent building in 



66 ETRUSCANS SUBJECTED. 

Rome : In it were kept the famous Sibylline books ; and a nail 
was driven annually into the wall to mark the lapse of time. 

196. After the defeat of the Latins and Sa- 
dines, ivhat neiv conquests did Lucius Ta,rq%dniits 
achieve ? 

A. He defeated the 12 Etruscan cities, 
south of the Apennines. And was then 
Sovereign not only of the Romans, but 
also of the Latins, Sabines, and Etrus- 
cans. 

In his war wdth the Latins, he reduced to submission the 
towns of Corni'culum, Ficu'lea, Camer'ia, Crustum erbium,/ 
Ameri'ola, MeduTlia, Nomen'tum, &c. 

197. After this defeat, how did the Etruscans 
acknoivledge their subjection ? 

A. By presenting Lucius Tarquin. 
with their national regalia := — a crown of 
gold, an ivory throne, a sceptre with an 
eagle on the top, and a robe of purple. 

The Etruscans were by far the most splendid, prosperous, 
and civilized people of Italy. 

198. What great imiproveinents uere made by 
Lucius Tarquiniiis in the city of Rome ? 

A. 1st — He drained the lowlands, 
which before his time were an uninhabit- 
able swamp : 

2dly — He threw up embankments to 
keep the Tiber in its channel : 

3dly — He adorned the Fo'rum with 
numerous-^public buildings : 

4thly — He laid the foundation of a 
stone wall round the citv : and 



MURDER OF TARQUIN. I. 67 

5thly — He began the magnificent tem- 
ple of Jupiter Capitoli nus. 

199. Hoiv did Lucius Tarquinius seek to 
amuse the jjeople ivhile engaged ujoon these works ? 

A. He instituted " The Great Games ;" 

in which the people were entertained 

with races, sham-fights, wresthng, boxing, 

and many other manly exercises, 

200. Hoiv long did this excellent King reign ? 
A. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus reigned 

38 years ; and was assassinated by the 
sons of Ancus Marcius, the late King. 

201. Hoiv did these wicked princes contrive to 
murder their guardian and king ? 

A. They hired two sturdy shepherds 
to go to the king to settle a dispute ; and 
while the king was listening to their tale, 
one of them struck him dead with an 
axe. 

202. What became of the murderers ? 

A. They were put to death by the 
lictors ; but' the sons of Ancus, who 
instigated the deed, found safety in 
flight. 



68 TARQUIN. I. 

PuBLTC Works and Improvements ascribed 
TO Lucius Tarquinius. 

203. Hoiv did Lucius Tarquinius drain the 
lowlands of Rome ? 

A. He made sewers underground ; 
which emptied their waters into an enor- 
mous drain called the " Cloaca Max'ima/' 
which disgorged itself into the Timber. 

204. What is meant hy the lowlands of Rome ? 
A. A marshy piece of ground lying 

between the Av'entine, Paratine, and 
Capit'oline hills. 

Augustus Ca3sar completed the drainage of this valley (called 
the Vela'brum), and built over it. 

205. Hoiv is this enormous drain^ called the 
Cloa'ca Max'ima, described hy the Greek historian 
Proco'pius ? 

A. He says that a man on horseback 
could ride through any of the drains ; 
and that a wagon, laden with hay, might 
be driven through the Cloa'ca Max'ima. 

206. How was this drain constructed ? 

A. It was built in the shape of an arch 
with 3 tiers of stone, fitted together with- 
out cement of any kind. The diameter 
of the arch is 18 feet. 

207. Does this gigantic sewer remain still ? 
A. Yes, and strangers who visit Rome 

are taken to see it. It is so admirably 



CLOACA MAXIMA. 69 

put together, that earthquakes, the pres- 
sure of crowded buildings above it, and 
even the neglect of 1500 years, have not 
disturbed a single stone. 

Above 2500 years have now elapsed since the Cloa'ca Max'- 
ima was constructed. It was made of Alban or Gabine stone 
(called "peperi'no"), which is a concrete of volcanic sand and 
cinders (or sco'ricej : The colour is a bright ash-grey. 

208. What hejiefit ivas effected by these drains ? 
A. When Lucius Tarquin. ascended 

the throne, the city was only a collection 
of small villages on the rising grounds, 
separated by swamps : But after the low- 
lands were drained and built over, the 
city became united and healthy, 

209. What arrangements were made by the 
Romans to kee]y the seivers in good order 1 

A. Under the Republic, officers called 
^^ Censors" had the charge of them : But 
under the Emperors, officers called Cura'- 
tors of the Sewers (curato'res cloaca rum) 
were appointed ; and a tax levied to de- 
fray the expense. 

This tax was called " Cloaca'rium" (or the Sewer-tax.) 

210. Whctt was the Roman Forum ? 

A. A large oblong level space of 
ground, about 7 acres in extent; used 
for purposes of justice, and for a common 
market-place. 

It was situated between the Pal'atine and Capit'oline hills. 

211. Who laid out the Forum ? 



70 TARQUIN. 1. 

A. Romulus ; but Lucius Tarquinlus 
surrounded it with porticos, courts of 
justice, shops, and ornamental buildings. 

212. What famous tein]^le stood in the Forum? 
A. The temple of Ja nus, built of 

bronze by Numa ; the gates of which 
were open only in times of jvar. 

The temple of Concord, where the Senate often held their 
meetings, and the tem.ple of Vesta, stood in the vicinity of the 
Forum. 

213. How was the upper part of the Roman 
Forum adorned ? 

A. By the Senate-house, built by Tul- 
ius HostiFius ; in which alone the 
Statutes of Rome could be made. 

214. What buildifig stood just heloiv the 
Senate-house ? 

A. The ^' Rostra" or stage, from which 
the orators addressed the people : Below 
the Rostra was the Comitlum, or polling- 
place of the Roman burghers^ 

215. What is the origin of the word ''Rostra'' 
> applied to a platform or stage ? 

A. It means "The beaks of ships." 

This stage was so called, because it was 

ornamented with the heaks of ships taken 

by Camillus from An'tium. 

This was in the time of the Kepublic, about 200 years after 
the death of Lucius Tarquin. (see Q. 824). The stage itself 
existed from the time of Komulus, but was called Templumi 
and not Kostra. 



COMITIA CURIATA. 71 

216. What was the Comit'iwn. 

A. The place where the Koman tribes 
met to confirm certain decrees of the 
senate, such as the election of kings, 
priests, and other magistrates. 

217. What was the popular assembly called ? 
A. Comitla Curia'ta [or Congress of 

Cu'rice) : Only the 30 Cu'ri^ had a right 
to vote in this Congress. 

218. Who are meant by the 30 Cur ice ? 

A. The burghers of Rome, who were 
divided into 3 Tribes ; and these tribes 
into 30 Cu'rise or Corporations, for the 
facility of voting. 

219. In ivhat order did the tribes vote in the 
Comitia Curia' ta ? 

The 10 Cu'rige of the tribe Ram'nes 

voted first, Cu'ria by Cu na ; then the 

Titles ; and last of all, the Lu'ceres. 

220. How were the votes polled ^ 

A. The vote of each Cu'ria was deter- 
mined by a majority of its members ; 
and the question finally decided by a 
majority of the 30 Corporations. 

221. Where did the people hold the games in- 
stituted by Lucius Tarquinius ? 

A. In a magnificent circus, built for 

the purpose in the Mur'cian valley ; all 

round the circus were 3 rows of benches. 



72 TABQUIN. I. 

for the accommodation of the gentry who 
came to view the sport. 

There was a range of stables at one end called " Car'ceres," 
from which the chariots and horses started ; and pillars at the 
opposite end, called " Me'tse" (or Goals). 

222. Hoio were the three tiers of benches ajopro- 
priated ? 

A. The 1st row to the Senators, Ves- 
tals, and other great officers of Rome : 

The 2d row to the rest of the Roman 
burghers or patricians : and 

The 3d row to strangers and ladies. 

223. Was no provision made for the pie- 
he' ians ? 

A. No. Only the burghers were ad- 
mitted into the circus, till the latter end 
of the Republic, when all persons were 
admitted without distinction. Under the 
Emperors, the Senators and Knights had 
seats awarded them separate from the 
rest of the spectators. 

The circus could accommodate about half a million of spec- 
tators : Its length was 2187 feet ; it was a mile in circum- 
ference, and was surrounded by a moat and low wall. 

224. What sort of games were celebrated in the 
Roman Circus ? 

A. Mock fights, and contests of agility 
and strength, in the time of the Kings : 

Contests with wild beasts, and mock 
sea fights, were added in the time of the 
Republic : and 

Chariot racing, by the Emperors. 



THE GREAT GAMES. . 73 

■225. What were the mock fights, and by whom 
were they invented? 

A. They were said to be invented by 
^Ene'as, and were performed by young 
patricians on horseback. 

They were called Ludas Trojse; Virgil's description is well 
known, ^n. v. 561. 

226. Of ivhat did the contests of agility and 
strength consist ? 

A. Runnings — Boxing, — - Leaping, — 
Wrestling,— And throwing the discus, or 
quoit. 

227. Hoia did the boxers fight § 

A. With boxing gloves fra//^<i Ces'tusJ^ 
which sometimes had lead sewed into 
them ; but were generally thongs of 
leather tied round the hand. 

228. What were the contests with wild beasts 
{called YENA^Tio) ? 

A. Contests in which men engaged 
with wild beasts: The combatants were 
generally criminals, or persons w^ho fought 
for hire (called Bestiarii), 

The early Christians were frequently subjected to this kind 
of contest. 

229. When taas the first exhibition of this sort 
fnade at Rome ? 

A. The first instance on record is that 
of Lucius Metellus, who exhibited 142 
elephants taken from the Carthagenians 
(b. c. 251). 



74 CHARIOT KACES. 

Sulla exhibited 100 lions in his praetorship, which were 
killed by javelin-men from Africa : 

ScAURUS —an hippopotamus and 5 crocodiles, in his sedile- 
ship (b. c. 58) : 

PoMPEY — 600 lions and 20 elephants, in his second consul- 
ship, all of which were left dead in the circus : and 

Probus, the Emperor, exhibited 1000 ostriches, 1000 stags, 
1000 boars, and 1000 deer, besides wild goats, wild sheep, and 
other wild animals : And the day after, he gave another exhi- 
bition, in which 100 lions, 100 lionesses, 200 leopards^ and 30G> 
bears were left dead in the circus. 

230. Describe the Roman chariots, 

A. They were vehicles with 2 wheels^ 
open behind and closed in front ; 

Some were drawn by 2 horses (hi'gce)^ 
yoked to a pole (te'mo) ; 

Some were drawn by 4 horses all 
abreast ( quad-ri' gee ) ; some by 6 horses 
all abreast. 

Nero, the Emperor, drove a chariot of 
10 horses all abreast, at the Olympic 
games. 

Every driver in the Circus was called quadriga'rius, i. e. a 
driver of 4 horses, whatever number he drove; because 4 
horses may be reckoned the general number. 

231. How many chariots usually started in a 
race ? 

A. Four. The drivers (distinguished 
by green, red, azure, and white liveries), 
stood in the car within the reins^ which 
went round their waist. 

These 4 colours are supposed to represent the 4 seasonSj 
Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. 

232. What constituted a race ? 

A. Seven times round the Circus. 



TARQUIN I. 75 

Each heat was marked by hoisting on a 
pole a white ball, like an egg. 



Political Changes and Legends con- 
nected WITH Tarquinius Priscus. 

233. What great fundamental change did 
Tarquin I, introduce among the Romans? 

A. He either added a third tribe to 
the two old Patrician ones ; or else he 
elevated the third tribe (Lu^ceres) to Pa- 
trician rights and dignities. 

The two old Patrician tribes were the Ram'nes and Tities. 

234. How did this affect the 'Roman constitu- 
tion'^ 

A. The new tribe was represented 
(like the other two) by 100 members in 
the senate, and 2 priestesses in the tem- 
ple of Vesta. 

So that henceforth there were 300 Senators, and 6 Vestal 
Virgins. In the time of Augustus the number of Senators 
was increased to 600, but the number of Vestals was never 
again augmented. 

235. How did Tarquinius Priscus contrive to 
increase the Roman cavahy ? 

A. He induced the 30 Curiae to dou- 
ble the number of their horses, and 
furnish him with double regiments. 

236. Hbiv many horse soldiers ivere the kings 
supplied with, before the reign of Tarquinius 
Priscus ? 



76 TAKQUIX I. 

A. With only eSOO, according to the ' 
constitution of Romulus ; but Tarquin I. 
increased the number to 600. 

The new Knights were c-dlled poster iores, to distinguish them 
from the old ones. 

The 600 knights were the 6 patrician centuries, so often 
referred to in iloman History, as the Sex Siiffrag'ia. They 
always voted first in the Comit'ia Curia^'ta (or Congress of 
Ciifrix). 

237. Against ^vhom did Tarquinius Priscus 
first employ his increased cavalry? 

A. Against the allied army of Latins 
and Sabines, which he completely de- 
feated near the river Arno. 

238. What tradition is told about Comic ulum, 
one of the Latin toivns conquered by Tarquin I, 
in this expedition ? 

A. It is said that TuUius, the Latin 

prince, fell in the field of battle ; and 

that his beautiful wife was taken captive, 

carried to Rome, and presented to the 

queen. 

239. How did the queen treat her fair captive ? 
A. She set her at liberty, and treated 

her as a friend. After a time, this fair 
captive had a son born in the palace, who 
was named SerVius. 

This Servius Tullius was the successor of Tarquinius, in the 
throne. 

240. What tradition is told respecting the 
young Servius Tullius? 

A. One day in his early infancy, 



CCELES VIBENNA. 77 

flames of fire were seen to play around 
his head ; but when the servants in alarm 
ran to extinguish them, the queen for- 
bade them. 

241. Why did the queen, Taiiaquil, forbid the 
servants to extinguish the flames ? 

A. She said they would do him no 
harm ; but were sent by the gods to indi- 
cate that the infant would become " a 
bright and shining light in Rome." , 

242. What influence had this omen on the king 
and queen ? 

A. They ordered the child to be edu- 
cated as a prince ; gave him one of their 
daughters for a wife ; and raised him to 
the highest dignities of the state. 

243. What legend is told about CcE^les Vi- 
ben'na^ one of the Etruscan princes ? 

A. He was the great antagonist of 
Tarquin for 9 years ; but being ultimately 
defeated, settled with his followers on the 
Lu'cerine hill ; which was called, hence- 
forth, the Coelian hill, in honour of this 
prince. 

244. What other circumstance co7inected xoith 
Roman History occurred in these ivars between 
Tarquin and Co&'les ? 

A. A Sabine town (called CoUa'tia), 
which had taken part with Coeles, fell 
into the power of Tarquin, and was given 



78 TARQUIN I. 

to his nephew, whose name was changed 
into Tarquinius CoUati nus. 

This Tarquin'ius Collati'nus was afterwards married to Lu- 
cre tia, who was basely dishonoured by Sextus, the son of Tar- 
quinius Superbus ; and this dishonour caused the abolition of 
the Kingly office in Rome. 

245. Did Tarquinius Priscus greatly enlarge 
the Horhan dominions ? 

A. Yes: When he first entered the 
city, the whole Roman dominion was less 
than 45 miles in circuit : But when he 
died, it was more than 300. 

246. Over what people was Tarquin L sic- 
preme ? 

A. He was chief of the Sabine towns ; 

Head of all the Latins ; and King of the 

Etruscans, as well as of Rome. 

His dominions extended eastward to BoviFloe, south and 
west to Terraci'na, and northwards to the Tiber. 

247. Did not Tarquinius Priscus greatly im- 
p?'ove the appearance of Rome also ? 

A. Yes; when he first entered the 
city, it was a mere collection of small 
ugly towns built on the rising grounds, 
and separated from each other by large 
swamps : When he died, it was united, 
well-drained, and full of magnificent 
buildings. 

248. What celebrated men lived in Greece, 
during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus ? 

A. The seven sages or wise men ; 



COTEMPORARIES. 79 

namely, Perian'der, Solon, Chilon, Pit'ta- 
chus, Cleobiilus, Bi'as, and Thales. 

249. What celebrated Greek writers lived in 
this reign ? 

A. Sap'pho and Alcag us, two famous 

poets ; and ^sop, the great fabulist. 

250. What event of sacred history wat coteni- 
porary with the reign of Tarquin J. ? 

A. Nebuchad'nezzar took Jerusalem, 
and carried the Jews into captivity. This 
is generally called " the 70 years' cap- 
tivity." 

251. What other important events occurred 
during the reign of Tarquin U . 

A. Nineveh was destroyed by Nebu- 
chadnezzar ; Cyrus the Great was born ; 
and Jeremiah prophesied. 

There is an amusing legend told of Tarquinius Priscus and 
an Augur .named Attius N83vius. It is said that the king 
wished to double the number of tribes, but when he proposed 
his plan to the Senate, it was violently opposed by Attius 
Nsevius, who declared that the number was fixed by the gods 
at 3, and that no human power could alter it. The king in 
indignation replied, " What ! do you pretend to know the mind 
of the gods, who cannot so much as read the thouglits of a 
man ? Tell me, if you are really so very wise, whether I can 
do what I am now thinking about?" '*Yes;'* said NaBvius, 
"you can do it.** " Ha! ha!** said the king. **I was think- 
ing whether I could cut in twain that whetstone with a razor." 
*" Cut boldly,*' answered Nsevius, " and it is done." It is said 
that the king cut the whetstone, and had the good sense to give 
up his proposal. 



80 SERVIUS TULLIUS. 



Sekvius Tullius (King of the Commons). 

Sixth King of Rome, and Founder of its Civil Rights 
and Institutions. 

Reigned 44 years. From b. c. 579 to 535. 



252*. Who succeeded Lucius Tarquinius ? 
A. Servius Tullius, a plebe'ian, and 
son-in-law of the late king. 

He was a plebeian simply because he did not belong to any 
one of the 3 Tribes— -Ram'^nes, Tit'ies, or Lu'ceres. The tra- 
dition of his being a slave probably arose from his name Ser- 
vius. (Servius is the Latin for a slave.) 

253. By what means %vas the succession secured 
to Servius Tullius, a plebeian ? 

A. Tan'aquil, the widow of the late 
king, wishing to secure the crown to her 
son-in-law, gave out that the king was 
not killed, but only stunned by the blow, 
and that he deputed Servius Tullius to 
the regency till he recovered. 

254. How long ivas this artifice continued ? 
A. Till Servius Tullius had made a 

strong party and confirmed his usurpa- 
tion. 

255. What was the great aim of Servius Tul- 
lius throughout his reign ? 

A. To elevate the Plebeians, and give 
them a fair share in the government of 
their adopted country. 



DEBTORS AND SLAVES. 81 

256. What act of great benevolence is recorded 
of Servius Tullius at the beginning of his reign ? 

A. He so greatly pitied the debtors 

of Rome (who were all plebeians) that 

he paid off their debts from his own 

purse. 

257. What merciful law did Servius make 
respecting future debtors ? 

A. That no creditor should be allowed 

to seize the person of a debtor ; but only 

to distrain his goods. 

Before the enactment of this law, any insolvent debtor, his 
wife, and family, might all be sold and reduced to slavery. 

258. What merciful law did Servius make in 
regard to slaves ? 

A. He made provision whereby they 
might become free; and enjoined that 
they should always have at least two 
whole holidays every year. 

259. What further benefit did Servius confer 
on the slaves of Rome ? 

A. He caused a vast number to be set 

at liberty, and enrolled them in the four 

plebeian tribes. 

These freed slaves were called by the Romans ^'Liberti'* 
(enfranchised slaves). 

260. What religious privileges did Servius 
^cure to the Plebeians ? 

A. He appropriated temples to their 
exclusive use; in which the Patricians 
could not interfere. 

4* 



82 SERVIUS TULLIUS. 

261. Hoiv did Servius provide for the endoiv- 
Anient of these plebeian te^nples ? 

A. He commanded a tax to be paid 

uto the temple of Juno Luci'na, whenever 

a child was horn : A similar one to the 

temple of Juven'tas, when he reached 

^puberty : and a third to the temple of 

Libiti'na, at the death of every subject. 

The temple of Juno Lucina stood on the spot now covered 
hj the magnificent church of Santa Maria Maggiore. - 

262. What effect had these republican measures 
on the old Roman aristocracy ? 

A. They were so indignant, that they 
invited over the Ve'ii to dethrone the 
king ; but Servius Tullius led his army 
into the field, and defeated them thrice. 

263. What ivas done with the land of a con- 
quered people ? 

A. It was divided by the Romans into 

three parts : 

One was given back to the conquered 

people, on the payment of a tribute. 
One belonged to the Patricians or 

Pop'ulus Poma'nus : and 
One was the property of the crown. 

264. What ivas generally done with these 
iCrown lands {ager pub'licus) ? 

A. They were leased out to the Patri- 
cians at a small nominal value ; and were 
the source of endless feuds and conten- 
tions among the Romans. 



SERVIUS MURDERED. 83 

265. What did Servius do with the Crown 
lands in his reign ? 

A. He divided them among the Ple- 
beians ; which so enraged the Patricians 
that they resolved to murder him. 

266. Why ivere the Patricians so angry, be- 
cause Servius divided these Croivn lands among 
the Plebeians ? 

A. Because the Patricians had occu- 
pied them for many years at a nominal 
rent, and looked on them as their own 
property. 

267. Hoiv did the Patricians effect their nefa- 
rious plan against this excellent king ? 

A. They persuaded his son-in-law that 

the crown by inheritance belonged to 

him^ and that Servius was only a usurper. 

268. Hoiv could the son-in-law of Servius he 
induced to believe that he had a right to the 
croivn ? 

A. Because he was the son of Ancus 
Marcius, the previous king. Whereas 
Servius Tullius was an alien and stranger. 

Ancus Marcius left two sons, who married the two daugh- 
ters of Servius Tullius. Tullia, the elder daughter of Servius, 
murdered her husband ; and Lucius, the younger son of An- 
cus, murdered his vv^ife ; after which, the two murderers mar- 
ried each other. 

269. Holo did Lucius Tarquin effect the mur- 
der of king Servius ? 

A. He marched into the Senate with 
a body of armed men ; and seating him- 



84 THE ACCUESED DAUGHTER. 

self on the king's throne, commanded the 
heralds to proclaim him king. 

270. How did Servius Tullius resejit this re- 
bellious conduct ? 

A. He hastened to the Senate ; but 

was thrown headlong down the steps of 

the portico, by his traitorous son-in-law. 

271. What hecame of the aged king after his 
fall ? 

A. As his attendants were conve}ing 
him home, some of the rebel party mur- 
dered him, and cast his body into the 
street. 

272. When Tullia, the wife of Lucius Tar- 
quin^ heard of her father's murder, what did she 
do? 

A. She started off in her chariot to 
salute her husband ; but had to pass the 
spot where the mangled body of her 
father was lying. 

273. What effect had the murdered body of her 
father upon Tullia ? 

A. When the charioteer dre\y up his 
horses that they might not trample on 
the bleeding corpse, Tullia struck him 
with the stool on which she was setting, 
and exclaimed " What ! are you afraid 
of a dead man !" The chariot then passed 
over the dead body, and Tullia reached 
the Senate bespattered with blood. 



DEATH OF SERYIUS. 85 

It is said that Lucius and Tullia forbade tlie interment of 
the old king's body, saying in mockery, " Romulus had no 
burial, and why should Servius need one ?" Some say this 
was the reason why he was called Superb'us (The Contempt- 
uotcsj. 

•274. By whom ivas Servius Tullius buried ? 

A. He was privately interred ; but the 

Plebeians, who highly revered him, held 

the Nones of every month sacred to his 

memory. 

The nones were the 7th of March, May, July, and October ; 
but the 5th of every other month. They were 9 days before 
the ides, and hence called nonss (ninth i. e. days). 

275. Holo did the Roinans show their abhor- 
rence of the impious conduct of Lucius and Tidlia ? 

A. They called the place the " Ac- 
cursed Street" (vi'cus sceleratus); and 
Tullia, the inhuman daughter, was ever 
afterwards an object of abhorrence to the 
Romans. 

There is a story told of this wicked woman, that she went 
once after this to worship in the Temple of JFortune, where 
was an image of Servius ; but the moment she entered, the 
image turned away its face, and hid it in its mantle till she 
had departed. 

276. Was Tarquin punished for the murder 
of Servius ? 

A. No: He succeeded to the crown 
under the name of Tarquinlus Superb us ; 
but after a reign of 25 years was banished 
from the kingdom, and died in exile. 

277. How long did Servius Tullius reign ? 
A. For 44 years. At his death, the 

Plebeians instituted an annual festival to 



86 SERVIAN TRIBES. 

his honour, in the Temple of Dia'na 
Aventi'na. 

278. What other honour ivas shown to the 
memory of this good king ? ^ 

A. His birth day was kept on the 
nones of every month; and no market 
was allowed to be held on that day. 

The Nones are the 7th of March, June, July, September, 
and October ; and the 5th of every other month. 



Political Changes made by Servius 

TULLIUS. 

279. What great constitutional change was 
made by Servius Tullius ? 

A. He gave the Plebeians of Rome 

an independent political organization. 

280. How did Servius classify the Plebeians 7 
A. Into local divisions, called tribes; 

and into political divisions, called classes. 

281. Into how many local divisions {or tribes) 
did Servius arrange the plebeians ? 

A. Into 30. Of which those dwelling 

within the walls were divided into 4 

tribes; and those dwelling without the 

walls into 26, called the Rustic Tribes. 

After the conquest of Porsen'na, the rustic tribes were re- 
duced to 16, but were subsequently increased to 35. 

282. What were the 4 city tribes of Plebeians 
".ailed ? 

A. 1. The Paratine; 2. The Subur- 



I 



COMITIA TRIBUTA. 87 

ban; 3. The Collatine; and 4. The 
Es'quiline. 

283. What civil magistrate was a'pjpointed over 
the Plebeian tribes? 

A. Every tribe had a chief magistrate 

called a "Tribune;" and had to pay a 

certain amount of taxes to the state called 

Tribute. 

The Servian Tribunes must not be confounded with the Tri- 
bunes of the People ft^^ibu'ni plebis J a.'p-pomted B. c. 494, upon 
the cession of the Plebeians to the Mons Sacer. 

284. What legislative asseiiibly did Servius 
constitute ? 

A. The '' comit'ia tribu'ta" (or congress 
of Tribes) ; an assembly of Plebeians, 
in which every man had a vote, who be- 
longed to any one of the Tribes* 

285. To ivhat was thejimsdiction of the comitia^ 
tributa limited ? 

A. To minor offences and civil rights ; 

it had no power over capital offences, or 

foreign state affairs. 

286. Where was comitia tributa asse^nbled ? 

A. Sometimes in the Fo'rum, some- 
times in the Campus Mar'tius, and some- 
times in the Flaminlan Circus. 

The decrees of this plebeian congress were called " Ple- 
biscita." 

287. Ltto how many political divisions did 
Servius arrange the inhabitants of Rome ? 

A. Into 1 Patrician and 5 Plebeian 



88 SERVIAN CLASSES. 

classes ; regulated according to a scale of 
wealth, and the amount of taxes paid by 
each individual. 

288. What was the main object of this division 
into classes ? 

A. That the cavalry and heavy-armed 
infantry might be selected from the rich- 
er people; and the light-armed troops 
(whose equipments were less expensive) 
from the inferior classes. 

The Patricians and Plebeian Knights formed a class of" 
themselves. 

The I. Plebeian Class were those worth 100,000 ases. 

II. *^ Class Ditto 75,000 ditto. 

III. '' Class Ditto 50,000 ditto. 

IV. '' Class Ditto 25,000 ditto. 
V. " Class Ditto 11,000 ditto. 

Below this standard of money no Plebeian had a vote, or could 
enter the army. The ** As" was a bronze coin. 

289. How did Servius siih-divide these 6 
'classes ? 

A. Into 195 regiments called Centu- 
ries (Centurice); to each of which there 
was a commander called a Centurian. 

290. Why were these sub-divisions called Cen- 
turies ? 

A. Because each sub-division had to 
furnish and equip 100 soldiers for the 
service of the State. 

The Century (Centiiria) contained no definite number of 
men ; it was expected to supply 100 soldiers to the State, and 
hence its name. It resembled in this respect the division of 
England into Hundreds, by Alfred the Great: A hundrea 
contain ^. no definite number of houses, or acres of land, but 



' CENTUEIES. 89 

each, hundred was expected to equip 100 soldiers for the ser- 
vice of the State in times of need. 

291. Hmv many of these Centuries ivere ranked 
with the Patricians of Koine ? 

A. The first 12 ; which comprised all 
the richest of the Plebeians. These 12 
Centuries, added to the 6 original tribes, 
constituted a separate class, called the 
18 Patrician Centuries. 

292. What peculiar privileges belonged to these 
Patrician Centuries ? 

A. The 600 Knights of the old Rom- 
ulian tribes always gave their vote first in 
the Comit'ia; and the 12 Centuries of 
Plebeian Knights gave their vote next. 
They also formed the Roman cavalry. 

293. Hoio were the Plebeian Centuries classi- 
fied? 

A. 80 were placed in the 1st Plebeian 
class ; 20 in each of the 2d, 3d, and 
4th classes ; and 30 in the 5th class ; be- 
sides these, there were 4 Centuries of camp 
followers, and 3 of musicians and smiths. 

Camp followers consisted of those whose property was less 
than 11,000 ases. These Centuries were reckoned as super- 
numeraries ; the 3 remaining Centuries were as follows : 1. 
carpenters, armourers, and smiths (fa'brij, who were attached 
to the 1st class ; 2. horn blowers, trumpeters, and flute play- 
ers, who were attached to the 4th class. 

294. What further sub-division ivas made of -• 
these Centuries ?^ 

A. Every Century was divided into 2 
parts ; one half of which was called the 



90 THE ARMY. 

Seniors, and the other half the Juniors. 
The Juniors were all those between 17 
and 45 years of age ; the Seniors between 
45 and 60. 

295. At what age were the Plebeians allowed 
to enter the army ? 

A. They entered the training schools 

at 15, and the army two years afterwards. 

No service was required of any Plebeian 

after the age of 60 ; though the Knights 

and Patricians served till death. 

296. Hoiv ivere these Centuries organized in 
the caw.p ? 

A. The 18 Patrician Centuries formed 
the Roman Cavalry; the 140 Plebeian 
Centuries of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th 
classes, the Phalanx or Heavy-armed In- 
fantry ; and the 30 Centuries of the 5th 
class, the Light-armed Infantry. 

The Roman Infantry always consisted of Plebeians only. 

297. IIo'w tvere the Knights arrayed ? 

A. In an entire coat of mail — some- 
times in chain armour. They had greaves 
or thigh pieces, a helmet, and a round 
shield (dyp'eus)^ all of bronze. Their 
weapons were spears, daggers, and swords. 

298. Hoiu were the Heavy-armed Infantry 
"quipped ? 

A. The 1st class had to provide them- 



AEMOUR. — SERYIUS. 91 

selves with a complete suit of bronze 
armour, a sword, a pike, and a round 
bronze shield (clyp'eus) : These 80 Cen- 
turies stood in the front ranks of the 
phalanx. 

299. Hoiu ivere the rest of the Heavy-armed 
Infantry accoutred ? 

A. The 2d and 3d classes might dis- 
pense with the coat of mail, but bore an 
oblong wooden shield (called scutum). 
The 4th class had pikes and javelins, but 
no defensive armour at all. 

Only the Patricians and 1st class Plebeians used the clyp'eus 
or round bronze shield. 

300. Describe the clyp'eits or round shield used 
by the Ro^nan Patricians and Knights. 

A. Its size varied ; sometimes it cov- 
ered the whole body, sometimes it was 
much smaller. It was generally made of 
wood, covered with bull's hide, and bound 
with a rim of brass ; some had also a 
boss f umbo J or projecting point in the 
centre. 

301. How ivere the 30 Centuries of Light- 
armed Troops equipped ? 

A. With slings and stones, bows and 

arrows, darts and similar missiles. 

302. What great legislative body did Servius 
Tulliiis co7istitute from these Centuries ? 

A. The Comitla Centuria'ta (or Con- 



92 COMITIA CENTURIATA. 

gress of Centuries), an assembly com- 
posed of Patricians and Plebeians ; but 
wealth had by far the greatest influence, 

303. Hoiv was property made to have the pre- 
po7iderating influence in this Assembly ? 

A. The 18 Patrician and 80 rich Pie- 
beian Centuries of the 1st class consti- 
tuted a majority of the whole Congress ; 
whenever, therefore, these Centuries 
agreed upon any measure, they could 
always carry it without appeal to the 
inferior classes. 

304. Where did this great Military Congress 
(comit'ia centuria'td) hold its meetings ? 

A. In the Campus Mar'tius, without 

the city ; it was summoned by the sound 

of a trumpet, and not by the voice of the 

lictors, like the other Comit'ia. 

305. For what purposes was this great City 
Army {exer' cities urba'nus) summoned ? 

A. To create magistrates, pass laws, 

decide capital causes, and arrange all 

foreign affairs. But no statute passed 

into a law, till it had been approved by 

the Curiae (comit'ia curia' ta^ see Q. 217^. 

306. What preliminaries were necessary before 
the Comitia Centuriata could be held ? 

A. 1. There must be 17 days notice; 

and 2. The aus'pices had to be taken. 



SEEVIUS TULLIUS. 93 

307. Hoiv were these auspices taken ? 

A. A tent was pitched without the 
city, according to certain forms, for the 
purpose of observing the auspices ; if 
any of these forms were omitted, the 
meeting was null and void. 

So, also, if a tempest arose, or any voter was taken with 
epilepsy, the meeting was prorogued ; hence epilepsy was called 
morbus comitici'lis (the Congress sickjiess). 

308. What part of Rome did Servius Tidliiis 
assign to his new Plebeian Knights ? 

A. The Coelian hill. The Av'entine 
and Es'quiline hills were assigned to the 
rest of the City Plebeians. 

309. What provision ivas made for those Pa- 
tricians dvivelling on these hills ? 

A. Servius gave them a street at the 

foot of the Coelian hill, which he called 

the " Patrician street" (via Patricia,) 

By this assignm^ent the Pal'atine, Satur'nian, and Quiri'nal 
hills were appropriated to the Patricians, together with the 
'' Vi.i Patricia." 

TKe Av'entine and Es'quiline hills to the Plebe'ians gen- 
erally. 

The Coe'lian hill to the Plebe'ian Knights ; and 

The Vim'inal hill was still iinassigned. 

N. B. The Saturnian was subsequently called the Capit'oline 
hill. The Vatican was added afterwards, 

310. What domestic arrangement did Servius 
make to keep the Patricians in better subjection ? 

A. He forbade them to fortify their 
castles, as they had been in the habit of 
doing in former reigns. 

The castles built in England in the reign of Stephen were 
destroyed by Henry II. with a similar wise policy. 



94 CENSUS. 

311. IIoio did Servius contrive to make himself 
acquainted loith the exact condition of his sub- 
jects ? 

A. He entered in a book the name, 

abode, and property of each member of 

the 30 Plebeian tribes. This was the 

first census ever taken in Rome. 

312. How often ivas this census taken ? 

A. Every 5 years, called a " Lustrum." 
At the commencement of which, every 
Plebeian of Rome had to assemble in the 
Campus Mar'tius in full uniform, to give 
an account of his family and fortune. 

The Patricians and Knights were not counted, because their 
class did not depend on their property. 

313. Why was this quifiquennimn called a 
Lustrum ^ 

A. Because the people were always 
'purified by one of the Censors after the 
registration. 

*' Lustrum" is derived from the Latin word luo (to purify). 

314. HoiD was the exinration of a lustrum 
noted ? 

A. By driving a large square nail into 
the wall of the Temple of Jupiter. 

This was done on the ides (i.e. 18th) of September. 

315. What further arrangement did Servius 
make^ in order to knoiv the statistics of his people ? 

A. He instituted a yearly festival 

called a Pa'ganal (pagana'lia) ; at which 



•J 

I 



THE AS. 95 

the men, women, and children, each paid 
a different coin. 

316. Why ivas this festival called a Pa'ganal ? 
A. Because all the country tribes 

were divided into certain cantons (called 
pagi). Over each a magistrate was ap- 
pointed, to collect the taxes, and sum- 
mon the people to arms in time of war. 

This division of the people into cantons (pa^gi) continued to 
the latest times. Idolaters were called, by the early Chris- 
tians, Pagans, because these rustic tribes retained their idol- 
atrous rites, long after the inhabitants of the towns and cities 
had abandoned them. 

317. How did Servius Tidlius transcribe his 
laws ? 

A. On bronze tables. He made more 
laws than all the other kings of Rome 
besides : but they were all abolished by 
his successor, Tarquinlus Superbus. 

The laws made by the 7 kings were called '' Le'ges re'gise." 
In the commonwealth, these laws were collected and observed 
as customs (tanqiiam moires majo'rum), but not as statute laws 
(le'ges scriptcB). 

318. What coinage did Servius Tidlius intro- 
duce into Rorrf^e? 

A. The Etruscan brass coinage. The 

highest was an '' AS,'' which weighed 12 

oz. or a pound troy ; and was divided 

and sub-divided into numerous parts. 

\ an As was called a Se'mis (or half a pound). 
J Ditto a Triens (or one-third of a pound). 

^ Ditto a Quadrans (or a quarter of a pound). 

-g- Ditto a Sextans (or one-sixth of a pound). 

Y^ Ditto an XJn'cia (or ounce). 



96 SERVIUS TULLIUS. 

These coins were all made of brass (cos); hence uEs, in 
Latin, means money, — and ^ra'rium, the treasury. 

819. What was the value of the Roman " J.s ' * ? 

A. About 17 cents of our money. 
Several specimens are preserved in the 
British Museum. 

A sheep in Rome cost about 10 Ases, and an ox about 190. 

320. How did the 'Romans manage, when they 
wanted coin of less value than an " uncia V 

A. They used leather and shells. 

321. -What imjpixssion ivas stamped upon the 
Roman coin ? 

A. The oldest brass coins bear the 

figure of some domestic animal, such as 

the bull, ram, pig, sheep, &c.; but during 

the republic, the " As " was ' stamped 

with the head of Janus on one side, and 

the prow of a ship on the other. Inferior 

coins had a boat instead of a ships prow. 

As the Romans called domestic cattle pec'udes, so they 
called their coin pecuhiia. When the Romans tossed up 
money, they did not cry " Head or tail," as we do, but " Head 
or ship" (ca'put aut na'vim). The Irish say " Music or skull," 
alluding to the harp on the obverse side of Irish money. 

322. When were gold and silver coin intro- 
duced into Ro77te ? 

A. Silver coin was introduced 5 years 
previous to the first Pu'nic w^ar, and gold 
coin 62 years later (b. c. 192). 

323. Hoiv did Servius Tidlius contrive to make 
himself the head of the Latin Confederation ? 

A. He induced the Latin princes to 



HOMAN W~ALL. * 97 

join the Romans in building a temple to 
Dia na, on the Av entine hill ; and to 
keep there a joint festival every year. 

There is an amusing legend told about a Sabine farmer, who 
had a bull of such prodigious size^ that he went to the Sooth- 
sayers to consult them about it: The Soothsayers told him, 
that whoever would sacrifice that bull to Diana, on Mount 
Aventine, should rule over Italy, Upon this the farmer drove 
his enormous bull to the Temple, hoping to secure the sov- 
ereignty to the Sabines ; but when the Roman Priest saw him 
he began to rebuke him, for attempting to offer a sacrifice 
with *^ unv/ashen hands." Upon which, the farmer ran to the 
Tiber to wash ; but while he was gone, the Roman Priests 
sacrificed the ox, and secured to themselves the promised sov- 
ereignty. 

In remembrance of this legend, the temple of Diana is 
adorned in front with a pair of bull's horns. 

324. What great public ivork was undertaken 
by Servius for the sake of uniting the city of 
Rome ? 

A. The great wall extending from the 

Colline to the Es'quiline gate, a distance 

of about a mile, > 

325, Hoio was this wall made ? 

A. An enormous ditch (100 feet broad 
and 30 feet deep) was dug, and the earth 
cast on the inner bank : here it was piled 
up into a wall, (50 feet wide and 60 feet 
high,) faced with flag stones, and flanked 
with towers. 

This agger or wall (which was enlarged by the Emperor 
Aurelian) enclosed the Vim^nal, (so called from its ozier 
thicket) : and the Es'quiline— (so called from its oak looods). 

Whatever discredit may be thrown upon the private history 
of the Roman Kings, none can doubt that Rome was a great 
and powerful nation in the time of Servius. The Cloa'ca 
Max'ima, the temple of Jupiter Capitoli'nus, and the; Servian 
wall, are quite sufficient to establish such a fact, independent 
of all legends and poetical hyperbole. 



98 MYTHIC PERIOD. 



TARQumius SuPERBus (Deposed). 

The Seventh and last King of Rome. 
Reigned 25 years. From b. c. 535 to 510, 



326. Who succeeded Servius Tullius ? 

A. Tarquinius Super'bus ; the 7th and 
last king of Rome. 

327. Why was he called Superbus ? 

A. On account . of his insolence and 
pride. 

328. What was the character of Tarquinius 
Superhus, after he became king ? 

A. Arbitrary and overbearing — he op- 
pressed the poor, and degraded the noble : 
He was, however, brave in war; and 
enriched the city with many admirable 
buildings^ 

329. Hoiv did Tarquinius Superbus treat the 
friends of the late king? 

A. Several he put to death, others he 
banished. Numbers also destroyed them- 
selves to escape his cruelty, or fled to 
Gabii (about 12 miles from Eome). 

Suicide was at this time so common in Rome, that Tarquin 
(to put a stop to the practice) made a decree, that the dead 
body of every suicide should be nailed to a cross in the public 
highway. <■■ 

330. In what way did he exhibit his arbitrary 
nature ? 



TARQUIN II. 99 

A. He never consulted the Senate, as 
other kings had done ; but settled every 
question himself: and he never filled up 
the seats as they became vacant, 

331. hi what tvay did he oppress the poor? 
A. He abolished the admirable laws 

of king Servius ; and made the poor 
labour at his public works — building 
temples and digging sewers. 

These laws were restored again a few years afterwards by 
Brutus, the ConsuL 

332. Did no one resist these oppressions ? 

A. Yes, several persons openly re- 
volted, amongst whom was his uncle 
Junius. 

333. How did Tar quin punish Junius for his 
rebellion ? 

A. He executed both Junius and his 

eldest son ; but spared Lucius Junius, 

his second son, because he looked upon 

him as an idiot. 

Lucius Junius was married to Vitellia, and had several chil- 
dren. He was pjrandson to Tarquinius Priscus, and nephew 
to the reigning king. 

334. How ivas Lucius Junius stigmatized ? 
A. He was degraded from his rank, 

and nicknamed Brutus (stupid, or fool.) 

335. What tale is toldj about Tarquinius Su- 
perbus and Junius Herdo'?iius, the Latin ? 

A. It is said that they were both can- 



100 TAKQUIN II. 

didates for the Latin Dictatorship : but 
Tarquin greatly offended the council, 
over which Junius was president. 

336. Hoiv did Tarquin offend the Latin Conn- 
cil in this canvass ? 

A. He appointed an early hour to 

meet them at the shrine of Fero'nia ; but 

did not keep his appointment. 

337. How did the Gomidl resent this dishon- 
our ? 

A. After waiting till dusk, Junius 
rose to dismiss the Council ; and at that 
moment Tarquin entered. 

338. What apology did Tarquin make ? 

A. He said he had been detained in 
the courts of law, deciding a quarrel be- 
tween a father and his son. But Junius 
replied that the delay was insulting, and 
the excuse frivolous. 

339. Hoiv did Tarquin resent this speech ? 

A. He caused certain arms to be con- 
cealed in the tent of Junius ; and then 
went to the Council, and accused him of 
conspiring against himself and them. 

340. Hoia did Junius rebut this accusation ? 
A. He told the council to search his 

tent, and convince themselves of. his inno- 
cence. 

341. How did the Council proceed? 



J. HERDONIUS KILLED. 101 

A. They sent to search the tent, and 
having found the arms concealed, con- 
demned Herdo'nius as a traitor. 

342. How ivas Herdoniiis punished ? 

A. Bound hand and foot, he was cast 
into the pool of Fero'nia, where hurdles 
were piled upon him till he died. 

343. Who succeeded to the Latin dictatorship ? 
A. Tarquin ; who instantly led the 

people against the Vorscians, whom he 
conquered ; and appropriated the spoil 
to the temple of Jupiter Capitoli'nus. 

This temple was dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva ; 
it was begun by Tarquin I. and finished by Tarquin II. 

344. Who were employed in building this 
magnificent Temple ? 

A. The Etruscans.— It was built on 
the Tarpe'ian rock, which had to be lev- 
elled before the base could be laid. In 
the crypt of this splendid temple, were 
.kept the famous Sib ylline books. 

345. Why was this temple called Capitoli'nus ? 
A. Because the head of a man was 

found under the key-stone, which the 
Augurs said was the " head of Tolus" 
(caput Toll ;) from which circumstance, 
.this part of the Tarpe'ian mountain was 
called the Capitol. 

Let it be remembered that the Capitol is different from the 
Capital. 



102 TARQUIN II. 

346. What inter "pr elation did the Augurs 'put 
upon this omen ? 

A. They said it indicated that the 

builders of the Temple would one day 

become " the h^ad of the world." 

347. What were the Si¥ylline hooks ? 

A. Three books or scrolls containing 
directions and remedies in times of 
famine, pestilence, and other calamities : 
they were written in Greek on palm 
leaves. 

These books were not prophecies ; but directions how to 
avert calamities, and appease the anger of the Gods. 

348. To who7n ivas the care of these hooks com- 
mitted ? 

A. To 2 officers (called duum^virij ; the 
number was soon increased to 10 f decern'- 
virij; and by Sulla to 15 (quindecem'virii) 

349. What strange legend is told hy the Roman 
historians of these curious hooks ? 

A. They say that an old prophetess, 

called a Sib yl, one day brought 9 scrolls 

to king Tarquin, for which she asked 300 

pieces of gold ; but the king refused to 

purchase them: whereupon, the Sib'yl 

burnt fS in his presence, and disappeared. 

350. What hecame of the remaining six hooks ? 
A. After a time the Sib'yl returned, 

and offered the remaining 6 books at the 
same price ; but the king again d^^clined 



GABII TAKEN. 103 

the purchase : whereupon, she burnt 3 
more, and departed again. 

351. What became of the last 3 books? 

A. After a time the Sib yl returned 
again, and asked the same price for the 
3, as she had done for the 9 : The king 
was so amazed, that he bought the books, 
and kept them in a stone chest in the 
crypt of the Capitol. 

352. In what wars did Tarquin engage besides 
that of the YoVscians? 

A. He made war for 7 years upon the 
Ga'bines ; conquered them ; and ap- 
pointed a Roman officer over the city. 

The terms of this treaty were extant in the days of Augus- 
tus, written on a bull's hide and hung in the Temple of Fi'des, 

353. How does the legend say Tarquin con- 
trived to subdue the Ga' bines ? 

A. Sextus, his son, pretended to inter- 
cede on their behalf — the king (to give 
colour to the artifice) ordered him to be 
scourged ; whereupon, Sextus fled to 
Gabii, made up a piteous tale and was 
received by them with open arms. 

Ga^Di-i, a town in Latium, a few miles N. E. of Rome, 
famous for its stone quarries, or *' Gabine stone." 

354. What rank did the Ga^ bines give to the 
perfidious Sextus? 

A. They made him commander of 
their army, and governor of their city. 



10-i TAEQUIN II. 

355. How did Sextus proceed, after he was 
made Governor ? 

A. He sent to his father for instruc- 
tions how to act : The king took the 
messengers into his garden ; cut down 
all the tallest poppies he could find ; and 
sent them to his son, saying, " Tell Sex- 
tus, what you have seen me do." 

356. What did Sextus understand by this re- 
ply ? 

A. That he was to cut off the head of 

every Ga'bine noble, just as Tarquin had 

cut off the head of every tall poppy. 

357. Did Sextus obey this ivicked instruction ? 
A. So the legend says ; but modern 

historians look upon the whole tale, as 
totally unworthy of credit. 

358. What public loorks (besides the . Temple of 
Jupiter) are ascribed to Tarquin II, 

A. The public sewers, which were so 

large that a man on horseback might ride 

through them. These sewers emptied 

themselves into the great xe^eiYoix ( Cloaca 

maxima) made by Tarquin I. 

359. What prodigies are said to have disturbed 
Tarcjuin II. toivards the close of liis reign ? 

A. One day as he w^as offering sacri- 
fice, a snake crept out from behind the 
altar : At another time, he dreamed that 
several eagles had settled in his garden, 



MYTHIC PERIOD. 105 

but while they were absent in search of 
food, some vultures came and took pos- 
session of their nests, 

360. Hoiv did the Augurs interpret these omens ? 
A. They said, that they were sent to 

warn Tarquin " against his own kins- 
man/' 

361. Was Tarquhi satisfied with this reply ? 
A. No ; so he sent his two sons, under 

the care of Junius Brutus, to consult the 
oracle at Delphi (in Greece). 

362. What did the priestess at Delphi tell the 
king's messengers ? 

A. That " Tarquin would fall, when 

a dog spake in the voice of a man. 

363. Hoiv ivas this oracle fulfilled ? 

A. Thus. — The word " Dog" (like the 
word " Brutus") is one of great reproach : 
Now, Brutus for a long time pretended 
to be dumb ; but after the insult offered 
to Lucre tia, the dog (i. e. Brutus) " spake 
with the voice of a man ;" and roused the 
people to expel Tarquin and all his fam- 
ily from Rome. 

364. What else did the oracle at Delphi tell 
the messengers ? 

A. When they asked the prophetess, 

which of the three would succeed Tar- 

5* ^ 



106 TARQUIN II. 

qnin, she replied " He who shall first kiss 

iiis mother." 

365. How ivas this oracle fulfilled ? 

A. Junius Brutus instantly fell upon 
the earth and exclaimed, " Thus then, I 
kiss thee, mother earths After this, they 
returned to Rome, and found Tarquin 
absent at the siege of Ar'dea. 

Ardea, in Latium, chief town of tlie Hutuli, and capital of 
king Turnus : a coast tovv^n, a few miles north of Rome. 

366. What legend is connected with this siege ? 
A. One evening as the high officers 

were at mess, Sextus (the king's son) and 
Collati'nus (his cousin) began to joke 
about their wives: The question was, 
which was the most virtuous ; and he 
who should find his wife most virtuously 
employed, was to win the bet. 

367. IIoiv was the bet decided? 

A. Sextus found his wife amusing 
herself with a party of ladies; but Col- 
lati'nus found his^ spinning amidst her 
own maidens; the bet was accordingly 
given in favour of Collati'nus. 

368. What ivas the end of this foolish matter ? 
A. Sextus fell in love with Lucre'tia, 

and, during the absence of her husband, 
entered her chamber and oftered such 



LUCRETIA. 107 

gross insult, that Lucretia resolved not to 
survive it. 

369. Hoiv did Lucretia act ? 

A. At daybreak she sent for her father 
and husband ; bidding each to bring a 
friend, and come to her with all possible 
speed. 

370. Who accompanied CollatVmis and Lu- 
cre' tius ? 

A. Junius Brutus, and Vale'rius the 

chief of the old Sabine Patricians. 

371. What ivas done at this sad interview ? 
A. Lucre'tia told her tale- — Made them 

swear to avenge her wrongs — and then 
stabbed herself to the heart. 

372. Hoiv did these champions espouse the cause 
of the injured Lucre' tia ? 

A. Junius Brutus drew the reeking 

sword from her breast ; and swore that 

Sextus and all who belonged to him 

should be driven from Rome. 

373. Hoio ivas this threat carried out ? 

A. He conveyed the bleeding body 
into the Fo'rum,— made an eloquent 
speech,— and roused the people to lay 
the complaint before the Senate. 

374. Hovj IV ere the insurgents received ? 

A. The Senate seemed to be infected' 



108 TARQUIN II, 

with the same spirit ; and agreed with 
acclamation to banish Tarquin and all his 
family from Rome. 

375. How did they carry out this resolution ? 
A. They dispatched Brutus to Ar'dea 

to raise the siege, and conduct the army 
back to Rome ; Tarquin fled to Caere fin 
Etruria); and Sextus was killed in a 
tumult by the Ga'bines. 

All these places lie close to Rome. Caere above, and the 
other two below. 

376. How old ivas Tarquin II. when he was 
driven from the throne 1 

A. He was 76 years old ; and had 
reigned 24 years. He was the last Ro- 
man King. 



fiest consuls. 109 

The Consulate to the Death of 
Taequin II. 

From B. c. 510 to 496. A. u. 243 to 257. 



377. To whom was the government of Roine 
committed after the abdication of Tarquin ? 

A. To two Consuls, Lucius Junius 

Brutus and Lucius Tarquinlus Collati'- 

nus. Their office was equal to that of 

kings, but continued for only 1 year, 

(b. c. 510.) 

These officers were called Praetors for the first 60 years ; but 
as the term " Consuls" was applied to the chief magistrates of 
Rome from the Decem'virate to the appointment of the Em- 
perors (above 400 years), it is usual to call them all Consuls to 
prevent confusion. 

378. What power ivas vested in the 2 Consuls 7 
A. The supreme administration of 

justice ; the power of convoking the Sen- 
ate and of raising armies; the nomina- 
tion of all officers of state ; the disposal 
of the public money ; and the right of 
making peace, war, and alliances. 

The office of High Priest (vested in the kings) was separated 
from the office of Consul, and given to an officer called ** The 
king of the Sacred Rites" (rex sacrorum). 

379. With what Insignia of office were the 
Consuls invested ? 

A. They wore a purple robe ; sat on 
an ivory throne (sella ciiru'lis) ; and were 



110 MYTHIC PERIOD. 

attended by 12 lictors, armed with the 
fas'ces: In short, they were kings in 
every thing but name. 

The Consuls were on duty for a month alternately, except in 
special cases. The fasces were bundles of rods with an axe in 
the middle. 

380. What were the first acts of the new Con- 
suls ? 

A. To restore the constitution of Ser- 
vius ; fill up all vacancies in the Senate ; 
and make the people swear, that no kifig 
should ever again have rule in Rome. 

381. From %vhat class of the 'people did the 
Consuls select the nevj Senators ? 

A. From the plebe'ian knights, who 

were styled conscripti : hence the usual 

mode of addressing the Senate was Pat'- 

res Conscripti (i. e. Patres et Conscripti,) 

382. What improhdhle tradition is current re- 
specting Lucius Tarquinius Collati'nus ? 

A. That Brutus persuaded him to 

retire from office, because he belonged to 

the gens Tarquinii ; and that he went to 

Lavin'ium in voluntary exile. 

Lavinium is a little south of Rome ; lat. 41*^ 40', long. 12° 30'. 

383. Who was elected Consid in the place of 

Collatinus ? 

A. Publius Vale'rius, who continued 
in office for 5 years. 

384. Were any efforts made to restore Tarquin 
to the throne ? 



I 



BRUTUS ANB HIS SOKS. Ill 

A. Several, but without success. The 
first was made by the Etrus'can Ambas- 
sadors, who went to demand the restitu- 
tion of Tarquin's private property. 

385. How did these Ambassadors attempt to 
restore Tarqui?i to the throne ? 

A. While they were waiting for a 

reply, they organized a conspiracy 

amongst certain Patrician families, in 

favour of the king. 

386. What Patricians took part in this con- 
spiracy ? 

A. The two sons of Brutus (the Con- 
sul), his brother-in-law Vitellius, and 
several other noblemen. 

The names of the two sons of Brutus were Titus and Ti- 
berius ; they had been educated with the sons of Tarquin, and 
were friends. 

387. How ivas this Etruscan plot discovered? 
A. A slave revealed it to the Consuls ; 

who immediately seized the conspirators, 
and brought them to trial. 

388. How ivere these conspirators ^punished 1 
A. Brutus first ascended the tribunal ; 

and commanded the lictors to scourge his 
sons, and cut off their heads : He then 
dismounted, saying to his colleague, 
" Judge you the rest, and acquit them if 
you can." 

It is needless to add, they all shared the same fate. 



112 THE DEATH OF BRUTUS. 

389. What conduct ivas pArsued towards the 
Etruscan a^nbassadors, who fomented this plot? 

A. They were instantly sent out of 

Rome. All the goods of Tarquin were 

given up to the populace ; and his large 

estates added to the plebe'ian lands. 

It is said, that the corn of Tarquin was thrown into the Tiber, 
where it was soon covered with alluvial, and made an island 
called by the Romans " In'sula Sacra" (the Sacred Isle). 

390. How vjas Tarcjuin affected by this failure ? 
A. He determined to wage ivar on 

Rome; and induced 12 Etruscan states 
to join him. •A battle ensued, in which 
Brutus (the Consul) was slain. 

Aruns (the son of Tarquin) who commanded the Etruscan 
Cavalry, and Brutus (the Consul) who commanded the Roman 
Cavalry, rushed upon each other with such fury, that both were 
killed in the encounter. 

391. Which side obtained the victory ? 

A. It was doubtful : but the Romans 
claimed the victory ; and the Etruscans 
retired to their own country. 

This battle was fought near the forest of Ar'sia : and Vale'rius 
the Consul entered Rome in triumph. This is the first instance 
of a public triumph in Roman history. 

392. What was done ivith the body of Brutus ? 
A. It was interred with great pomp at 

the public expense ; and the Roman 
matrons mourned for him a whole year, 
as if he had been their father. 

A statue was also erected to him in the Capitol, where it 
stood amidst the statues of the 7 kings. 

Junius Brutus was succeeded in the Consulate by Spurius 
Lucre'tius, who died a few days after his appointment; and 



POUSENNA. 113 

was succeeded by Hora'tius Pulvellus, who remained in office 
to the close of the 'first year ; and was then succeeded by Titus 
Lucre'tius. 

393. What became of Tarquin II, after the 
defeat of the 1 2 Etruscan states ? 

A. He went to Porsen'na, the most 

powerful king of Etru'ria ; and prevailed 

on him to espouse his cause. 

Porsenna was the Lar (king) of Clu'sium, which was called 
his Lu'comy (kingdom). Clusium (noic Chiusi) is lat. 43<^ 5', 
long. 12^. 

394. What heroic exploit is recorded of Ho- 
ratius Codes in this invasion ? 

A. After Porsenna had driven the 

Romans across the wooden bridge, which 

led to the city, his passage was arrested 

by the single arm of Hora'tius Codes, the 

keeper of the bridge. 

Two others for a time supported Codes in this bold attempt, 
viz. : Titus Hermin'ius and Spurius Lar'tius ; but Codes told 
them to make good their escape, and remained alone to oppose 
the whole Etruscan army. He was called Codes (one-eyed)^ 
because one eye was lost in this bold action. 

395. What luas the object of Codes in o^jposing 
the passage of Porsenna across this bridge ? 

A. To keep him at bay, till the Ro- 
mans had cut down the bridge ; as soon 
as Codes heard the bridge fall in, he 
threw himself into the river amidst the 
darts of the enemy, and swam safely to 
his companions. 

396. Did Porsenna continue his march to 
'Rome after this bold exploit ? 

A. Yes, and invested the city. When 



114 C. MUCIUS. 

it was nearly reduced to famine, Calus 
Mu'cius (a plebeian knight) undertook 
to kill Porsenna, and raise the siege. 

397. How did Mucius effect his ^purpose ? 

A. He entered the royal tent in dis- 
guise ; and seeing a man sumptuously 
arrayed giving pay to the soldiers, sup- 
posed him to be the king — stabbed him 
to the heart — and was instantly arrested. 

398. What was done to Mucius for this murder? 
A. He was taken before Porsenna^ 

and condemned to be burned alive. As 
he was leaving the royal tent, Porsenna 
said, " Young man, before you attempt 
to murder a king, consider whether you 
can bear a traitor's punishment." 

399. What reply did Mucius make to Por- 
senna ? 

A. He answered not a word ; but 
thrust his right hand into a fire blazing 
in the tent, till it was burnt off. Por- 
senna was so pleased with his magna- 
nimity, that he pardoned him and set him 
free. 

Mucins was henceforth, called Scsevola (\. e. left-handed)^ 
■^rom Scije'vus (the left-hand) ; because his right one was burnt 

400. What infohnation did Mucius give Par- 
enna, in return for this generous conduct ? 

A. He told him, that he was only one 



FIRST DICTATOR. 115 

of 300 Romans who had sworn to kill 
him, or die in the attempt. 

401. What effect had these words on the king ? 
A. He resolved to conclude peace with 

Rome, and return to his own country. 

402. What term^s of 'peace ivere made between 
Porsemta and the Romans ? 

1. The Romans were to return the 
ensigns of sovereignty, which the Etrus- 
cans had formerly given to Tarquinius 
Prisons : 

2. They were to restore all lands taken 
from the Ve'ii : and 

3. To give up their colonies and allies. 

From these terms it would appear, that the Romans consid- 
ered themselves entirely in the power of Porsenna. 

Among the hostages given to Porsenna by the Romans, were 
Cloelia and several other patrician ladies : On the night that 
Porsenna broke up his camp, these ladies made their escape to 
Rome, by swimming across the Tiber. When they reached 
their homes, the Romans sent them back to Porsenna; but 
the Etruscan monarch (in the true spirit of chivalry) instantly 
released them, and told them they were at liberty to return to 
their own friends. 

403. What did Tarquin do, when Forsenyia 
abandoned his cause ? 

A. He went to his son-in-law, the king 
of Tus'culum ; and induced him to arm 
30 Latin townships in his behalf. 

About this time Vale'rius the Consul died, and was buried 
with the same funeral rites as Brutus had been. 

404. How did the Romans act in this emer- 
gency ? 

A. They created Titus Lar'tius " Die- 



116 BATTLE OF LAKE REGILLUS. 

ta'tor ;" who commaiided all the people to 
appear in arms on a certain day upon 
fear of death. 

405. What battles were fought by Lartius, the 
first Dictator ? 

A. Several ; but after 6 months, he 

returned to Rome and resigned his office. 

406. Who was appointed to succeed him ? 

A. Albus Postu'mius, who led the 
Romans to the Lake Regirius in fTiiscu- 
lum)^ where a brilliant battle was fought ; 
in which the Latins were defeated, and 
the cause of Tarquin utterly ruined. 

Postumius was surnamed Regiilensis, in honour of his vic- 
tory, (b. c. 496.) 

407. What legend is extant respecting this 
famous battle ? 

A. It is said that two twin-gods, Cas- 
tor and Pollux, were seen on white 
horses, fighting for the Romans; and 
Postu'mius made a vow to build a temple 
to their honour, if he proved successful. 

408. What became of tJie aged Tarquin after 
the battle at Lake Regillus ? 

A. He fled to Cu'mae, where he died 

in 2 years ; 14 vears after his abdication. 

(b. c. 496.) 

Cumge (now called Cuma) joins Naples: It was the cele- 
brated residence of the first Sibyl. 



> funeral rites. 117 

Customs and Manners of the Romans 
DURING the Time of the Kings. 

409. Hoiv were the Romans invited to a public 
funeral [fu^'nus indicti' vuni) ? 

A. A man with a white wand went 
round to all the Patricians, requesting 
their attendance; and a trumpeter in- 
vited all the Plebeians by proclamation. 

410. IIoio ivas the corpse dressed for a public 
funeral ? 

A. The face was covered with a mask, 

and the body with a robe of state ; if the 

deceased had been a Consul, a crown and 

sceptre were laid at its side ; if not, a 

spear and sword. 

The crown and sceptre, being state property, were not buried 
with the corpse ; but all other ornaments were. The custom 
of carrying the deceased through the streets with a mask, is 
common in Italy to the present hour. 

411. Hoiv ivas the body borne to its place of 
interment ? 

A. On a bier, supported by the chief 
dignities of the city; preceded by Lie- 
tors with their fas'ces reversed ; and sur- 
rounded by torch bearers. 

Fasces (See Q. 379). 

412. How was the procession arranged ? 

A. The family, clients, and slaves, 
went first, followed by trumpeters and 
flute players : Then the images, insignia, 
and household gods (lares) : 



118 MODE OF LIVING. / 

The Roman women followed next, sing- 
ing dirges — Then the bier, followed by 
the senators, priests, magistrates, and 
knights, all in full costume : and lastly, 

All the plebeians, who chose to attend. 

413. Hoiv ivas the body buried ? 

A. In a stone coffin : — But in later 
times it was burnt, and the ashes collected 
into an urn. 

414. Were the early Romans famous for trade ? 
A. No : it was illegal for any free-born 

Roman to keep a retail 'shop ; although 
many of the noblest families engaged in 
foreign merchandize. 

415. Who ivere the Roman shojjkeejiers ? 

A. Clients and foreigners, who were 
also the principal mechanics and artizans. 

416. What was the mode of living in Rome in 
these early times ? 

A. Very simple indeed. The prin- 
cipal food consisted of bread and pottage, 
with herbs, roots, and fruit. The prin- 
cipal beverage was the milk of goats. 
Wine was used only in offerings to the 
gods, for many years after this period. 

417. Did the Patrician take his meals ivith his 
deijendents ? 

A. Yes ; in the same manner as the 

early English were accustomed to do. 



ROMAN HOUSES. 110 

418. Describe the houses of Rome dunng this 
period, 

A. They were one story high, built 
of wood, and thatched with straw : they 
had neither chimneys nor windows ; but 
light was admitted through small aper- 
tures in the walls. 

The art of making glass was discovered by the Syrians B. Co 
209, but it was not used for windows for many centuries after 
this : Chimney^ were unknown, till the 12 th century of the 
Christian sera. 

419. Hoiv did the Romans light their houses 
after dark ? 

A. With wax or tallow candles, and 
the poor with rush lights. Oil lamps 
were not used, till many years after the 
expulsion of the kings. 

420. Hoiv did the RomaJi ladies employ their 
time ? 

A, In spinning and weaving. They 

had much more liberty than Greek ladies, 

or any other ancient nation ; inasmuch as 

they could mix freely in society, and hold 

property in their own right. 

421. From, ivhat sources is the early Roman 
history mainly compiled ? 

A. From traditional songs, like the 

English ballads of Robin Hood and 

Chevy Chase ; these songs were sung at 

banquets, accompanied by the flute. 

422. What kind of costume ivas worn by the 
Romans, before the time of the commomvealth 1 



120 ROMAN TOGA AND TUNIC. 

A. A loose woollen mantle, called a 
to'ga, which covered the whole body : — 
it had no sleeves ; but one end was 
thrown over the right shoulder, and the 
w^hole dress was confined by a girdle. 

This was the distinguishing part of the Roman dress, as the 
pallium was the Greeks, and the breeches fhraccop,) of the 
Gauls ; whence the Romans were called the Gens Toga'ta. 

423. Of what colour was the Roman toga f 

A. White ; that is, the colour of un- 
dyed wool: — But in mourning, the Ro- 
mans wore a black toga ; and the common 
people generally wore some dark colour. 

424. What additional dress was loorn by the 
Romans at the time of the Republic ? 

A. A kind of kilt called a Tunic (tu- 
nica)^ reaching to the knees ; the toga 
was then made to resemble a large semi- 
circular scarf crossing over the chest, and 
one end was thrown over the right shoul- 
der. 

The costume resembled the Scotch, except in colour. 

425. What colour was the Tunic a/nd Toga ? 
A. White, yellow, scarlqt, green, and 

various other dyes. It w^as made of wool 
or silk, embroidered at the hem, the 
women's dress was somewhat longer than 
the men's. 

At one time both men and women wore the toga ; but in the 
republic, women wore a gown (stolla) reaching to the feet, and 
a loose mantle when they went abroad, resembling a large 
scarf (called palla J. 



DEESS OF CHILDREN. 121 

426. Had both young and old the same sort of 
dress ? 

Ao No ; the Roman children wore a 
dress like that used by the great officers 
of state, called the toga proetexta, which 
had a broad purple border ; but at the 
age of 17 they were permitted to wear 
the manly toga (toga viri'lis.J 

427. What ceremonies were observed by the 
Romaits, ivhen the boy'^s dress was cha,nged for the 
toga viri'lis ? 

A. The lad was led to the Forum in 
the month of March, and received an 
exhortation from some public orator ; cer- 
tain offerings were made to the gods ; 
and the day concluded with feastings and 
presents, 

428. Did the soldiers, on service, wear a toga 
as ivell as the citizens ? 

A. No ; the military Sa'gum was a 

simple cloak, thrown over the coat-of- 

mail ; open in front, and fastened at the 

neck by a clasp. 

As the toga was worn by soldiers in times of peace, there- 
fore the word Togati means unarmed or at peace. 

429. What covering had the Romans for the 
head, hands, and feet ? 

A. Their arms were uncovered ; but 

on their feet they wore shoes or sandals 

The head was never covered, except in 



122 POWER OF THE PATERFAMILIAS, 

mourning and sacrifice, when the lappet 
of the toga was thrown over it. 

430. What .power had the Roman father over 
his children ? 

A. Supreme power to flog them, sell 
them for slaves, or put them to death ; 
the child was never free from paternal 
authority, so long as the father lived. 

43 L What arrangements were made by the Ro- 
mans for domestic religion ? 

A. The hearth of every private house 
was consecrated to the lares or house- 
hold gods; and small waxen images, 
clothed in dog skin, ^were placed round 
it. 

There were other gods called Pena'tes, worshipped in the 
innermost part of the house, called the penetra'lia. The Pe- 
nates represented certain divinities, and the Lares represented 
the ghosts or ma'nes of ancestors. The hearth was in the halL 

432. Were the Etruscans as simple in their 
mode of life as the Romans ? 

A. No. The Etruscans were very 
luxurious ; they used embroidered car- * 
pets and silver plate ; had trains of beau- 
tiful women to dance and sing to them ; 
and lived on sumptuous foods and costly 
wines. 



junius brutus. 123 

Celebrated persons cotemporary with 
Tarquinius Superbus. 

433. Who was Lucius Ju7iius Brutus ? 

A. The son of Marcus Junius and 
Tarquin'ia, 

This Tarquinia was the second daughter of Tarquinius Pris- 
eus, the fifth king of Rome, 

434. Why ivas he called Brutus ? 

A. Because he pretended to be an 
idiot, when Tarquin murdered his father 
and brother. 

435. For ivhat is Junius Brutus remarlcahle ? 
A. For being mainly instrumental in 

abolishing the kingly office in Rome : 
and for being the first Consul. 

486, How did Junius Brutus die / 
A. He was killed in battle by A'runs, 
the brother of Tarquin ; and was buried 
sumptuously at the public expense. (509.) 

437. Who was Fublius TaleWius Puhlicola ? 
A. A Roman Patrician, who assisted 

Brutus in driving Tarquin from Rome ; 
he was so popular, that the Romans called 
him Public ola (the people s friend). 

438. What jpojiular laivs did Valerius enact ? 
A. 1st — The right of appeal from the 

magistrates to the popular assembly: 
and 



124 VALERIUS. — COLLATINUS. — LARTIUS. 

2dly — The right of trial by their 
peers. 

439. How did the people of Rome show their 
attachment to Valerius ? 

A. They honoured him with a public 
funeral (fumis indictivum ;) and the Ro- 
man ladies mourned for him a whole 
year, as they had done for Brutus. (503.) 

440. Whoiaas .Lucius Tarquinius Collati'nus? 

A. A nephew of Tarquin I. ; and hus- 
band of Lucre'tia, to whom Sextus offered 
violence. 

441. Why VMS he called Collati'nus? 

A. His uncle gave him this name, to 
commemorate the taking of Colla'tia (in 

Alba Longa), 

4:4c2. How laas Collati^nus innocently involved 
in the downfall of Tarquinius Superbus ? 

A. As all the gens of Tarquin were 
banished from Rome, for the offence of 
Sextus ; therefore, Collati'nus was obliged 
to resign his Consulship, ai;id retire to 
Lavin'ium (in Alba Lon^aJ, (b. c. 508.) 

443. Who ivas Titus Lar'tius ? 

A. The first Dictator of Rome ; who 
compelled the disaffected Romans to arm 
in defence of their city against the Latins, 
xlfter 6 months he laid down his office, 
and retired to private life. (498.) 



POSTUMIUS. — PORSENNA. — SCJEVOLA. 125 

444. Who was Aldus Postu^mius ? 

A. The second Dictator of Rome, who 
conquered the Latins at Lake RegiUus. 
This battle was the last effort made to re- 
store Tarquin to the throne. 

445. Who laas Poi'senna ? 

A. A king of Clu'sium (in Etruria)^ 
who undertook to restore Tarquin to the 
throne : He subdued Rome ; but did not 
enforce the restoration of Tarquin. 

446. What similar event at Athens, ivas co- 
temporary with the suppression of the kingly office 
at Rome? 

A. The kingly office at Athens was 
suppressed at the same time : and Hip'- 
pias banished from his throne and coun- 
try, (b. c. 510.) 

447. Who undertook the cause of Hiji'pias, 
vjhile For senna ivas espousing that of Tarquin ? 

A. Dari us, king of Persia ; who was 

signally vanquished at Mar'athon by 

Milti'ades, the Athenian General. (490). 

Hippias was joint king with his brother Hippar'chus. As 
they were the sons of Pisis'tratus, they were called the Pisis- 
trat'idae. 

448. Who was Caius Mucius Sccevola ? 

A. A young Roman knight ; who un- 
dertook to murder Porsen'na, and deliver 
Rome from his hands, (b. c. 507.) 

449. Why ivas he called Sccevola [left-handed) ? 
A. Because he held his right hand in 



126 COCLES. — CASTOR AND POLLUX. 

the fire, till it was burnt off; to show 
that he could bear pain without flinching. 

450. Who was Puhlius Horatius Codes ? 

A. The keeper of the wooden bridge 
over which Porsen'na attempted to lead 
his army; Codes resisted, till the Ro- 
mans had cut the bridge down ; he then 
threw himself into the Tiber, and swam 
to his companions, (b. c. 509.) 

451. Why was he called Codes? 

A. Because he had only one eye ; the 
other was lost in the service of his coun- 
try. 

452. How was Codes rewarded for his mag- 
nanimous conduct? 

A. 1st — When the Romans were near- 
ly reduced to famine by the army of 
Porsenna, every soldier in Rome spared 
the provision of one day to give to Codes : 

2dly — A brazen statue was raised to 
his honour by Vale'rius the Consul, in 
the temple of Vulcan : and 

3dly — The Senate gave him as much 
land as he could plough round in a day. 

453. Who were Castor and Pollux {the Dies'- 
curi) ? 

A. Twin sons of Jupiter and Leda ; 

after death, they became the constellation 

Gemini (the twins.) They are generally 



GREAT MEK 127 

represented on white horses, as two young 
warriors armed with spears, and a star 
glittering on the top of their honnefs. 

454. What strange legend is told of their 
birth ? 

A. Their mother was changed by 
Jupiter into a swan, and laid two eggs ; 
one of which contained Castor and Cly- 
temnes'tra, the other Pollux and Helen. 

This Clyteihnestra was the wife of Agamemnon, the Gre- 
cian General in the Trojan war; and Helen was the wife of 
Menelaus, but eloped with Paris, son of Priam : This was the 
cause of the siege and destruction of Troy. 

455. What Greek author was cotemporary ivith 
Tarquin II, king of Rome ? 

A. Thespis (a poet of Attica) the in- 
ventor of tragedy. 

456. What Gi'eek philosopher was cotemporary 
with Tarquin II ? 

A. Heracli'tus, of Ephesus ; called the 
" Crying Philosopher ;" because he w^as 
always weeping for the vices of mankind. 

Democ'ritus, the " Laughing Philosopher," died, 361, aged 
109. 

457. What celebrated eastern philosophers lived 
at this period ? 

A. Zoroas'ter (the Persian), who in- 
vented magic. A wise philosopher and 
excellent king : and 

Confu'cius, the Chinese Philosopher. 

458. Wliat scriptural events occurred during 
the life-time of Tarquin II. ? 



128 APPIUS CLAUDIUS. 

A. Cyrus the Great died : The second 
temple was built, under the auspices of 
Darixis : — and Daniel prophesied. 

459. What celebrated Sabine family migrated 
to Rome during this period ? 

A. Attus Clausus, whose name was 
changed to Appius Claudius: He was 
descended from a line of kings, and was 
highly honoured by the Romans. 

^He was the great progenitor of the celebrated Claudian 
family, so intimately mixed up with the history of the Roman 
republic. 



PART II. 

THE ROMAN EEPUBLIC. 

From the death of Tarquin to the Decemvirate. 
Forty-four years : From b. c. 495 to 451. A. u. 258 to ,302. 



General History. 



460. What great struggle disturbed the infant 
republic of Rome ? 

A. That between the Plebeians and 

Patricians, which continued for above 

200 years, (b. c. 495 to 280.) 

461. What was the object of this struggle ? 

A. The Patricians strove for despotic 
domination ; the Plebeians for indepen- 
dence and political equality. 

462. Hoiv did the Patricians show their en- 
croaching spirit ? 

A. 1st — They arrogated ito themselves 
all public offices, as well as all the booty 
and lands taken in w^ar : 

2dly — They declined to pay rent any 
longer for the use of the state lands : and 

3dly~ They threw the whole burden 
of taxation on the Plebeians. 

6* 



130 PLEBEIAN GRIEYANCES. 

463. What is meant hy the state lands ? 

A. Lands obtained by conquest, which 
^belonged to the state. 

464. How did the kings dispose of these lands ? 
A. They used to assign small lots to 

the Plebeians (who formed the infantry 
of the state) ; and let the rest to the 
Patricians at an easy rent. 

465. To ivhat especial use were these rents ap- 
projyriated ? 

A. To pay the army ; an expense now 

thrown on the common people. 

466. What grievances did the Plebeians espe- 
rially complain of ? 

A. 1st — Theii* increasing poverty : 
2dly — The severity of the laws respect- 
ing debtors : and 

3dly — Their exclusion from all public 

■offices. 

467. Hotv came the Plebeians to be so very poor ? 
A. 1st— Because they received no 

benefits from the conquests : 

2dly — Their own estates were neg- 
lected and plundered, while they were 
absent with the army : 

3dly — The whole burden of an increas- 
ing taxation fell upon them : and 

4thly — The rate of interest was ex- 
ceedingly exorbitant. 



FIRST SECESSION. 131 

468. At ivhat rate of interest was money bor- 
rowed ? 

A. At 1 per cent per month. Both 

interest and principal had to be paid in 

10 months. 

Thus — suppose a man borrowed $100 ; if at the end of 10 
months he could not pay $110, he would have to borrow $20 
more, which would make his debt $120 ; in another 10 months 
his loan would be increased to $144 ; so that in 3 years the 
original loan would be nearly doubled. 

469. What ivas the result of these oppressions ? 
A. The Plebeians became turbulent in 

spirit; and overwhelmed with debt. 

470. Of whom did these debtors borrow money ? 
A. Of the Patricians* or their clients. 

471. Ho7^ came the Patricians to be so ivealthy ? 
A. 1st — Because they arrogated all the 

spoils and lands of conquered nations : 
2dly — Because they had no taxes to 

pay: 

3dly — Because they monopolized all 

offices of state : and 

4thly— Because they or their clients 

w^ere the only merchants of the city. 

472. How did the Plebeians 7'esent their in- 
juries ?. 

A. They refused to serve in the army ; 

or, if compelled to serve, suffered the 

enemy to repulse them. 

473. Did they obtain redress in this way ? 

A. No ; so they determined to quit 
the city, and colonize a new one. 



132 TRIE UNI PLEBIS. 

474. Where did the discontented Fleheians go ?- 
A. They seceded in a body to a hill on 

the banks of the An'io (about 3 miles 
from Rome) : this hill was afterwards 
called the Sacred Mount (mons sa'cer,) 

So called, because the people dedicated it to Jupiter, on 
their return to Rome. (b. c. 493.) 

475. What measures were adopted to bring the 
Plebeians back to Rome ? 

A. The Senate sent Mene'nius Agrip'- 

pa and 10 Patricians, to make terms of 

reconciliation. 

* 
' 476. On what terms did they consent to return ? 

A. 1st — That all their debts should be 
cancelled ; and all debtors liberated. 

2dly — That the person of a debtor 
should never more be seized for debt, but 
only his goods : and 

3dly — That the Plebeians (as well as 
the Patricians) should have two annual 
officers to protect their interests 

477. What ivere these Plebeian officers called ? 
A. Tribunes of the people. (Tri" 

huni PleVis). b. c. 493. 

** Tribunes," pronounce TriVunes, in two syllables. 

478. What were the two chief Patrician officers 
called ? 

A. Consuls: Both Tribunas and Con- 
suls were of annual appointment; and 



GENS FABIA. 133 

the selection originally limited to their 
respective orders. 

The Plebeians seceded three times from Rome : B. c. 493, 
when the Tribunes were created: Again, B. c. 447, when the 
Decemvirate was abolished : And lastly, in B. c, 280, when the 
political distinctions between Patricians and Plebeians were ' 
abolished. 

479. What wars disturbed the infajit Repub- 
lic? 

A. Those with the Vol'scians, ^'qui- 
ans, and Veii ; all neighbouring people. 

480. What leagues tvere made, which greatly 
assisted the Komans to maintain these wars ? 

A. Spu'rius Cas'sius, the Consul, made 

a league with the 30 Latin states ; and 

another (7 years afterwards) with the 

Her nicans, a people of Campa'nia. 

481. What noble Roman greatly distinguished 
hiinself in the Volscia?t taars ? 

A. Calus Mar'tius, who was surnamed 

Coriola'nus, from his victory at Cori'oli, 

a town on the borders of the Vorscians. 

482. What noble Romans are greatly celebrated 
in the ^quian war ? 

A. Cincinnatus, who left his plough to 
take command of the Roman army, de- 
feated the enemy, and in 16 days re- 
turned to his plough again, 

483. What Roman clan is famous for its re* 
distance of the Veii ? 

A. The Fa'bian clan, who had been 



134 yOLSCIANS. — .EQUIANS. — YEII. 

elected to the Consulate for 7 successive 
years ; and then migrated from Rome 
altogether. 

484. Where did the Fahians go, after their 
migration from Ro7ne ? 

A. To the banks of the river Crem'- 

era ; where they fortified a small town to 

protect Rome from the Veii. 

485. With what success was this hold enterprise 
accomplished ? 

A. At the expiration of 2 years, the 

Veii burst upon them from ambush, and 

massacred the whole colony, (b. c. 479.) 

486. Who were the Volsciaiis ? 

A. An ancient people of La'tium, 
engaged in almost unceasing hostility 
with the Romans for 250 years ; after 
which they disappear from history alto- 
gether, (b. c. 338.) 

487. Who were the jEguians ? 

A. A warlike people of Italy, dwelling 
in the neighbourhood of Tiv'oli; they 
were of the same race with the Vorscians, 
and carried on hostility with the Romans 
for nearly 300 years, when they were 
finally subdued, (b. c. 302.) 

488. Who ivere the Veii ? 

A. An Etruscan state, on the river 
Crem'era, about 12 miles from Rome. 



CREDITOES. 135 

At the foundation of Rome, Veil was a 
flourishing city, and the most powerful of 
the Etruscan confederation. 

N. B. — Both the people and the city were called Veil; the 
present name is Isola Farnese. Lat. 42"^ — Long. 12*^ 22'. 

489. How long were the Veil in hostility with 
Rome ? 

A. Above 3| centuries ; when the city 
was taken by Camillus, after a siege of 
10 years, (b. c. 391.) 

After the reign of Ha'drian the name disappears from his» 
tory. 



Social and Political History of the 
Infant Eepublic. 

490. What redress had a Creditor, when a man 
owed money ivhich he could not pa/y ? 

A. The Creditor gave him 30 days 

warning ; if the debt was not paid in the 

interim, the debtor was taken before the 

Consul, and put into prison for 60 days. 

He was now called **Addictus" (a prisoner). 

491. Why was the Debtor imjprisoned for 60 
days ? 

A. That the Creditor might take him 
into the Forum on 3 successive market 
days, proclaim aloud the amount of the 
debt, and see if any one would pay it. 

492. If no one volunteered to pay the debt, what 
toas dojie with the prisoner ? 



136 DEBTOES. 

A. The Creditor might either put him 
to death, or sell him as a slave. 

493. Suppose 'more than one Creditor had a 
daim upon him, what was done then ? 

A. The law of the XIL tables allowed 
the Creditors to cut him to pieces^ and 
share the body amongst them in propor- 
tion to their debt. 

The lex Poetelia (b. c. 326) greatly mitigated these cruel 
laws. 

494. In what way could a Debtor escape this 
cruel lot? 

A. By pawning himself and all his 

family to his Creditor, till the debt could 

be worked oiF. 

In this condition he was called " Nexus" (a man who had 
pawned himself). 

495. In what prison were Debtors confined? 
A. In the keep or dungeon attached 

to the private houses of the Eoman Pa- 
tricians; where they suffered the most 
revolting cruelty. 

496. What brought this oppression to a crisis ? 
A. The danger of an invasion from the 

Vol'scians. 

497. Hotv did this threatened invasion affect 
the Roman debtors ? 

A. The Consul, ServiFius, issued a 
proclamation, that if any Debtor chose to 



THE REPUBLIC. 137 

join the Roman army, both he and his 
family should be released from prison. 

498. Hoio was this froclamatAon received ? 

A. With the utmost joy : Thousands 
of Debtors availed themselves of the 
offer ; and fought with such spirit, that a 
triumphant victory was gained, (b.c. 495.) 

499. Hoiu was the triumphant army received 
on its return to Rome ? 

A. Ap'pius Clau'dius (the senior Con- 
sul) ordered the Debtors back to their 
former prisons ; but the whole body of 
Plebeians were so indignant, that they 
made an open insurrection, (b. c. 494.) 

500. What measuixs did the revolters adopt ? 
A. They marched in a body from the 

city, crossed the river An'io, and en- 
camped on the Sacred Mount (Mons 
Scdcer^ about f3 miles from Rome), 

501. With what object did these insurgents 
encamp on the Mons Sacer ? 

A. To form themselves into a com- 
munity, and build a new city there. 

This hill was not included in the ager Romanus (or Roman 
territory)^ and therefore was not under the control of the 
Romans. It was called " sacred," because the plebeians con- 
secrated it to Jupiter on their return to Rome. 

502. How were the insurgents induced to return ? 
A. The Senate promised to redress 
their grievances ; and permitted them to ^ 



188 AGER KOMANUS. 

elect two yearly officers called tribunes, 
to watch over their interests, and secure 
them from oppression. 

The legendary speech of Mene'nius Agrippa to the insur- 
gents, is too characteristic to be omitted. He compared the 
patricians and plebeians to the " Belly and its members ;" and 
said, " Once on a time, all the members of the body revolted 
against the Belly, because it received every thing and con- 
tributed nothing ; So the Hand said, it would no longer carry 
food to the mouth ; — the Mouth said, it would no longer 
receive it, — and. the Teeth said, they would not chew it : They 
all declared they would no longer slave, as they had done, for 
tlie lazy and ungrateful Belly. So they rose in insurrection ; but, 
lo ! while the rebellious members sought to punish the Belly, 
they languished and punished themselves. Hence we infer, 
that the patrician Belly is quite as essential to the health and 
comfort of the members, as the plebeian members are useful 
to the belly ; though one receives the contributions of all and 
adds nothing, while the others labour for its ease and enjoy- 
ment." Such was the fable, and it is told by Shakspeare, in 
his usual graphic manner, in his ^' Coriolanus," act i., scene i. 

503. What is meant by the ''Ager Romanus,'" 
or State lands of Rome ? 

A. Lands obtained by conquest. 

504. What ivas done with these lands ? 

A. Part was restored to the conquered 
people on the payment of an annual tax ; 
part was sold to any one who chose to 
buy it; and the rest belonged to the 
State. 

505. What became of this State land ? 

A. SerVius TuUius (the 6 th king of 
Eome) enacted, that small allotments 
rihould be given to the Plebeians, and the 
•est let to the Patricians at a small an- 
nual rental. 



FROM B.C. 495 TO 451. 139 

The rental of the arable land was one-tenth of the produce ; 
that of the vine-yards and olive-grounds two-tenths. 

506. What sort of leases had these State ten- 
ants ? 

A. They were merely tenants-at-will : 
As, however, the State rarely interfered, 
the tenements were often sold, or de- 
scended by inheritance. 

507. What ivas done with this laiid-tax ? 

A. It w^as used for paying the Roman 
army, and defraying thp expenses of war. 

508. Why %vere these State lands made the sub- 
ject of such constant dispute in Rome, after the fall 
of the monarchy ? 

A. 1st — Because the Patricians refused 
to pay their rent, and claimed the land 
as their own : and 

2dly — Because they refused to make* 
allotments to the Plebeians, when new 
territories were gained. 

509. Hoiv did this grievance ojyjy^ess the lower 
orders ? 

A. 1st — The soldiers' pay (which used 
to be collected from state tenants) Avas 
added to the taxes : and 

2d — As the sons of the old plebeians 
had no lands awarded them, they were 
worse off than their fathers. 

510. Who first attempted to remedy this griev- 
ance ? 



140 FIRST AGRARIAN LAW. 

A. Spu'rius Cas'sius, in his e3d Con- 
sulate, (b. c. 486.) 

511. What proposal did Sjpurius Cassiiismake, 
respecting the common lands of Sortie ? 

A. 1st — That all which were still un- 
appropriated should be divided amongst 
the Plebeians : 

2d — That in all future conquests the 
Plebeians should have allotments of land 
given them : and 

3d — That the Patricians should be 
compelled to pay their tithes again ; and 
the money should be applied to its orig- 
inal purpose. 

512. Were these proposals agreed to hy the 
Senate ? 

A. Yes ; but the new Consul^ would 

not suffer them to come into operation. 

Thus terminated the first agrarian law. 

513. How did the Patricians show their resent- 
tnent to Spurius Cassiusfor these measures ? 

A. The Qusestors impeached him of 

treason, and he was condemned to death. 

(b. c. 485.) 

514. What efforts, were made hy the Tribunes 
to enforce these agrarian laivs ? 

A. Many ; but without success. At 
length the Patricians assassinated Genu'- 
cius (the tribune) for reviving the ques- 
tion*: hoping by this means to deter i 



FROM B.C. 495 TO 451. 141 

others from the same attempt, (b. c, 

473.) 

515. What attempts were made, after the death 
of Geniicius, to carry out the o.grarian laiv ? 

A. The next was made by Kseso Fabius, 
in his 3d consulate ; but he made him- 
self so obnoxious to the Patricians, that 
he and all his clan determined to leave 
the city. 

The Consuls had been chosen from the Fabian clan for 7 suc- 
cessive years ; but after Kseso Fabius revived the hateful ques- 
tion, the Patricians refused to elect any one of the same clan 
to any state office : In consequence of which, the whole clan 
migrated to the river Cremera. 

516. What further measures were taken to 
carry the agrarian laiv into effect ? 

A. After the lapse of 100 years, Li- 
cinlus Stolo (the tribune) succeeded in 
carrying a part of the law into effect. 
(b. c. 373.) 

517. What ivas the law of Licinius Stolo? 

A. That no one should be allowed to 
hold more than 500 ju'gera of the public 
land ; the surplus was to be divided 
among the Plebeians* 

The ju^gerum, a measure of surface, contained 3200 square 
yards : The English and American acre contains 4840 square 
yards, therefore 500 jugera are equal to 330 acres. 

518o Was this law of Licinius Stolo carried 
into effect ? 

A. For a little time ; but soon fell into 
disuse. ' 



142 AGRARIAN CONTROVERSY. 

519. By whom ivas the agrarian controversy 
ultimately revived ? 

A. By Tiberius Gracchus, the tribune, 

240 years later, (b. c. 133.) 

520. What alterations did Tiberius Gracchus 
propose in the Licinian law ? 

A. That the sons of any possessor of 

public lands might rent 500 ju'gera, be* 

sides the 500 rented by their father. 

The Licinian law allowed only the father to rent 500 jugera; 
the law of Gracchus allowed the sons also an extra 500 between 
them. 500 jugera equal to 330 English acres. 

521. What did Gracclnis propose to do, if any 
Patrician possessed more than this quantity ? 

A. To deprive him of it, and distrib- 
ute it among the poor citizens. 

522. Why did the Patricians look %ipon this 
measure as an act of injustice ? 

A. Because the lands had been in 

their families for many hundred years ; 

much had been bought of poorer tenants, 

and all had been improved by cultivation, 

523. What circumstance occurred, during the 
tribunate of Gracchus, favour oMe to his proposal ? 

A. Attalus, king of Pergamus (in 

Asia Minor) died, leaving his kingdom 

to the Roman people; which Gracchus 

proposed should be sold, to furnish the 

poor with implements of husbandry "^o 

cultivate their new allotments. 



FROM B.C. 495 TO 451, 143 

524. Hoiv did the Patricians resent this demo- 
cratic measure ? 

A. They made an attack upon Grac- 
chus in the Senate-house, and slew him. 

525. Did the agra.rianlaiv ever come into- ope- 
ration ? 

A. No, nothing like a general division 

of land was ever attempted with success. 

526. What part of Rome was settled on the 
Plebeians by the kings ? 

A. The Av'entine hill ; but the Patri- 
cians had made so mxany encroachments, 
that the Plebeians were in danger of 
losing their freehold altogether. 

527. What law iva,s made in the early part of 
the Republic to prevent this encroachment ? 

A. Icirius (the tribune) caused a law 
to be passed, that the whole Av'entine 
should be consigned to the Plebeians, as 
their inalienable property, (b. c. 47 L) 

528. What compensation was given to those 
Patricians ivho had possessions there '^ 

A. They were paid a sum of money 
by way of compensation : but were com- 
pelled to quit in favour of the common 
people. 

529. What was done with the mansions erected 
by the Patricians on the Aventine hill ? 

A. They were given to the Plebeians. 

As the houses were very large, severa' 



IM MAGNA CHARTA OF ROME. 

families occupied one house ; but each 
family had a separate plot of land. 

530. What great constitutio7ial change was 
made by Publilius Volero, the Tribune ? 

A. That the Tribunes and ^diles, 
who were heretofore elected by the whole 
body of Roman people, should be hence- 
forth elected by the Plebeians. 

In other words the election was transferred from the comitia 
Centuriata to the comitia Tributa. Tiiis law, which may be 
called the magna charta of Roman liberty, was enacted B. c. 
471. 

531. Why vjas this alteration made ? 

A. Because the Patricians could out- 
number the Plebeians, on the former 
method of election : in consequence of 
which, those officers who ought to have 
been the choice of the commons, were in 
reality elected by the Patricians. 

In the comitia Centuriata the votes were given by Centuries, 
of which 99 were Patrician and 96 Plebeian Centuries. But 
in the comitia Tributa they voted by poll ; and as the Ple- 
beians were more numerous, they could outvote the Patricians 
in this assembly. 

532. What further political "power did Pub- 
lilius Volero obtain for the Plebeians ? 

A. He caused a legislative power to 
be given to the tribes in their assembly, 

533. How was this effected ? 

A. The enactments of the Plebeian 
assembly, which hitherto had no authority 
beyond their own class, were henceforth 
made binding on all the nation. 






FROM B. C. 495 TO 451. 145 

These Plebeian enactments were called Plehisclta. 

534. What famous p^'oposal was made by 
Caius Terentilius Harsa [the Tribune) for the 
better administration of justice in Rome? 

A. That 10 Commissioners should be 

appointed to make a code of laws, for the 

better government of the community. 

(b. c. 462.) 

535. Had the Romaits no regular code of laws 
previous to this ? 

A. No. During the monarchy, the 

kings administered justice according to 

their own discretion ; and since the fall 

of the monarchy, the Consuls exercised 

the same prerogative. 

536. Hoiv luas this loise proposal of Terentilius 
received ? 

A. With the greatest opposition ; nor 
was it allowed to pass for 10 years. 

537. Who were ultimately oyjipointed for the 
purpose ? 

A. Ten Patricians, called DecemViri, 

were appointed with supreme power for 

the space of 1 year ; during which time 

all other magistracies were suspended. 

The tAvo Consuls— Appius Claudius and Titus Genucius 
were at the head of this commission ; the remaining 8 were 
all Senators and Consular men, (b. c. 451.) 

538. What was this famous code of the Decem- 
viri called'^ 

A. The laws of the XII. Tables. 



146 TRIUMPH. — OYATIOinr. 

539. What is meant by a Roman triumph ? 
A. A solemn procession in which a 

victorious General entered the city in a 
chariot drawn by four horses, and went 
to oiFer sacrifice in the Capitol. 

The Capitol was a temple on the Tarpeian Mount to Jupiter 
Op^timus Max'imus, It was called the Capitol, because a 
human head (caput) was discovered in digging the founda- 
tions. 

540. Horn was the triumphant General accoTn- 
panied 7 

A. He was preceded by the captives 
and spoils taken in war, and followed by 
his troops. 

541. What provisions were generally observed 
in these national pageants of Rome ? 

A, 1st— No one was permitted to 
enter Rome in triumph, who was not 
either Dictator, Consul, or Prs&tor : 

2dly— He must have fought with Ro- 
man soldiers in a Roman province : and 

3dly— At least 5000 of the enemy 
must have been slain in a single battle. 

Pompey twice triumphed before he had held any magisterial 
office, but this was without any precedent in Roman history, 

542. What was an ovaHion ? 

A. A lesser triumph, in which a sheep 
(o^vis) was sacrificed instead of an ox; 
and the General was not drawn in aj 
chariot, but entered the city on foot. 

In the Empire, he rode on horseback. 



FROM B. C. 495 TO 451. 147 

543, How luas the triumjyliant General ar- 
rayed ? 

A. In a gorgeous robe of gold, a 
wreath of laurels round his head, and a 
sceptre in his hand : 

In an ovation, he simply wore his own 
magisterial robe (to'ga prcjetexta,) was 
crowned with a wreath of myrtle, and 
had no sceptre. 

" Pretexta" means having a border; the magistrates and 
children of Rome had a broad purple border to their toga. The 
usual colour of the common toga was a very pale buff (i. e. the 
natural colour of wool) ; candidates for office rubbed chalk on 
their togas to whiten them, and hence were called " Candidati" 
(i. e. clothed in white); and slaves^ artificers, &c., wore dark 
colours, 

544, When ivas an ovation granted § 

A. 1st — -When the victory was not so 
brilliant as to deserve a triumph : 

2dly — When fewer than 5000 foes 
were left dead on the field : and 

3dly — -When the foe was considered 
base and unworthv. 



Public Officers iisr the Eepublic before 

THE DeCEMYIRATE. 

545. What public officers had the care of the 
infant Republic ? 

A. The principal j^afnaa^i Officers of 
State were Consuls and Quaestors : 



,h#' 



148 PKESIDENTS AND CONSULS. 

The principal plebeian Officers of State 
were Tribunes and ^.diles. 

"Tribunes and JEdiles" — each 2 syllables — ■Trib'unes, 
^'-diles. 

546. Who ivere the Consuh? 

A. The two annual Presidents of the 
Roman Republic : an office somewhat 
similar to the President of the United 

States. 

547. Who xvere the first tivo Consuls of Kome ? 
A. Lu'cius Junius Brutus and Lu'- 

cius Tarquin'ius Collati'nus. (b. c. 509.) 

548. What poiver had the Consyls ? 

A. A power like that of kings : they 
also dressed like kings, only they were 
not allowed to wear the golden crown. 

The Royal tra^Dea (robe) was a white toga with purple 
stripes. The Chief Priests wore a trabea of purple ; and the 
Augurs a yellow toga with purple stripes. 

549. What insignia ivere the Cofisuls alloived ? 
A. A sceptre, surmounted with eagles ; 

a throne (called the sella ciirulis) ; and 
12 lictors, or beadles, carrying the fas'ces, 
to precede them. 

550. Had both the Consuls equal 'power 7 

A. It was customary for the two Con- 
suls to take the supremacy for alternate 
months, except on great occasions. 

, 551. From ivhat order of the state ivere the 
Consuls chosen'^ 

A. From the Patricians only for the 2 



DICTATOK. — QU-^STORS. 149 

centuries ; but afterwards Plebeians were 
admitted to this high office. 

Between their election and their entering into office, they 
were called Consuls elect (consules designdti). Lucius Sextus 
was the first plebeian Consul, B. c. 366. 

652. How long did the office continue ? 

A. For 1050 years. After the Repub- 
lic was changed into an Empire, the 
office was merely honorary ; and ceased 
altogether in the reign of Justinian. 

Basilius Junior was the last Consul. A. d. 541. 

553. By what extraordinarij Officer was the 
poiver of Consids occasionally superseded ? 

A. By that of Dictator ; a supreme 

military officer, appointed in times of 

great danger for the sake of summary 

measures. 

554. Who were the Qucestors ? 

A. Four patrician Officers, appointed 
during the Monarchy, and continued in 
the Republic. Two were treasury officers, 
and two law officers in the civil service. 
{Instituted b. c. 483.) 

Plebeians were occasionally made Qusestors after b. c. 409. 

555. What were the duties of the Revenue 
Qucestors ( Qucestores classici) ? 

A. 1st — To take charge of the public 
money : 

2dly- — To pay the army, government 
salaries, and public funerals : 



150 TEIBUNI PLEBIS. 

3dly — To dispose of the booty taken in 
war : and 

4thly — To provide for the accommoda- 
tion of foreign ambassadors. 

These 2 revenue officers were doubled b. c. 421 ; increased 
to 8, B. c. 265 ; to 20 by Sulla the Dictator, B. c. 83 ; and to 40 
by Julius Caesar, b. c. 45. 

556. What were the Law Qucestors ( Quces- 
tores ? parricid'ii) ? 

A. Two officers appointed annually to 
conduct public accusations, and see the 
sentence of law executed. 

This office was superseded, B. c. 366, by the Trium'viri capi- 

tales. 

557. Who were the Tribunes (trihuni 'ple'his) ? 
A. Two Plebeian Officers appointed 

annually to protect the interests of the 
common people. 

558. Were there not Tribunes in Rome during 
the Monarchy! 

A. Yes ; each of the three Romulian 

tribes was headed by a Tribune ; whose 

duty it was to perform the sacred rites, 

and take command of the army in times 

of war. 

Hence the origin of the word tribune (from tribus, a tribe J^ 
There was also a fourth officer, called j?ribunus Cel'erum, or 
commander of the king's body-guard (ceVeres^ the body-guard). 

559. How long did the Tribunes continue ? 

A. Till the reign of Ser vius Tullius ; 
who divided the people into 30 tribes, 
and appointed a Tribune over each. 



FEOM B. C. 510 TO 451. 151 

560. What ivere the specific duties of the Ser- 
vian Tribunes ? 

A. To keep a register of their district 
for the purposes of taxation, and levy 
troops in times of war. 

These Servian Tribunes were afterwards converted into 
Tribimi ferarii, an office which lasted to the end of the Repub- 
lic. Their province was to collect from the tribes the gov- 
ernment tribute (trihutum)^ a military tax to pay the ^rmy. 

561. What were the characteristic distinctions 
between the Servian Tribunes and the Plebeian 
Tribunes (tribitni ple'bis) ? 

A. 1st — -The Servian Tribunes were 
appointed by king Ser'vius: But the 
Plebeian Tribunes had no existence, till 
the Plebeians seceded to the Mons Sa'cer 
in the time of the Republic : 

2dly — The Servian Tribunes were govr 
ernment officers : But the Plebeian Trib- 
unes, were guardians of the people : and 

3dly — The duty of the Servian Trib- 
unes was to collect taxes and levy troops : 
But that of the Plebeian Tribunes, was 
to protect the people from oppression. 

To these may be added, that the Servian Tribunes were 30 in 
number, and continued to be appointed after the creation of 
the two Plebeian Tribunes. 

562, What poiver was vested in the Plebeian 
Tribunes (tribUni ple'bis) ? 

A. If any measure was proposed by 
the Senate injurious to the common 



152 FROM B. C. 510 TO 451. 

people, the Tribunes could put their 
VETO on it, and prevent it passing into a 
law. 

The power of these Tribunes (before Sulla restrained it) be- 
came so despotic, as to resemble that of the '' National Con- 
vention of France," in the great Revolution. 

563. Hoiv ivere these Plebeian Officers protected 
in the performance of their dangerous duties ? 

A. 1st — Their persons were declared 
to be sacred : and 

2dly — Any one who resisted them in 
the discharge of their duty was out- 
lawed. 

Even to interrupt a Tribune in his address wa.s an offence, 
punished by a heavy fine. 

564. Hovj many Plebeian Tribunes ivere an- 
nually elected ? 

A. At first only 2 ; but the number 
was soon increased to 5; and ultimately 
to 10 — ^. e, 2 for each class, (b. c. 456.) 

565. From what order of the community were 
the Tribunes chosen^ 

A. From the Plebeians only in the 
time of the republic ; and from Senators 
only in the time of the empire. The 
Emperors themselves w^ere Tribunes £or 
life. 

560. How far did the tribunitial power extend ? 
A. One mile beyond the city gates. 

567. When ivere the Plebeian Tribunes first 
admitted into the Senate 7 



TRIBUNI PLEBIS. 153 

A. After the 2d Decem'virate they 
were permitted to sit at the door of the 
Senate-house to hear the speeches. At 
a somewhat later period they were ex- 
officio Senators, and took an active? part 
in the debates. 

568. What extent of poiver had the Tribunes 
in their most palmy days ? 

A. 1st— Almost unlimited: They could 
assemble or prorogue the Senate at 
pleasure : 

2dly— Hinder the collection of taxes 
and levying of soldiers : 

3dly— Reverse the sentence of any 
magistrate, and negative the decrees of 
the Senate : 

4thly— Order Senators, Generals, and 
Consuls to prison: and even stop the 
proceedings of the courts of law. 

569. Who greatly abridged the overweenifig 
power of these arrogant demagogues ? 

A. Sulla, the Dictator ; after which 

they never recovered the same unlimited 

power, (b. c. 74.) 

570. When was the power of the Tribunes 
abolished ? 

A. When Augustus arrogated' the 

office to himself: and decreed that all 

emperors should be Tribunes for life. 



154 FROM B. C. 510 TO 451. 

571. What badges of office were the Plebeian 
'Tribunes vested with ? 

A. They wore no distinctive costume, 

%ut they had an attendant called a Viator, 

who executed their commands: They 

:sat when they administered justice, and 

every one stood in their presence. 

572. What restrictions were laid upon the 
' Tribunes ? 

A. 1st — They might never be absent 
ffrom Rome any one night : and 

2dly — Their doors were kept open all 
might and all day. 

During the great Latin Festival (called the fe'ri(B Lati'ncBjy 
which, lasted 6 days, the Tribunes had a holiday. 

573. What other Plebeian functionaries were 
created, at the same time with the Plebeian 
Tribunes ? 

A. Two -^diles, to assist the Tribunes 
in their duties. 

574. What was the province of the jEdiles ? 
A. They acted as Surveyors and Chief 

Constables. 

575. What were their duties as Surveyors ? 
A. To see that the streets, public 

buildings, sewers, and markets, were kept 
clean and in proper order. 

Hence their name, from ee'des (buildings). 

576. What were the Constabulary duties of the 
JSdiles ? 



SPURIUS CASSIUS. 155 

A. To superintend the police, and 
enforce decorum in the public street. 



Celebrated Men from the Fall of the 
Monarchy to the Decemvirate. 

577. Who was Spurius Cassius ? 

A. A Patrician, to whom Rome owed 
much of her future greatness. He was 
thrice Consul in 16 years, (b. c. 502-486.) 

578. For what is Spurius Cassius famed in his 
1st Consulate ? 

A. For a victory over the Sa'bines. 

579. For what is Spurius Cassius famed in 
his 2d Considate ? 

A. For a famous league made with 

the 30 cities composing the Latin State, 

whereby they were admitted into equal 

rights with Rome. (b. c. 493.) 

Except the power of voting in the popular assemblies, and 
of being eligible to Magistracies. 

580. For what is Spurius Cassius famed in 
his Sd Consulate ? 

A. For a similar league made wdth 
the Her'nicans ; and for the enactment 
of the first agrarian law. (b. c. 486.) 

He enacted that the Patricians' portion of the public land 
should be limited and defined ; and that the residue should be 
divided into equal allotments amongst the Plebeians. 

581. What became of this noble patriot ? 

A. He was infamously accused of 



156 FROM B. C. 510 TO 451. 

treason by the Quaestors ; put to death 
as a traitor ; his house burned to the 
ground ; his property confiscated ; and 
his three sons degraded to the Plebeian 
order. 

582. Why was Spurius Cassius accused of 
treason ? 

A. Because the Patricians thought his 

agrarian law a treasonable aggression on 

their prerogatives. 

583. Who was Ca'ius Mar'cius Coriola'nus ? 
A. A noble Roman, who distinguished 

himself greatly in the Volscian wars. 

The Volscians inhabited that part of Italy now called Cam- 
pagna di E,oma. 41 1 north lat. 

584. What was the character of Caius Mar- 
cius Coriolanus ? 

A. Haughty and overbearing, espe- 
cially to the common people ; who re- 
fused to elect him Consul, after he had 
been nominated by the Senate. 

585. Whij was he called Coriolanms ? 

A. For the heroism he displayed at the 
siege of Cori'oli, which he took from the 
Vorscians. (b. c. 491.) 

586. Hoio did Coriolanus show his resentment 
to the common people ? 

A. Shortly after they refused his elec- 
tion, a grievous famine afflicted Rome; 



CORIOLANUS. 157 

when he tried to abolish the office of 
Tribune. 

587. How did Coriolanus try to abolish the 
tribunate ? 

A. A benevolent Greek Prince sent 
a present of corn to the starving Ro- 
mans ; but Coriolanus advised the Senate 
not to let the people have it, unless they 
would abohsh the office of Tribunes. 

This prince was Gelon of Syracjise. (b. c. 491.) 

588. How was the proposal of Coriolanus 
resented ? 

A. The common people were greatly 
incensed ; and the Tribunes commanded 
Coriolanus to be impeached for treason. 

589. What %oas the issue of this impeachment ? 
A. As Coriolanus refused to appear be- 
fore the Tribunes, he was exiled. 

590. Where did Coriolanus go in his exile ? 
A. To the Vol'scians, whom he prom- 
ised to assist in war against the Romans. 

The King of the Volscians was Attius Tullus Aufidius, who 
held his Court at Antium, a town of Latium. 

591. How was Coriolanus received by his old 
enemies, the Volscians ? 

A. With great delight ; and the King 
made him General of the Volscian army. 

592. Hoiv did Coriolanus cmpiloy his army ? 
A. He fought many battles with sue- 



158 FEOM B. C. 510 TO 451. 

cess, took several towns, and then marched 
to Home. (b. c. 489.) 

He pitched his camp near the Cluilian dyke (fossa CluiliaJ. 

593. What effect was produced in Rome by this 



invasion 



7 



A. The utmost consternation prevailed; 
and embassy after embassy was sent to 
entreat the forbearance of the proud Ro- 
man, but without effect. 

594. What further means ivere adopted to 
ward off the threatened danger ? 

A. After senators and priests had been 

refused an interview, his wife, mother, 

and children fell at his feet, and implored 

his mercy. 

His wife's name was Yolum'nia, and his mother's name 
Vetu'ria. , 

595. Holo was Coriolanus affected by this pow- 
erful appeal ? 

A. He yielded to the prayer of his 
wife and mother; withdrew his army 
from Rome ; and was assassinated by the 
Volscians, for sacrificing their interests to 
private affection. 

Some say he led the army back to Antiiim, and lived in 
exile among the Volscians till death. His words to his mother, 
when he yielded to her entreaty, were these: "Oh, mother, 
thou hast saved the city^ but lost thy son!'' 

596. Who was Lu'cius Quin'tius Cincin- 
natus ? 

A. A Roman Patrician, famous for his 
integrity and frugal habits of life. 



CINCINKATUS. 159 

597. What high offices were held by this simj)le- 
minded Roman ? 

A. He was called from the plough to 
the Dictatorship, in order to deliver the 
Roman consul and army from danger: 
He rescued the army, defeated the enemy, 
and returned to his farm again, (b. c. 
459.) 

As he set oif with the messengers, he said to his wife, ** I 
fear, my Attilia, for this year our little fields must remain 
unsown." 

598. When ivere the services of Cincinnatus 
again demanded by the Senate ? 

A. When he was 80 years old, he was 
again made Dictator ; because the Ro- 
mans feared, that one Mselius was aiming 
at kingly power, (b. c. 439.) 

599. Why did the Romans fancy that SjJurius 
Mcdius was aiming at kingly "power ? 

A. Because he employed all his im- 
mense fortune in buying corn, to dis- 
tribute among the poor. In consequence 
of which, he became exceedingly popu- 
lar. 

600. Hotv did Cincinnatus behave towards 
Spurius Mcelius ? 

A. He summoned him before the tri- 
bunal ; but as Maelius refused to obey, a 
party of young Patricians rushed upoii 
him, and slew him, 

601. Who laere the Fa^bia Gens? 



160 FROM B.C. 510 TO 451. 

A. One of the most ancient and cele- 
brated clans of Rome. 

602. How did the Ro7nans testify their sense of 
the poiver and dignity of this clan ? 

A. After the death of Tarquin, 3 of 

the Fabii were elected to the Consulship 

for 7 successive years, (b. c. 485-479.) 

603. For what is this noble family more espe- 
cially illustrious ? 

A. For their patriotic courage, and 

tragic fate in the battle of Crem'era. 

604. Who is the most celebrated of this illus- 
trious clan ? 

A. Kseso Fabius. 

605. Far ivhat was Kceso Fabius celebrated ? 

A. In the 2d Consulate he was a vio- 
lent opponent of the Agrarian law, and 
one of the accusers of Spurius Cassius : 
But in his 3d Consulate he espoused the 
cause of the people, which greatly offended 
the Patricians. 

606. What effect Imd the scorn of the Patri- 
cians on this proud nobleman ? 

A. He determined to quit Rome, and 

found a colony on the banks of the river 

Crem'era. (b. c. 477.) 

The river Cremera (710W ValcaJ is a branch of the Tiber, a 
few miles to the N. E. of Rome. 

607. How did Kceso accomplish his ro?nantic 
purpose ? 



K^SO FABIUS. 161 

A. He went to the Senate and said, 
that he had prevailed on his clan and all 
their clients to carry on war against the 
Ve'ii, at their own cost, if the Senate 
would allow them so to do. 

608. Hoiv did the Senate receive this proposal ? 
A. With great readiness ; and next 

day, 300 Fabii, with 1000 clients, were 
led by the Consul Kseso to the banks of 
the Crem'era, where they erected a fort- 
ress, (b. c. 477.) 

609. What became of this romantic clan after 
their voluntary banishment ? 

A. For two years they resisted the 
Veil with success ; but at the expiration 
of that time, the Veii burst upon them 
unexpectedly, and the whole colony was 
massacred in one day. (b. c. 479.) 

Veii (now Isola) was situate on the banks of the Cremera. 
Lat. 42*^, and Long. 12^, 20 east. 

610. Who of the clan survived this slaughter ? 
A. Only Quintus, who was absent at 

the time. By him the family was per- 
petuated. 

611. What became of this Quintus? 

A. He was afterwards three times 
Consul ; a member of the second De- 
cemvirate ; and went into voluntary ex- 
ile, when the Decemvirs were deposed. 



162 FROM B. C. 510 TO 451. 

612. Who was PubliVius VoVero ? 

A. A Tribune of the people, before 
the Decemvirate ; to whom is attributed 
the MAGNA CHARTA of Roman 
liberty. 

613. What was the great charter of the Trib- 
une^ Publilius? 

A. 1st — That the Tribunes and ^Ediles 
should be elected by the Plebeians solely, 
and not by the Centuries, comifia centu- 
ridta) ; and 

2dly — That the decrees of the Plebeian 
Congress (comitia tributaj should in fu- 
ture be binding on the whole nation. 

It is generally thought that the number of Tribunes was 
increased to 5 at this time. b. c. 471. 

614. What famous Athenian Generals lived 
during this 'period ? 

A. Milti'Mes, Aristi'des, Themis't6cles, 
and Ci'mon. 

615. What famous battles loere fought during 
the same four years — [from b. c. 495 to 491.) ? 

A. Those of Thermop'ylse and Sal- 

Mmis, between the Greeks and Persians. 

616. What celebrated Greek poets flourished 
a,t this period ? 

A. vEs'chylus the great tragic writer, 
and Simon'ides. 

617. What portion of the Bible ivas compiled 
at this period {about b. c. 452) ? 



DECEMVIRS. 163 

A. The two Books of Chronicles, by 
Ezra, the Scribe. 



From the Decemyirate to the Invasion 
OF the GtAULS. 

From B. c. 451 to 391. y. r. 302 to 362 (60 years). 

618. Who IV ere the Decemviri ? 

A. Ten Commissioners, appointed by 
the Senate to draw up a code of laws, to 
which both Patricians and Plebeians 
should be amenable, (b. c. 451.) 

A Decemvirate is a society composed of ten members, each 
of which is called a Decemvir. 

619. What 'power was entrusted to these ten 
Magistrates ? 

A. The sole power of the state: In- 
somuch that all other magistracies were 
suspended during their time of office. 

The 1st Decemvirate consisted of Appius Claudius and Titus 
Genucius (Consuls) ; the Warden of Rome ; the two Quses- 
' tors ; and five others, chosen by the centuries. 

620. How did these ten Commissioners act ? 

A. Each administered the Govern- 
ment for one day ; and the fas'ces were 
carried before him, as before a King or 
Consul. 

621. How long %vas the supreme power of Home 
delegated to these ten Magistrates ? 



164 FROM B.C. 451 TO 391. 

A. For one year : During whicli time 
they drew up a code of laws, in 10 sec- 
tions ; which were engraved on Ten 
Tables of Brass, and hung up in the 
Comit'ium. 

The Comitium was the upper part of the Forum, in which 
the Senate-house stood; the lower part of the Forum con- 
tained the Plebeian law-courts : and exactly between these 
two, stood the Rostra. 

622. How did the Kepuhlic show their appro- 
bation of these neiv Magistrates ? 

A. Their moderation and judgment 
were so exemplary, that all parties agreed 
to continue them another year, especially 
as their code was not completed. 

623. How many of the former Magistrates were 
re-elected to the second Decemvirate ? 

A. Only Ap'pius Clau'dius : The re- 
maining 9 members were composed of 
four Patricians and five Plebeians. 

624. What neiv laws were added hy the second 
Decemvirate ? 

A. Two additional tables ; the whole 

compilation was then called " The Laws 

OF THE XII. Tables." 

These two new tables were laws respecting debt, marriage, 
religious rites, and civil customs. 

625. Hoiv did the second Decemvirate deport 
itself? 

A. With unbounded arrogance, ty- 
ranny, and insolence. Each Decemvir 
was attended with 12 lie tors ; and when 



VIRGINIA. 165 

their year of office expired, they all re- 
fused to resign. 

626. Who rendered himself the most infamous 
of this body ? 

A. Ap'pius Clau'dius- — especially for 

his scandalous conduct towards Virginia. 

627. Who tvas Virginia ? 

A. The daughter of a Roman cen- 
turion, betrothed to Icirius, the late Trib- 
une. 

628. Hoio did Appius Claudius cause offence 
in regard to Virginia ? 

A. Though an old man, he fell in love 
with Virginia ; whom he used to see 
going to school in the Forum, accom- 
panied by her nurse alone. 

629. How did Appius Claudius circumvent 
this young^ damsel ? 

A. He ordered his client Marcus to 

seize her on her way to school, and lay 

claim to her as his slave. 

630. How did Marcus execute his infatnous 
commission ? 

A. He seized the damsel as he was 
ordered : And when told that Virginia 
was no slave, but the daughter of a Ro- 
man centurion ; he said he would refer 
the matter to the sitting Magistrate. 

631. Who was the sitting Magistrate to wloom 
Marcus referred the matter ? 



166 FROM B. C. 451 TO 391. 

A. Ap'pius Clau'dius; who said that 
Virginia must remain with the man who 
claimed her, till her father could appear 
to disprove the statement. 

632. Where was Virginius, the father of the 
damsel ? 

A. Absent with the army, which was 

drawn up against the JE'quians. 

The ^quians dwelt a little to the right of the present city 
of Tivoli, about II miles from Rome. (See Q. 487.^ 

633. Was Virginia left in the ha?ids of these 
infamous libertines ? 

A. No ; the populace protested so 
loudly against the decision, that Ap'pius 
compromised the matter; and gave her 
back to her friends, till the next day. 

634. How did Virginius hear of this calamity ? 
A. Icilms outrode the messenger sent 

to detain Virginius, and apprized him of 
the whole transaction. 

635. How did Virginius proceed ? 

A. He obtained leave of absence ; rode 
to Rome with the utmost speed ; and 
appeared with his daughter next morning 
before the tribunal. 

636. Hoio did Ajopius Claudius decide the case ?. 
A. He commanded the lictors to take 

the damsel from the hands of Virginius, 
and give her to Marcus as his slave. 

637. How did Virginius bear this sentence ? 



SECOND SECESSION. 167 

A. Seizing a butcher's knife which 
was lying close by, he stabbed his daugh- 
ter to the heart. 

Saying — *' Thus only, my child, can I secure your liberty 
and honour;" and when he drew the reeking knife out, he 
exclaimed to Appius, " Thus, tyrant, I devote thee and all thy 
house to perdition !" 

638. What effect had this resolute conduct of 
Virginius on the 'peo'ple ? 

A. They all took his part ; a general 
insurrection ensued; and the people se- 
ceded a second time to the Sacred Hill. 

639. Hoiv were the seceders reconciled! 

A. The Senate sent commissioners to 
make terms with them, and bring them 
back to Rome. 

640. What terms ivere made ? 

A. 1st — -That all the insurgents should 
have a free pardon : 

2dly- — That the Tribuneship should be 
immediately restored, and never again 
suspended : and 

3dly — That the Decemvirs should be 
burnt alive as traitors ; and all their 
property confiscated. 

The office of Tribunes, as well as Consuls, had been sus- 
pended during the Decemvirate. — It will be remembered that 
the people seceded three times from Rome. (See Q. 478.) 

641. Were all the Decemvirs burned alive, ac- 
cording to this stipulation ? 

A. No ; Ap'pius Clau'dius and anoth- 
er were cast into prison, and died before 



168 FROM B. C, 451 TO 391. 

the day of trial ; but all the rest went 
into voluntary exile. 

642. Hoiv was the state governed, after the dis- 
solution of the Decefnvirate ? 

A, By Consuls and Tribunes : But, 
as the Plebeians insisted on being ad- 
mitted into the Consulate, a new Patri- 
cian Magistrate was created, called a 
Censor. 

643. What alteration was made in the Presi- 
dency of Rome, after the Plebeians were inade 
eligible to the Consulate ? 

A. The Patricians tried to abridge the 

power of the Plebeians, by converting 

Consuls into Consular Tribunes. 

644. How long did this alteration continue ? 
A. For about 77 years the people 

decided every year whether they would 
be governed by Consular Tribunes, or 
Consuls, (b. c. 444-367,) 

645. Hoiv many Consular Tribunes were elected 
at one time ? 

A. The number varied from 3 to 6. 
They were assisted in their duties by the 
2 Censors, chosen from the Patricians. 

The Consular Tribunes (Tribuni MiVitum cum Consuldri 
potestdte) were abolished b. c. 367, by the Licinian law. 

646. In what ivars were the Romans, engaged 
during the tivo Decemvir ates? 

A. In continual war with the ^qui- 

ans, Vorscians, and Etrus'cans. 



FIDENATES. — VEII. 169 

647. Which of these jpoivers is most celebrated 
in Roman story ? 

A. The Etrus'cans, The revolt of the 
Fidenates, and the siege of Veil, are 
subjects of several beautiful and roman^tic 
legends, 

648. Why did the Fidenates revolt ? 

A. Because the Romans persisted in 
sending colonists among them : After 
several vain remonstrances, by the aid of 
the Ve'ii they murdered them. (b. c, 
438,) 

Fidenas is a to-vvn at the foot of Mens Sacer. Veil (a few 
miles N. W.) was probably the parent town, 

649. Hoza did the Romans 'punish the Veii for 
this massacre ? 

A. War was declared against them, 
and 33 years from this time, the city 
was taken by Marcus Fu'rius CamilluSj 
the greatest general of the age. 

It is said that the fail of Veii was announced by numerous 
prodigies, the most remarkable of which was the sudden rising 
of the water of the Alban lake, without any ostensible cause. 
The Etruscan soothsayers declared that " so long as the Alban 
-lake overflowed its banks, Veii could never be taken ; but if 
ever its waters reached the sea, Rome itself would perish.^' 
When the Komans heard this, they made a tunnel to draw off 
the waters of the lake, and a subterraneous passage to the 
citadel of Veii. When this passage was finished, Camillus 
and some of his soldiers having entered it, overheard the 
Etruscan priests say to the King of Veii, " Whoever shall 
bring a sacrifice to Juno will be the conquerors." Instantly 
Camillus made an offering to the goddess, and rushed into the 
city to open the gates. — Another legend says that the statue 
of Juno was so pleased with the offering of Camillus, that 
when he entered Rome in triumph, the statue followed him 
of its 01071 accord! (b. c. 405.) 



170 FKOM B. C. 451 TO 391. 

650. What other people of Etruria, besides the 
Yeii, were involved in these ivars ? 

A. The Falis'cans ; but a peace was 

concluded, on condition of their giving to 

the Roman army a year's pay. 

651. What tradition is connected with this 
Faliscan war? 

A. It is said that a schoolmaster of the 

town, took his scholars to Camillu^, and 

promised to deliver them into his hands 

for a suitable reward. 

652. How did Camillus treat this offer ? 

A. With the utmost indignation : Hav- 
ing stripped the traitor, he handed him 
over to his own scholars, to be flogged 
back again into the town. 

653. What effect had this on the Faliscans ? 

A. They so admired the Roman Gen- 
eral, that they immediately concluded a 
peace ; saying to Camillus, '' they were 
not conquered by Roman valour, but won 
hf Roman virtue." 

654. Who were the Faliscans ? 

A. The inhabitants of Fale'rium, a 
town in Etruria, famous for white cows, 
much prized by the Romans for sacrifice. 

Falerium stood on the heiglits contiguous to mount Soracte. 
The Faliscans again revolted at the close of the 1st Punic war 
(241), when their town was demolished, and a new one built 
on the plains. The old town is now called Foliar iy and the 
new one CastelldnL 



CENSORS. 171 



Political and Social History of Eome 

BETWEEN THE DeCEMVIRATE AND THE IN- 
VASION OF THE GrAULS. 

655. What ?iew offices rose out of the dissolution 
of the Decemvirate? 

A. Censors and Consular Tribunes. 

656. Who were the Censors ? 

A. Two Magistrates elected by the 
Patricians solely. They were at first ap- 
pointed for 5 years ; but subsequently, 
their term of office was limited to 18 
months, (b. c. 433.) 

They were originally appointed for 5 years, because 5 years 
made a lustrum; at the end of which a fresh census of the 
people was taken. Lustrum means a *' purification," because 
after the census was taken, the people v^eie puri/ied hj certain 
sacred rites. 

657. What taere the duties of the Censors ? 
A. 1st — To register the citizens, and 

keep an account of their property : 

2dly — To let out all public lands ; 

manage the public revenues ; and make 

contracts for public works : and 

3dly— To decide the rank of every 

citizen, and what amount of tax he was 

to pay. 

This office (which was the most honourable in the Republic) 
was limited for nearly a century to Consular men. 

658. What discretionary 'poicer had the Cen- 
sors in respect to public morals ? 

A. They could punish people for such 



172 FEOM B.C. 451 TO 391. 

offences as the law took no notice of; 
such as extravagance, idleness, and ill- 
conduct of husbands or wives, children or 
parents. 

659. What sort of punishment laas entrusted to 
the Censors ? 

A. The power of degrading any man 

from his rank for improper conduct in 

public or domestic life : As the rights of 

every citizen depended on his tribe, this 

punishment was very severe. 

Many Patricians were expelled by the Censors from the 
Senate, merely because they lived too luxuriously : and several 
Roman ladies were degraded, because they dressed too sump- 
tuously » 

660. Holu ivas the cejisus or registration of the 
Roman citizens made '^ 

A. Once in 5 years every citizen had 
to attend in the Campus Martins to give 
an account of himself and family ; Full 
particulars of which were entered by a 
notary in a register. 

661. What public propertij was let out by the 
Censors to farm ? 

A. Vineyards, pastures, olive-grounds, 
and forests ; besides harbours, mines, fish- 
eries, and state monopolies. 

662. What article of commerce was a state 
mjonopoly in Home ? 

A. Salt : The license for selling salt, 



I 



FIRST STANDING ARMY. 173 

and the price of it, were left to the dis- 
cretion of the Censors. 

Salt was a very valuable and important article in Rome : It 
was the chief condiment eaten with bread, as we eat butter, 
the ancient Persians cresses, and the Russians oil. — Our word 
salary (wages) is derived from sal (salt). 

663. How long did the office of Censor continue ? 
A. Till the reign of Augustus, when 

the office merged in that of Emperor. 

In B. c. 351, C, Marcius Ru'tilus (a Plebeian) was Censor ; 
and occasionally afterwards a Plebeian was appointed to the 
office; but generally. Censors were chosen from those persons 
who had served in the office of Consul or Praetor. 

664. What improvement?, took place in the con- 
dition of the Plebeians, after the Decemvirate ? 

A. The distinction between Patricians 
and Plebeians gradually disappeared. 

665. What %vere the chief reaso7i$ for the aboli- 
tion of these distinctions ? 

A. 1st — Because many Plebeians be- 
came very wealthy : 

2dly — They were no longer forbidden 
to intermarry with Patricians ; and 

3dly — They were eligible to hold office : 
Hence many became Senators, Qu^stors, 
and even Consuls. 

After the Decemvirate, the term Patrician meant a gentle- 
man of rank and fortune ; and the term Plebeian, the com- 
moners of the middle and lower classes. 

^^^. When ivas the first sta?iding army "main- 
tained in Roine ? 

A. At the siege of Ve'ii : As the city 
was invested for several years, it was not 



174 FROM B. C. 451 TO 891. 

possible to dismiss the army for 3 months, 
as heretofore ; and, therefore, it was kept 
under arms from year to year. 

667. When did the Roman soldiers first re- 
ceive '^ pay' ^ for their services? 

A. At the siege of Ve 'ii : As they were 
not allowed to return home to cultivate 
their fields, they could no longer maintain 
themselves ; and, therefore, received pay 
from the ^tate. 

A common soldier received 3 ases per day ; a centurion 6 ; 
and a horse-soldier 10. From this time the military achieve- 
ments of Rome became much more illustrious than heretofore, 

668. What metal was used in Rome, at this 
'period, for money ? 

A. Bronze ((ss). The current coin 
was called an " AS," and w^eighed prop- 
erly 1 lb. ; but as the weight varied from 
time to time, it was customary to weigh 
the money, and not count it. 

Hence the expressions, "to weigh money" (pendere pecu- 
niain) meaning to pay it ; "to weigh taxes" (pendere vectlgal), 
meaning to pay them ; " to weigh the interest for money bor- 
rowed" (peyidere usuram pecmimj^ meaning to pay it: &c. 



Eminent Men between the Decemvirate 
AND THE Gaulish Invasion. 

669. What eminent Generals lived, hetiveen 
the Decemvirate and the invasion of the Gauls ? 
A. JEmirius, Postu'mius, Cos'sus, and 



^MILIUS. — POSTUMIUS. — COSSUS. 175 

Camillus, who appears again in the next 
period. 

670. Who was ^miVius Mamer'cus ? 

A. A Patrician of Rome, who was thrice 
Dictator : In his 2d Dictatorship he car- 
ried a law, limiting the duration of the 
Censorship to 18 months, instead of 5 
years, (b. c. 433.) 

671. How was this measure approved ? 

A. The people highly approved of it ; 
but the Censors were so enraged at it, 
that they degraded ^milius from his 
tribe, to the condition of an ^ra'rian. 

672. What is meant hy an JErarian ? 

A. A Roman citizen, who had no fran- 
chise : So called, because he had to pay 
taxes for the support of the troops (ce'ra 
7mUta'riaJ^ instead of aifording military 
service. 

673. Who was Fostumius Albinus Tu'hero ? 
A. A Dictator in the Volscian wars, 

who put his son to death for fighting 
without orders, (b. c. 441.) 

This Postumius was master of the horse (or 2d in com- 
mand) to Mamercus JEmilius. 

674. Who was Aulus Cornelius Cossus ? 

A. A celebrated Consul of Rome, who 
killed Lar Tolum nius (King of the Ve 'ii) 
in single combat ; and dedicated the. spoil 
to Jupiter Feretrius. (b. c. 428.) 



176 FROM B. C. 451 TO 391. 

The spoil taken by a Roman General, from an adverse King^ 
was called " Spo'lia opima." Only 3 instances occurred in all 
the lioman annals : This was the second. (See Q. 89.) 

675. What Tribunes rendered themselves re- 
markable, 'previous to the Gaulish invasion ? 

A. Icirius, Denta'tus, and Canulelus. 

676. For ivhat was Icilius remarkable ? 

A. 1st — For the law which assigned to 
the Plebeians the exclusive possession of 
the Av'entine hill : 

2dly — For being the betrothed hus- 
band of Virginia : 

3diy — For his opposition to the De- 
cemvirs ; and for being the leader of the 
people, when they seceded a second time 
to the Sacred hill fmons sacerj. 

677. For what is Sic'ciits Deiitatus famous ? 
A. For his opposition to the Decem- 
virs, and his tragic death. 

He had served his country in the wars for 40 years ; had 
heen an officer 30 ; had fought 120 battles ; gained 25 crowns 
for his valour ; and had received 45 wounds, all in front. 

678. What vjere the circumstances connected 
with the dea.th of Siccius Denta.tus ? 

A. Being obnoxious to the Decemvirs, 
he was appointed to lead a reinforcement 
to the Roman army, defeated by the Vol'- 
scians ; but when he reached the army, 
he was infamously betrayed and assassi- 
nated. 

679. How was Dentatus betrayed and assassi- 
nated ? 



THE AGE OF PERICLES. 177 

A. He was sent with 100 men to re- 
connoitre ; but the men fell upon him in 
the march : and though the old hero 
killed 15, and wounded 30, he was killed 
in the encounter. 

This brave old soldier was called the E,oman Achilles, 
, 680. For ivhat is Canuleius noted ? 

A. For two laws which he carried: 
One to allow Plebeians to marry into 
Patrician families ; and another to render 
them eligible to the highest offices of the 
state, (b. c. 445.) 

681. What was the state of Greece heti^een the 
'Roman Decemvirate and the Gaulish invasion? 

A. It was the Golden Age of Greece ; 
generally called the age of Pericles. 

Pericles was the Julius Csesar of Greece.- — Every nation 
seems to have a golden age of literature ; thus the age of 
Pericles was the golden age of Greece : The reign of Augus- 
tus Caesar, the golden age of Rome : That of Anne, the 
Augustan or golden age of England : And that of Louis XIV., 
the golden age of France. 

682. What famous events of Grecian history 
synchronize with this period of Roman history ? 

A. The Peloponnesian war, which 
lasted 27 years. The great plague of 
Athens. The famous retreat of the 
10,000, under Cyrus. And the banish- 
ment of the 30 tyrants from Athens. 

683. What great philosophers of Greece flour- 
ished during this period ? 

A» Soc'rates and Pla'to. 

8* 



178 FROM B. C. 391 TO 343. 

684. What great dra>matic writer 2, of Greece 
Jlourished during the age of Pericles ? 

A. Soph'ocles and Euripides, trage- 
dians ; and Aristoph'^nes, the comedian. 

685. What other celebrated writers of Greece 
' adarn the age of Pericles ^ 

A. Pindar, the greatest of lyric poets ; 

Herod'otus, Thucid'ides, and Xen'ophori, 

the best historians ; Isoc'r^tes and Lycias, 

orators; and several others. 

g. e. Hippoc'rates, fhe physician ; Phidias and Praxit'elus, 
the great sculptors ; Callim'achus, the inventor of the Corin- 
; thian order of architecture ; Damon and Pythias, the model 
.'friends; Zeuxis, the painter; &c., &c. 

686. What events of scripture history are co- 
itemporaneoiis with this period ? 

A. The history of the Old Testament 
closes ; and Malachi (the last of the 
.prophetsj dies. (b. c. 394.) 



iPROM THE Invasion of the Gauls to the 
Samnite Wars. 

B. 0. 391 to 343. Y. R. 362-410, 

687. Who ivere the Gauls ? 

A. The ancient inhabitants of France. 
An uncivilized and warlike people, very 
numerous and formidable in battle. 

The Gauls spread over France, Holland, Netherlands, the 
greater part of Germany, Switzerland, and the north of Italy. 



THE GAULS. 179 

688. What ivere their onilitary equipments ? 
A. A long narrow shield : and a sword 

of some mixed metal (resembling bronze) ; 
of so base a temper, as to be rendered use- 
less by collision with steel and iron. 

689. Did the Gauls vjear armour ? 

A. Not many of them w^ore body ar- 
mour : their usual dress in battle was a 
tartan plaid ; with ornaments of gold 
about their necks, arms, and ankles. 

690. When did these formidable hordes first 
disturb Roine? 

A. About 362 years after its founda- 
tion, a branch of them (which had been 
settled in Italy about 200 years) marched 
under Brennus, towards Clu'sium, one 
of the 12 Etruscan cities. 

Clusium (lat. 43"^ 3^, and long. 11^ 56') was the royal resi- 
dence of Porsenna ; whose formidable invasion of Rome, when 
he attempted to restore Tarquin II. to the throne, has been 
airead)'- adverted to. (See Q. 393.) 

691. Which branches of the Gauls had settled 
in Italy ? 

A. 3 branches south of the Po, called 

Cis-pada'nian Gauls ; and 5 north of the 

Po', called Trans-pada'nian Gauls. 

*' Cis" is a Latin word meaning on this side. The Gauls 
north of the river Po (Padus) were called Cis-padanian, 
because they were on the side nearest Rome : The others lived 
across the river or on the other side f trans J, 

692. Name the 3 Gallic tribes settled on the 
south of the Fo (fJis-padanians), 



180 FROM B. C. 391 TO 343. 

A. The Boi'ans, Lin'gones, and Sen'- 
ones. 

The Boians and Lingones dwelt in that part now called, 
Bologna (between 44° and Ao^ lat.) ; and the Senones occupied 
the east coast of Umbria, now called Urhino. 

693. Why did the Gauls invade Clusium ? 
A. Because the King of Clu'sium had 

taken away the wife of his younger 
brother, who applied to the Gauls to 
espouse his cause. 

The King of the Etruscans was called a *' Lu'cuMO," and 
the heir apparent to the throne was called " Aruns ;" whom 
the French call Dauphin, and the English call Prince of 
Wales. 

694. How did the Gauls receive this invitation ? 
A. Brennus, the chief of the Sen'ones, 

marched into Etruria, with 30,000 men. 

695. How did the Lucumo of Clusium seek to 
resist this formidable horde ? 

A. He seiit to Rome to crave assist- 
ance ; and the Romans sent over the 3 
sons of Fa'bius Ambus'tus to negotiate 
peace with the Gauls. 

696. How did Brennus receive the Roman 
fe'cials ? 

A. He said the Gauls intended no 

harm to the Etruscans, if allowed, to siet- 

tle quietly among them. - 

697. What reply did the Roman fecials make? 
' A. That the Gauls had no ^ claim to 
territory in Italy : Upon which Brennus 
exclaimed, that " brave men carry their 



INVASION OF BRENNUS. 181 

title with their swords ;" and both parties 
prepared for battle. 

698. What was the result of this battle ? 

A. The Etruscans were defeated ; but 
the carnage was stopped by Brennus. 

699. Why did Brennus stop the carnage ? 

A. Because his men recognized in the 
fight one of the 3 E-oman ambassadors ; 
who had no right to join in the battle, as 
his person was sacred. 

700. How did Brennus act, when he was ap- 
prized of this breach of the law of nations ? 

A. He sounded a truce, and sent his 

complaint to Rome : But, as the Romans 

refused to punish their fe'cial, Brennus 

vowed to raze their city to the ground. 

701. Hoiv did Brennus prepare to carry this 
threat into execution ? 

A. He increased his army ; and march- 
ed to Rome at the head of 74,000 men. 

702. Where did the two armies meet ? 

A. About 1 1 miles from Rome, on the 
banks of a little stream, called Allia: 
The Romans were utterly defeated, and 
such as could escape, fled to Ve'ii. 

This battle was fought on the 11th of July, B. c. 390 ; it was 
called di'cs Allien' sis ^ and held unlucky by the Romans ever 
after. 

703. Holo was the news of this disaster received 
at Rome? 



182 FROM B. C. 391 TO 343. 

A. With such consternation, that the 
inhabitants buried their goods, or fled 
with them to the neighbouring towns. 

704. What 77ieasures of defence were adopted 
by the Romans on this emergency ? 

A. They garrisoned the citadel with 

1000 soldiers ; but left the rest of Rome 

a prey to the Gauls, (b. c. 390.) 

The AR-X, or citadel of Rome, was on the north summit of 
the Mons Capitolinus. 

705. What instance of heroic valour is recorded 
to have taken place on this occasion ? 

A. 80 aged Patricians, of the highest 
rank in Rome, devoted themselves to the 
infernal Gods, to propitiate their supposed 
wrath. 

706. How did these 80 nobles sacrifice them- 
selves for their country ? 

A. Dressed in their robes of state, and 
seated in the Forum in their ivory chairs, 
they awaited in solemn silence the ap- 
proach of the enemy. 

707. What notice did the Gauls take of this 
august assembly? 

A. They were awe-struck; and thought 
the gods of Rome had come down to pro- 
tect the city from destruction. 

708. How ivas this notion dispelled ? 

A. One of the Gauls went up to the 
priest Papir'ius to stroke his white beard ; 



EOME BURNED BY THE GAULS. 183 

when the indignant Roman struck him 
with his ivory sceptre : A tumult instantly 
ensued, and the 80 patriots were killed 
on the spot. 

The most remarkable instances of self-immolation in E-oman 
history are, the 80 senators ; Quintus Curtius ; and the 3 
Decii. 

709. Ho'w did the Gauh proceed after this 
massacre f 

A. Having plundered the city and set 
it on fire, they marched to the citadel to 
invest it with troops, (b, c. 390.) 

710. How was the citadel of Rome fortified ? 
A. It was built on a steep cliff very 

difficult of access, except by one narrow 
path, strongly guarded : As Brennus was 
unable to take it by storm, he resolved to 
reduce it by famine. 

711. What calamity befell the Gauls i?i this 
siege ? 

A. A fever broke out amongst the 

troops, of which above 1000 persons died ; 

their dead bodies were burned at the foot 

of the cliff, and the place is called the 

Gallic Pyre to this day (Busta Gallica), 

712. What efforts were made by the Romans to 
save their citadel and temple ? 

A. They collected an army under the 
conduct of Camillus, and resolved to open 
a communication with the besieged gar- 
rison if possible. 



184 FROM B. C. 891 TO 343. 



1 



The citadel and capitol were two summits of the same hill 
(mons Capitolium). 

713. Who undertook this dangerous expedition ? 
A. Comin'ius undertook to swim down 

the Tiber by night ; climb the cliiF into 
the citadel ; and encourage the garrison 
to hold out, as succour was at hand. 

714. How did he succeed in this adventure ? 

A. He entered the citadel, and re- 
turned to Veii in safety : but his foot- 
prints were observed next morning, and 
Brennus profited by the hint. 

715. Hoiv did Brennus avail himself of this 
discovery ? 

A. He resolved to lead up a file of 

soldiers by the same path, at the dead of 

night ; and attack the garrison unawares, 

716. How did this attempt succeed? 

A. A detachment of Gauls, in single 
file, clambered up the cliiF so silently, 
that the foremost reached the top without 
being challenged, (b. c. 390.) 

717. Did the Gauls gain access into the citadel ^ 
A. No: just as the foremost man was 

striding across the rampart, some sacred 
geese (disturbed by the noise) began to 
cackle, and awoke the garrison. 

These geese were kept in the Capitol in honour of Juno. 
To commemorate this event, the Romans carried a golden 
goose in procession to the Capitol every year ; and sacrificed d 
dog, because the watch dogs did not bark. 



ROME SAVED BY GEESE. 185 

718. Who ivas first roused by the geese ? 

A. Marcus Manilas, who rushed to 
the spot, and hurled the Gaul over the 
precipice ; in his fall, he bore down the 
rest of the file to the bottom of the cliff. 

Manlius received the name of Capitolmus, either from this 
circumstance, or because his house stood on the mons Capi- 
tolmus. The sentinel, who had endangered the garrison by 
sleeping on his post was bound hand and foot, and cast over 
the precipice. 

719. What effect was produced by this discom- 
fiture ? 

A. Brennus capitulated with the be- 
leaguered Romans ; and promised to draw 
off his soldiers for 1000 pounds weight of 
gold. 

720. Hovj did the garrison obtain this gold f 
A. The Roman women voluntarily gave 

up their personal ornaments, and the res- 
idue was taken from the Capitol. 

For this act of self-denial, the Romans permitted noble 
women (as well as men) to be honoured at death by a funeral 
oration. 

721. What act of dishonesty was Brennus 
guilty of in this treaty ? 

A. When the Romans complained that 
the Gauls weighed the gold with false 
weights, he clapped his sword into the 
weight-pan, crying out, '' the vanquished 
ought to suffer !" 

722. What was the issue of this affair ? 

A. While Brennus and the garrison 



186 FROM B. C. 391 TO 343. 

were still disputing, Camillus entered 
with a vast army ; commanded the gold 
to be taken back ; and said to the Gaul, 
" We Romans buy our ransom with steel, 
and not with gold !" 

723. Hoiv did Brennus receive this insult ? 
A. He instantly prepared for battle ; 

but Camillus gained a great victory, in 
which Brennus and the Gaul's were cut 
to pieces, (b. c. 390.) 

It is said that the Roman garrison, at the time of capitula- 
tion, was on the point of starvation. — They had been reduced 
to eat the soles of their shoes, and the thongs of their shields ; 
but, in order to deceive the Gauls, collected every atom of 
liour they could scrape together, baked it into bread, and flung 
it over the wall into the camp of the enemy . Brennus (deceived 
with this show of plenty) was the more willing to come to 
terms of peace. But the whole story of this invasion is so 
embellished, it is impossible to say where fiction begins and 
history ends. 

724. What became of the houseless Ronia7is 
after the Gauls tvere driven from Italy? 

A. Many wished to quit Rome alto- 
gether, and live at Ve'ii, where there were 
plenty of houses ready built ; but the 
Patricians resolutely opposed this plan, 
and induced the people to rebuild the 
ruined city. (b. c. 389.) 

725. How %vere the 'people induced to rebuild 
the city burned by the Gauls ? 

A. They were allowed to take stone 

and wood, free of expense; and to use 



EOME REBUILT. 187 

the houses of Veil, as materials for build- 
ing, for the space of one entire year. 

As every man built how and where he pleased, the new city 
was very irregular ; and the streets remained very narrow and 
crooked, till the great hre in the reign of Nero. 

726. Who molested the Ro^nans in their dis- 
tress ? 

A. The Vorscians and Etruscans de- 
clared war against them ; the Latins and 
Her nicans renounced their alliance ; and 
the Patricians and Plebeians renewed their 
old agrarian contest. 

727. Who was ajpjpointed Dictator in this 
crisis ? 

A. Camillus ; who routed the Etrus'- 
cans, Vorscians, Latins, and Her'nicans: 
and compelled the unwilling to return to 
Rome under severe penalties. 

Etruria was the country just above Rome, as far as Tuscany ; 
the other 3 dwelled just below Rome, in Campagna di Iloma. 

728. By ivhat device %vas the population of 
Rome increased ? 

A. By granting the franchise to 4 
neighbouring states, and forming them 
into 4 new tribes: So that henceforth 
there were 25 tribes instead of 21 

Servius Tullius divided the people into 30 tribes ; but so 
many were slain in contest with Porsenna, that the number 
was decreased to 20 : It was subsequently augmented to 35. 

THE NAMES OF THE TRIBES. 

Camilia, Cluentia, Collina, Cornelia, Crustumine, ^Emilia, 
Esquilina, Fabia, Galeria, Horatia, Lemonia, Meneyiia, Pala- 
Una, Papiria, Pupinia, Bomilia, Sergia^ Suburana^ Veturia^ 
and Voltinia. 



188 FROM B. C. 391 TO 343. 

Appius Claudius, and his clients (when they ei^jLigrated to 
Kome from the Sabines), were constituted into a separate tribe 
called Claudia (tribus). (b. c. 504.) 

Shortly after the Gallic invasion, 4 new tribes were added, 
namely, Arnie7tsiSj Sabatina, Stellati?ia, and Tromentina. 
(B. c. 387.) 

Twenty-nine years afterwards, two new tribes were formed, 
of Volscians, namely, Pomptina and Publilia. (b. c. 358.) 

The Censors, Q. Publilius Philo, and Sp. Postumius, in- 
creased the number of tribes to 29, by the addition of Mo&cia 
and Scaptia. b. c. 332. 

Two more, Ufentina and Falerina, were added b. c. 318. 

I'he Censors added two more, Aniensis and Terentina, in 
B. c. 299. 

And lastly, the number was increased to 35 by the addition 
of Quirma and Vallna, in B. c. 241. Of these the Suhurana 
was first in order, and Arniensis the last, when the votes of 
the tribes were taken in the Comitia tributa. 

729/ What was the condition of the common 
people at this juncture ? 

A. Most distressing. They had lost 
their houses, cattle, and crops ; had to 
furnish themselves all afresh ; and were 
oppressed with heavy taxes, to repair the 
city walls, and prosecute the wars. 

730. Who pitied the condition of the people, 
and sought to relieve their wants ? 

A. Marcus Manlius, who pushed the 

Gaul over the citadel. 

731. What did Manlius do to relieve the com- 
mon people ? 

A. He sold one of his private estates, 

in order to relieve their wants and pay 

their debts, (b. c. 385.) 

732. Hoiv was he rewarded for this benevo- 
lence ? 

A. The Senate became jealous of his 



THE LICINIAN REFORM BILL. 189 

popularity, accused him of sedition, and 
cast him into prison. 

A similar jealousy cost Spurius Maelius liis life 55 years 
before, b. c. 440. (See Q. 600.) 

733. Hoia did the common people bear this un- 
just sentence against their favourite ? 

A. They thronged the door of his 
prison in such numbers, that the Senate 
released him, to prevent an insurrection. 

734. What effect did this produce on Manlius ? 
A. He became so exasperated against 

the Patricians, that he stirred up the 
Plebeians to rebel against them. 

735. How ivas this rebellion crushed ? 

A. An envoy (sent to confer with 
Manlius on the Tarpeian rock) treach- 
erously pushed him over ; and he perished 
in the' fall. (b. c. 384.) 

Ilis house was burned to the ground by order of the Senate ; 
but he was greatly lamented by the poor, who called him " The 
father of the people." 

N. B. The Manlian clan never bore. his name, ''Marcus," 
afterwards. 

736. Who espoused the cause of the common 
people after the death of Marcus Manlius ? 

A. Licin'ius Stolo, and Lucius Sex- 
tins, the 2 Tribunes ; who proposed what 
may be termed the ROMAN REFORM 
BILL. (b. c, 376.) 

737. What were the items of the Licinian Re- 
form Bill? 

A. 1st— That the interest, which debt- 



190 FROM B. C. 391 TO 343. 

ors had already paid, should be deducted 
from their debts ; and the balance be 
paid off by 3 yearly instalments : 

2dly — That no one should be allowed 
to hold more than 280 acres (500 jugera) 
of the public land ; nor to pasture in it 
above 100 oxen and 500 sheep : and 

3dly— That the chief magistrates should 
in future be two Consuls, one of whom 
should be a Plebeian. 

It must never be forgotten, that the agrarian laws of Rome 
did not refer to private property, but only to the " ager publi- 
cus*' or state lands, which accrued to the nation by conquests, 
&c. 

738. How ivere the Patricians induced to sub- 
mit to these proposals ? 

A. They resisted for 10 years ; but 
Licinius and Sextius were re-elected Trib- 
unes year after year ; and at length the 
bills were passed into law. (b. c. 366.) 

739. What ivere tlie first-fruits of the Liicinian 
Reform Bill ? 

A. Lucius Sextius was elected The 

First Plebeian Consul, (b. c. 366.) 

740. What neiD rjiagistrate was created, i?t 
order to gratify the Patricians ? 

A. A Patrician Magistrate, called a. 
Praetor; who acted as deputy, when the 
Consuls, w^ere absent. At the same time, 
2 Patrician ^i^diles were created, as a set- 
off against the Plebeian ^diles. 



DEATH OF CAMILLUS. 191 

Although the Patricians strove to keep the Plebeians from 
office, we find the Plebeian C. Marcius Rutilus appointed 
Dictator, b. c. 358; the same man was Censor^ b. c. 351. A 
Publilius Philo (a Plebeian) rose to the office of Proitor, B. c. 
337 : and in 300, even the sacred offices of Priest and Augur 
were thrown open. 

741. What calamity befell Rome about this 
tz?ne ? 

A. A dreadful pestilence ; by which 

Camillas was carried oiF, aged 82. (b. c. 

365.) 

742. What improvements luere introduced by 
Camillus into the Roman army ? 

A. He changed the unwieldy phalanx 
into the active legion; and improved the 
Roman armour. 

The phalanx was deeper, and presented a smaller front than 
the legion. 

743. Did the Gauh ever return to Italy, oftei 
their defeat by Camillus ? 

A. Yes; two or three times. At length, 
however, they were so completely beaten 
by Vale nus Corvus, that they never in- 
vaded Rome again, (b. c. 349.) 



Social and Political History of Rome 
between the gaulish invasion and 
THE Samnite Wars. 

744. What great loss has Roman history sus- 
tained from the Gaulish invasion ? 

A. The ancient Roman chronicles were 



192 FROM B.C. 891 TO 843. 



lost in the fire which destroyed the city. 
(b. c. 390.) 

745. What evil has resulted from this loss ? 
A. The accuracy of all the history of 

Rome, prior to this invasion, is extremely 
doubtful : as it depends upon tradition 
and poetry, rather than historical records. 

746. What were those ancient chronicles called^ 
which IV ere burned by the Gauls ? 

A. They were called FASTI. 

747. What ivas the nature of these Fasti ? 

A. They were annals kept from year 
to year by the Chief Priest, containing 
the names of the magistrates, and a note 
of every important event, opposite to the 
day and month on which it occurred. 

These Fasti were also called Annales Max'imi (the Annals 
of the Maximus, i. e. the Pontifex Maximus, or Chief Pontiff). 

748. How ivere these annals kept ? 

A. They were written on a white board 
(album) ; and hung up in the Pontiff's 
house. 

749. What historical records were left in Rome 
after the Gaidish conflagration ? 

A. Some events were engraved on 

tablets of brass: Some were signalized 

by temples and statues. As many of 

these survived the fire, they were of great 

assistance to the future historian. 






ROMAN CROWNS. 193 

The statues of tlie 7 kings ; Tarquin's treaty with the Gabii ; 
the famous treaty with Carthage ; the League of Spurius 
Cassius with the Latins ; the Laws of the XII. tables ; the 
spoils which Cossus took from the Lar Tolumnius ; and some 
other monuments escaped the destruction, and may be de- 
pended on. But the biography of the heroes, which depends 
on funeral songs, national ballads, tradition, and so on, is 
worthy of very little credit; hence the beautiful legends of 
Coriolanus, Cincinnatus, and Camillus, during the republic— 
as well as of the kings of Rome, during the monarchy — must 
be received with great caution, and ought scarcely to be called 
historical. 

750. What taere the crowns hestoived by the 
Komans on distinguished loarriors ? 

A. Wreaths of metal or leaves, vary- 
ing according to the service performed. 

: 751. Which croivn %vas the most honourable ? 

A. The '' Blockade crown" (corona oh- 
sidionalis) ; presented by a beleaguered 
army to the general, who liberated them. 

752. Of ivhat was the '' Blockade crown''' 
made ? 

A. Of grass and wild flowers, gathered 
from the spot where the army was be- 
sieged. 

753. What crown was next in honour ? 

A. The " Civic crown" (corona civ'- 
tea) ; presented to him who preserved 
the life of a Roman in battle. This 
crowm was made of oak leaves. 

It bore this inscription, *' H. . C. S," i. e. hos'tem oc'cidit, 
ci'vem servavit (the foe he slew, the citizen saved). • 

754. What was the Zd crown called ? 

A. The " Mural crowm" (coro'na mu" 

9 



194 FROM B. C. 391 TO 8:43. 

ralis) ; given to him, who first scaled the 
enemy's wall. This crown was made 
of gold, and decorated with battlements. 

755. What was the 4th sort of crovm ? 

A. The '' Camp crown" (coro'na cas- 
tren'sis) ; given to him who first forced 
his way into the enemy's camp. It was 
made of gold, and decorated with pali- 
sades. 

756. What luas the 6th sort of crown ? 

A. The '^ Triumphal crown" (coro'na 
trium'phans) ; given to the general who 
obtained a victory. 

757. Of v)hat was the Triumphal crown 
made ? 

A. Of laurel or bay leaves : A mas- 
sive gold crown was often presented to a 
victorious general for the same merit. 

758. What was the 6th sort of crown 1 

A. The " Ovation crown" (coro'na ova- 
Us) ; given to the general who van- 
quished pirates, or any despised enemies. 
It was made of myrtle. 

759. What was the 7th crown ? 

A. The '' Olive crown" (coro'na ole- 
a^'ina) ; given to those who distinguished 
themselves in battle in some way not be- 
fore mentioned. It was mad« of olive 
leaves. 



FR^ETOKS, 195 

760. What other sort of crown v;as occasionally 
given at a later period ? 

A. The '' Naval crown" (coro'na no- 
va Us J ; given to him who won a naval 
victoryo It was made of gold ; and dec- 
orated with the beaks of ships. 

761. What were the duties of a Prcetcn- ? 

A. The Praetor was a kind of 3d Con- 
sul ; who acted for the Consuls in their 
absence. He was preceded by 6 lictors 
instead of 12. 

762. How many Prcetors were there ? 

A. Only one was annually elected for 
above a century : Afterwards the duties 
were divided between 2 magistrates, — 
the city Prsetor, and the alien Pr^tor. 
(b. c. 246.) 

763. What were the duties of the city Prcetor 
(FrcEtor TJrha'nus) ? 

A. He was the Chief Justice of Rome, 

and presided in the criminal courts. He 

also superintended the games of Apollo. 

764. What were the duties of the alien Prcetor 
{Prcetor Peregri'nus) ? 

A. To settle the disputes of aliens ; or 

those between a Roman and an alien. 

When provinces were added to K-ome provincial, Praetors 
were created to preside over them : The first two were created 
(b. c, 227) one over Sicily and another over Sardinia. 



196 MARCUS MANLIUS. 



Celebrated Men, between the Gaulish 

Invasion and the Samnite Wars. 

^ 765. Who ivas Marcus Wlanlius ? 

A. A Consular of Rome, whose house 
stood on the Capitol. When the Gauls 
scaled the hill, he reached the rampart in 
time to hurl the foremost down the preci- 
pice. 

a Consular (consularis) is one who had been a Consul. The 
Capitol is the hill. on which the citadel and temple of Jupiter 
Optinius and Maximus stood. 

766. How did Marcus Manlius d/htinguish 
himself afterwards ? 

A, He espoused the cause of the com- 
mon people, w^ho were oppressed by taxes, 
debt, and tyranny. His popularity ex- 
cited the jealousy of the Patricians, who 
cast him into prison, (b. c. 362.) 

767. Why ivas Marcus Manlius liberated from 
this unjust incarceration ? 

A. Because the common people ex- 
pressed their indignation so boldly, that 
the Patricians feared an insurrection. 

768. How did Manlius resent this oppression ? 
A. He incited the people to rebellion, 

was charged w^ith high treason, and cast 
headlong from the Tarpe'ian rock. 

769. Who was Marcus Furius Camillus ? 

A. One of the greatest heroes of an- 



I 



CAMILLUS. 197 

cient Rome, and called The Second Rom- 
ulus. He was once Censor, 5 times Dic- 
tator, and 6 times Consul. 

770. For what military achievements is Ca- 
millus celebrated ? 

A. For the siege of Ve n ; and for his 

victories over the Falis'cans, Vols'cians, 

JE'quians, and Gauls, &c. 

771. What legend is told of CaTnillus, ivhen he 
reduced the Faliscans ? 

A. It is said that a schoolmaster offered 

to betray his scholars to him for reward. 

(b. c. 394.) 

772. What reply did Camillus make ? 

A. He cried out with abhorrence, that 
'' the Romans did not wage war with boys 
but men." 

773. How did Camillus punish the treacherous 
schoolmaster ? 

. A. He commanded him to be flogged 

back into the town by his own scholars. 

774. Hoiv %oas Camillus treated by his country- 
men, after the reduction of Veii ? 

A. He was accused of making an un- 
fair distribution of the spoil ; and went 
into voluntary exile to escape punishment. 

775. What wish did Camillus express, when 
he left the ungrateful city ? 

A. He praved the gods to vindicate his 



198 CORVUS. 

innocence; and grant that he might show, 
by future services, how freely he forgave 
his ungrateful countrymen. 

776. When did Camillus see his wish fulfilled? 
A. The very next year; when the 

Gauls invaded Rome, and burnt the city. 

777. How did Camillus serve his country in 
this crisis ? 

A. While the besieged Romans were 
weighing their ransom to the Gallic chief; 
Camillus arrived with an army, and com- 
manded the gold to be taken back. 

778. How did the Gauls resent this inters 
ference ? 

A. They instantly prepared for battle ; 

but were defeated with great slaughter, 

and such as survived fled from Italy. 

779. Hoiv did Camillus die ? 

A. He died of a pestilence, shortly 
after the 2d invasion of the Gauls, aged 
82 years, (b. c. 365.) 

At the age of 80 he was made Dictator for the 5th time ; 
and utterly vanquished the Gauls, who never afterwards in- 
vaded Rome. 

780. Who ivas Marcus Yale'rius Corvus ? 

A. One of the most illustrious men in 
the early Republic: Six times Consul, 
and twice Dictator. 

781. For what victory is Corvus celebrated? 



TORQUATUS. 199 

A. For his defeat of thg Sam'nites, at 
Mount Gaurus. (b. c. 343.) 

The Samnites dwelled in that part of Italy now called Na- 
ples, between 41 and 42 deg. N. lat. Mount Gaurus (close to 
Cuma) is just above Cape Miseno, in the Gulf of Naples. 

782. Why was he called Corvus, or Raven ? 
A. Because (when serving under Ca- 

millus) he accepted the challenge of a 
gigantic Gaul to single combat, and was 
greatly assisted by a raven, (b. c. 349.) 

783. Hoiv ivas M. Valerius assisted by a raven 
in this encounter ^ 

A. A raven having lighted on his hel- 
met, flew at the Gaul, picking his eyes 
and face, so that he could not fight. 

784. How old was Valerius Corvus, when he 
died ? 

A. He reached the patriarchal age of 

100 years ; and is often quoted by Roman 

writers, as the "favourite of fortune." 

785. Who was Titus Manlius Torqudtus ? 
A. A favourite hero of Roman story : 

Twice Dictator, and three times Consul. 

786. What is said of the early life of this 
hero ? 

A. Being thought a dullard, he was 

brought up in retirement : But when his 

father was accused by the Tribune of this 

unfatherly conduct, the young Manlius 

compelled him to withdraw the charge. 



200 FIIOM B. C. 391 TO 843. 

787. IIoiv did Manlius Torqualus comj^el the 
Tribune to drop this accusation ? 

A. He hurried to Rome ; gained ad- 
mission to the Tribune ; and threatened 
to murder him unless he withdrew the 
charge, (b. c. 362.) 

788. Hoiv ivas Manlius punish^ for intimi- 
dating the Tribune ? 

A. The Romans thought his conduct 

so noble and generous, that he was not 

punished at all, but highly commended. 

789. Why ivas he called Torquatus [Neck- 
laced) ? 

A. Because he slew, in single combat, 

a Gaul of giant stature, whose golden 

chain (torques) he afterwards wore as a 

trophy, (b. c. 361.) 

790. What instance of stern severity is recorded 
of Manlius. Torquatus during his Zd Consulship^ 

A. In a w^ar with the Latins, he gave 

orders that no Roman should engage in 

single combat on pain of death : But the 

proclamation was violated by his owai son. 

791. Relate the cause of this violation of the 
consular commands ? 

A. A noble Latin (named Met 'tins 
Gem 'inns) provoked the young Manlius 
wdth repeated insults ; w^hereupon he slew 
the insulter, and carried the spoils in tri- 
umph to his father, (b. c. 340.) 



FROM B. C. 391 TO 343. 201 

792. How did Torquatus receive his son ? 

' A. He commanded him to instant 
death, for violating the orders of his com- 
mander : But this severity brought on 
him great opprobrium, and he was nick- 
named '' The Imperious" flmperiosicsj. 

This act of severity rendered the name of Manlius prover- 
bial: and '^Manlian orders" (Manliana imperiaj became 
synonymous with over-strained severity. 

793. Who was Licinius Calvus^ surnamed 
Stolo ? 

A. A Tribune for 9 successive years ; 
during which time, he brought the con- 
test between the Patricians and Plebe- 
ians to an end by his 8 rogations, (b. c. 
376-367.) 

E/Ogation means the demand made by the Consuls or Trib- 
unes of a law to be passed by the people. (See Q. 737.) 

794. What is the meaning of the word Stolo ? 
A. " The sucker of a tree." He was so 

called in ridicule by the Patricians, who 
looked upon him as an upstart. 

795. Who was the colleague of Licinius Stolo ? 
A. Lucius Sextius, the first Plebeian 

Consul, (b. e. 366.) 

796. Who was Caius Marcius Ru'tilus ? 

A. The first Plebeian Dictator of 

« 

Rome (b. c. 356); and also the first 
Plebeian Censor, (b. c. 351.) 

797. Who loas Marcus PopiVius Lcenas .^ 

A. A Plebeian, who was thrice made 

9* 



-.202 Q. CURTIUS. 

Consul : He won a signal victory over 
the Gauls, and obtained the first Ple- 
beian Triumph at Rome. (b. c. 350.) 

The first Plebeian Prsetor was appointed R. c. 337 ; his name 
was Quinus Publilius Philo. The first Plebeian Pontifex 
Maximus was Tiberius Coruncanius, appointed b. c. 253. 

798. Who was Quintus Curtius La'cus ? 

A. A Roman youth, who devoted him- 
self to death for the safety of his country. 
(b. c. 362.) 

799. What is the tradition of this self-immola- 
lion ? 

A. A vast chasm appeared in the 
forum from some unknown cause ; which 
the soothsayers declared would never be 
filled up, till Rome threw into it its great- 
est treasure. 

800. Hoiv did Q. Curtius interpret this oracle ? 
A. He said, Rome's greatest treasure 

was a brave and patriotic citizen: Hav- 
ing, therefore, mounted his charger, in 
full armour, he leaped into the gulf, 
which instantly closed over him. 

801. What ivas this gulf called ? 

A. The Curtian lake (La'ais Cur'tius). 
From this circumstance Curtius was sur- 
named '' La cus." 

802. How is this tradition generally explained ? 
A. It is supposed, that the Romans 

were engaged in fight, when Quintus 



BBENKUS. 203 

Curtius spurred his horse across a dan- 
gerous swamp, and turned the tide of 
battle in the Homan favour. 

803. Who tvas Brennus ? 

A. The leader of the Senonian Gauls, 
who defeated the Romans at the river 
Aria, and burnt their city. (b. c. 390.) 

The river Alia enters the Tiber, about 6 miles above Home. 

804. Who ivere the Sen' ones ? 

A. A powerful people, who dwelt along 
the upper part of the Seinq (in France)^ 
and followed Brennus their chief into Italy. 

805. How long was Brennus master of Rome ? 
A. About 8 months ; when Camillus 

came upon him suddenly with a large 
army, and dislodged him. (b. c. 390.) 

806. What legend is told by the 'Romans, re- 
specting the death of Brennus .^ 

A. They say that Camillus not only 

put the Gauls to flight, but slew Brennus 

and his whole army, so that not one of 

them escaped, (b. c. 390.) 

807. What great orator lived in Greece during 
this period ? 

A. Demos^thenes, the greatest orator 

Athens ever produced, (b. c. 285-322). 

808. What mighty conqueror loas horn in 
Greece, 30 yea/}'S after Rome was burnt by the 
Gauls I 



204 THE SEVEN WONDERS. 

A. Alexander the Great; son of 
Philip, King of Macedon. (^b. c. 356- 

323.) 

809. What magnificent temple was burnt on 
the day of Alexander's hirth ? 

A. The temple of Dian'a, at Ephesns, 
one of the 7 wonders of the world : It was 
set fire to by Eros'tr&tus, merely to per- 
petuate his name. (b. c. 356.) 

The 7 wonders of the world were — 1. The Colossus of 
Rhodes. 2. The ivory statue of Jupiter Olympus (by Phidias). 

3. The Mausoleum or Sepulchre of Mausolus (in Asia Minor). 

4. The Pyramids of Egypt. 5. The Walls and Hanging Gar- 
dens of Babylon (in Assyria). 6. The Temple of Diana, at 
Ephesus (in Greece). And 7. Either the Palace of Cyrus, 
King of the Medes ; or else the Pharos, built of white marble, 
in the Bay of Alexandria; in which fires were kept always 
burning, visible at the distance of 100 miles. 



From the Samnite Wars to the First 
Punic War. (b.c. 343-264.) 

the golden age of the republic. 

810. Who ivere the Samnites ? 

A. A brave and powerful people, 
dwelling in the centre of Italy. They 
were far superior to the Romans in num- 
ber, extent of territory, and refinement. , 

Samnium is thie eastern part of Naples, between 4P and 42*^ 
N. lat. They were, at the outbreak of the war, allies of Rome^ 

811. What occasioned the 1st Samnite ivar ? 
A. The Samnites had attacked the 



FIRST SAMOTTE WAR. 205 

Campa'nians ; and the Campanians al- 
lied themselves to Rome for defence 
against their invaders, (b. c. 343.) 

812. Did the Romans accejit the alliance of the 
Campanians ? 

A. Yes; and then commanded the 

Samnites to desist from hostilities against 

the Campanians, their allies. 

Campania is the western half of the same part of Naples. 

813. What did the Samnites reply ? 

A. As the war was begun before the 
alliance was made, Rome had no business 
in the matter ; and they should consider 
their own alliance cancelled by this in- 
terference. 

814. What was the result of this answer ? 

A. Both prepared for war: The Ro- 
man generals were, Vale'rius Corvus and 
Cornelius Cossus (the 2 Consuls). 

815. What was the character of Valerius Cor- 
vus? 

A. He was the greatest general of the 

age : amiable in disposition, powerful in 

body, indomitable in courage, and the 

idol of the army. 

816. Where was the \st battle fought between 
the Romans and the Samnites ? 

A. On Mount Gaurus (near Naples) ; 

The Romans obtained the victory, (b. c. 

343.) 



206 niOM B. C. 348 TO 264. 

The Samnites used to say, " They were frighted by the eyes 
of the Romans, which flashed fire." 

817. What success followed the other Consul^ 
Cornelius Cossus ? 

A. Being joined by the victorious army 
at Siies'siila (near Samnium), the Sam- 
nites were again defeated, and submitted 
to their conquerors. 

Livy says, that 40,000 shields and 170 standards were .taken 
by the Romans in this battle. Suessula (noio Sessola), lat. 
4P ; E. long. 14i°. 

818. How %v ere the two Consuls honoured for 
these important victories ? 

A. Wjlth a triumph ; for having con- 
quered the most formidable enemy that 
Rome had hitherto encountered. 

Peace was concluded with the Samnites on condition that 
they contributed 1 year's pay to the Roman soldiers, and corn 
sufficient for 3 months, (b. c. 341.) 

819. Against whom did the Samnites join the 
Jiomans in wary after the late peace and alliance ? 

A. Against the Latins, (b. c. 340.) 

Latium forms the N. E. boundary of Campania, and lies im- 
mediately under Rome. 

820. Hoiv came the Roma7is to take up arms 
against the LaMns, who were their allies ? 

A. Because they demanded that one 
of the Consuls and half the Senate should 
he Latins; This demand being indig- 
nantly refused, brought about The Great 
Latin War. (b. c. 340-33^.) 

821. Where ivas the first battle fought ? 



ANTIUM TAKEN. 207 

A. Near Mount Vesuvius : The Lat- 
ins were conquered with great slaughter. 

The Romans and Samnites, in this war, were opposed to the 
Latins, Volscians, Auruncians, Sidicinians, and Canipanians : 
after the battle the Campanitins surrendered to the Romans. 

N. B. The Volscians inhabited the lower part of Latiimi ; the 
Auruncians and Sidicinians the upper part of Campania, 

822. Where was the second battle fought ? 

A. On the banks of the Liris : The 
Latins w^ere again defeated, and obliged 
to surrender to their conquerors, (b. c. 
340.) 

823. Oil ivha.t terms ivas this surrender made ? 
A. 1st — -The chief part of Latium was 

surrendered to the Romans : 

2dly — The Latin confederacy w^as dis- 
solved ; their diets or parliaments forbid- 
den ; and the people made subject to 
Rome, 

Some of the Latin towns received the Roman franchise ; as 
Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum, and Pedum. Some were re- 
ceived into the Roman state, like the ancient Plebeians (see 
Q, 165), as Capua, Curase, Suessula, Fundi, and Formia3. 
Some were reduced to slavery and deprived of all their terri- 
tory, as Velitrya, Tibur, Prseneste. The Latin nation, being 
thus divided, never rose again to independence. 

824.' Which was the last- of the Latin towns, 
to hold out against the Romans ? 

A. An'tium, an ancient town on the 
Etruscan sea : Camillus took it, and de- 
prived it of all its ships, (b. c. 338.) 

825. What loas done loith these ships, taken 
from Antium ? 

A. Their beaks were nailed on the 



208 FROM B. C. 343 TO 264. 

hustings of the Roman forum, which 
were, from this time, called the rostra 
(beaks), 

Antium gradually recovered its former importance, and 
became a favourite seaport in the latter time of the Republic, 
and during the Empire. Nero was born at Antium, and tlie 
famous statue of Apollo Belvidere adorned Nero's palace, 
there. Antium (now Anzo) is about 41^'^ N. lat. on the coast. 

826. What caused the 2d Samnite war ? 

A. Their allies, the NeapoFitans, had 
committed acts of violence on some Ro- 
man settlers about Campa'nia, and re- 
fused to make reparation, (b. c. 327). 

827. Hoiu did the Romans act, in defence of 
their settlers ? 

A. They commanded the Sam'nitesto 

withdraw from Neap'olis (Naples), but 

they refused ; and the Romans instantly 

declared war against both nations. 

The Romans provoked this rupture by sending a colony to 
Fregellss, a town belonging to the Samnites by right of con- 
quest. 

828. Who was the Ge^ieral of the Samnite 
army in this second outbreak ? 

A. Pon'tius, a noble-minded hero; fa- 
mous for his skill in command, and his 
clemency to the vanquished. 

829. Give an instance of the clemency of Pon- 
tius^ the Samnite General ? 

A. When the Roman army impru- 
dently entered the gorge of Cau'dium 
(called the Caiidine forks),, and found 



SECOND SAMNITE WAR. 209 

themselves hemmed in on all sides, Pon- 
tius refused to massacre them, or take 
them prisoners, (b. c. 321.) 

The Caudine forks (FurccB Caiidince) in Samnium, lat. 41^ 
4', long. 14° 30', now called the Valley of Arpaia. 

830. What conditions did this nohle Samnite 
make 'with the beleaguered Romafis ? 

A. 1st — :That all places belonging to 
the Sam nites should be restored : 

2dly — That the Romans should with- 
draw their colonies from the Samnite 
towns : 

3dly — That 600 Roman knights should 
be given as hostages, till the treaty was 
confirmed by the Senate : and 

4thly — That the Roman army should 
pass under the yoke, in acknowledgment 
of subjugation » 

It is said, that Pontius sent to ask his father how he should 
treat the Roman army, which had fallen into his power : the 
aged chieftain sent word back, "Dismiss them all unhurt;" 
Pontius, not willing to take this advice, sent another messen- 
ger, to whom the old man said, '' Slay every one." Pontius, 
perplexed at these contradictory replies, went in person for 
explanation ; when Herennius said — " Either dismiss them 
imhurt and make them friends — or slay them at once, and pre- 
vent their being enemies." 

831. Hoiv did the B^oman senators act, on the ^ 
return of the disgraced army ? 

A. They refused to ratify the treaty ; 
and sent back the army in bonds, for 
Pontius to do with it what he pleased. 

832. Hoiv did Pontius receive the army^ which 
the Senate sent to him in bonds ? 



210 FROM B. C. 843 TO 2G4. 

A. Indignant with the Romans for 
their breach of faith, he dismissed both 
the army and the hostages unhurt. 

Roman writers say, their army was entrapped in the Caudine 
g-orge by the following stratagem: — Pontius first blocked up 
the outlet of the gorge with rocks and trunks of trees ; and 
then sent 10 soldiers, dressed as peasants, to decoy the Ro- 
mans into the trap : When Postumius (the Consul) saw the 10 
men, and asked them the way to the Samnite army, they told 
him to march through this defile ; where the Samnites hemmed 
him in on every side. 

We are further told, that when the Roman army returned 
home, the whole city put on mourning for 12 months; during 
which time no festival w^as held, and no marriage solemnized, 

833. Was the loar reneived after this disgrace- 
ful breach of faith in the Roman Senate ? 

A. Yes, and continued with varying 
success for about 20 years ; But after the 
Her nicans were defeated, the Samnites 
again concluded peace with Rome, which 
lasted for 7 years, (b. c. 305—298.) 

834. What caused the Sd Samnite ivar ? 
A. The Samnites, smarting under the 

Roman yoke, resolved to make another 
effort for liberty, and invaded Luca'nia. 

(b. c. 298.) 

Lucania is in the lower part of Naples, and forms the east 
boundary of the Gulf of Taranto. 

835. Hoiv did the invasion of Ziucania lead to 
the Zd Samnite ivar ? 

A. The Luca nians placed themselves 
mder the protection of Rome ; and the 
Romans commanded the Samnites not to 



THIED SAMNITE WAR. 211 

molest them : As the Samnites refused to 
obey, the war broke out afresh. 

Niebuhr says, that this war (which lasted 8 years ) is one of 
the grandest recorded in history ; and though the Samnites 
were not successful, their vigour, their plan of operation, and 
their courage, were perfectly unexceptionable. 

836. What allies assisted the Samnites in their 
3d contest with Rome ? 

A. The Italian Gauls, Um'brians, and 

Etru'rians : But the allied armies suffered 

a great defeat near Senti'num, a town in 

Um'bria. (b. c. 295.) 

This may be called the Austerlitz of the 3d Samnite war. 
As Napoleon Buonaparte, in 1803, defeated the combined 
armies of Austria and Russia at Austerlitz fin Austria), 
which gave him the empire of France, and made him master 
of nearly all Europe ; so the overthrow of the combined ar- 
mies at Sentinum, gave the Romans dominion over almost all 
Italy. 

XJmbria (UrbinoJ and Etruria are both above Rome. 

837. What Roman especially distinguished 
himself in the battle of Sentifiuvi ? 

A. De'cius Mus, who devoted himself 
to the infernal gods, in order to turn the 
battle in his country's favour. 

The father of Decius did the same, at the battle of Mount 
Vesuvius, (b. c. 340.) ,, 

838. Did the Smnnites rally again, after the 
great battle of Sentinum ? 

A. Yes ; and fought many battles, in 

most of which they were defeated ; and 

in one the aged Pontius was taken 

prisoner, (b. c. 292.) 

839. How did the Romans treat their noble 
captive ? 



212 FROM B. C. 343 TO 264. 

A. Fa'bius led him to Rome in chains ; 
and when he reached the city, he was 
most basely beheaded, (b. c. 291.) 

Dr. Arnold says " nearly 30 years had passed since C. Pon- 
tius had spared the lives and liberty of 2 Roman armies ; and 
set at liberty the generals who had been ^iven into his power, 
as an expiation of their country's perfidy. Such a murder, 
sanctioned by such a man as Q. Fabius, is peculiarly a national 
crime ; and proves but too clearly that the Romans, in their 
dealings with foreigners, had neither magnanimity, humanity, 
nor justice." 

840. Hoiv long did the Samnites rmitinue their 
heroic resistance after the capture of C. Pontius ? 

A. For about 2 years ; but were 

obliged at length to submit to Rome. 

(b. c. 290.) 

841. What people of Italy ivere reduced to sub- 
jection, on pretext of having aided the Samnites ? 

A. The Sabines : Many were made 

prisoners, and vast tracts of land added 

to the possessions of the Roman people. 

(b. c. 290.) 

The Sabines formed the east boundary of TJmbria, and part 
of Etruria, and were directly above Latium. They were con- 
quered by Curius Dentatus, after a peace of 150 years. 

842. By whom was Rome threatened, after the 
Sabines were reduced to subjection ? 

A. By their old enemies, the Senonian 
Gauls, who sent a vast army to aid the 
Etruscans : They encountered the Ro- 
mans near 'the city of Arre'tium. 

Arretium (now Arezzo) one of the 12 great cities of Etruria, 
lat. 43° 28', long. 12°. 



I 



SENONES EXTIRPATED. 213 

843. What luas the hsae of this battle betvjeen 
the Gauls and the Komans ? 

A. The Romans were defeated ; Me- 

tellus (the Praetor) slain; and 11,000 

men left dead on the field, (b. c. 285.) 

844. Hoiu did the Romans avenge themselves 
for this defeat ? 

A. They sent a fresh army mto the 

country of the Sen'ones, and extirpated 

the whole nation. 

The Gallic Senones inhabited the west coast of Umbria, 
from 43° 30' to 44° N. lat. 

845. Who rose in arms to avenge the Senonian 
Gauls ? 

A. The Boi'ans, another Gallic tribe, 
marched with a formidable army into 
Etruria, and encountered the Romans 
near Lake Vad'imo. 

Boia (modern name Bologna) formed the north boundary of 
Etruria and Umbria, from lat. 44° and upwards. 

846. What loas the issue of this battle between 
the Romans and Boians ? 

A. The Boians were defeated, rallied, 
and were defeated a second time ; after 
which they made peace with Rome. 

847. What great Italian state tried to resist 
the growing power of Rome ? 

A. The Ta'rentines, a people of Greek 

extraction, inhabiting a magnificent city 

in the south of Italy : They were allies 

of the Samnites. 



214 FROM B. C. 343 TO 264. 

Tarentum, N. lat. 40^ 28^ long. 17° 20', (now called Ta* 
rantoj. 

848. Whom did the Tarentines invite to their 
assistance ? 

A. Pyrrhus, King of Epi'rus (in 

Greece J kinsman of Alexander the Great, 

and descendant of Achilles. 

Pyrrhus arrived in Italy with 20,000 foot, 3,000 horse, 2,000 
archers, 500 slingers, and 20 elephants. He had previously 
sent over Milo (one of his Generals) with a detachment of 
3,000 men. 

849. What measures did, Pyrrhus adopt, on 
his arrival at Tarentum ? 

A. He shut up the baths and theatres, 
in order to compel the idle and luxurious 
Tarentines to take an active part in the 
war. (b, c. 281.) 

850. Hoiv did Fyrrhus try to "put off the war^ 
till the Tarentines ivere brought into good disci- 
pline ? ^ 

A. He sent ambassadors to Rome, 
offering to mediate between the two na- 
tions ; but received this message in re- 
ply : " Rome neither regards Pyrrhus as 
a mediator, nor fears him as an enemy," 

851. Where luas the first battle fought^ betiveen 
Pyrrhus and the Romans ? 

A. Near the river Siris. The Romans 
fought like lions, and returned 7 times to 
the charge ; but when Pyrrhus sent his 
elephants amongst them, a total rout en- 
sued, (b. c. 280,) 



I 



INVASION OF PYRRHUS. 215 

Alexander the Great, after his invasion of India, introduced 
elephants for war in Greece. The lliver Siris (now SinnoJ is 
in Lucania, N. lat. 40° 7'; It must not be confounded with the 
Kiver Liris in Latium. 

852. What 'remark was made by Pyrrlius after 
this battle ? ^ 

A. ''If the Romans were my soldiers, 
or I the Roman King, we would conquer 
the world." And, when congratulated 
on his victory, he exclaimed, '' One more 
such victory, and Pyrrhus is undone !" 

It is said, that Pyrrhus dedicated most of the spoil to Zeus 
or Jupiter with this inscription : — - 

''These spoils from men unconquered, Zeus, Pyrrhus devotes 

to thee ; 
I now have conquered them, and they have conquered me." 

853. Hcnv did Pyrrhus show his high estima- 
tion, of Roman valour ? 

A. He sent his friend Cin'eas to Rome, 
soon after the battle, to offer terms of 
peace ; but the offer was haughtily re- 
fused. 

854. What remark ivas made by Cineas, on 
his return to Pyrrhus ? 

. A. Being asked what he thought of 

Rome, he replied, '' The city is a temple, 

and the senate an assembly of Kings !" 

It is saidj that Appius Claudius, an aged senator, both lame 
and blind, was carried on a litter into the senate-house, on 
purpose to oppose the offer of Pyrrhus, and that through \\is 
influence principally the proposals were rejected. 

855. Where ivas the 2d great battle fought^ 
between Pyrrhus and the Romayns ? 

A. Near As'culum, a town in the con- 



216 WARS WITH PYRRHUS. 

fines of Sam nium : Pyrrhus was again 
victorious, (b. c. 279.) 

Asculum (now As'coliJ a town in Daunia, 41^^' 10' N. lat. and 
15^ 35' E. long. 

856. Hoiv did Pyrrhus proceed after this 2d 
victory ? 

A. He concluded a truce with Rome ; 
and crossed over into Sicily with 60 gal- 
leys, leaving a small garrison at Taren- 
tum, under the command of Milo. (b. c. 
278.) 

857. Why did Pyrrhus cross over to Sicily ? 
A. To render the inhabitants assist- 
ance against the Carthaginians. 

858. When, did Pyrrhus return to Italy ? 

A. After the lapse of 2 years : and 
fought another battle at Beneven'tum ; 
but was utterly defeated by Curius Den- 
tatus ; and returned to Greece, "leaving 
Milo behind, (b. c. 275.) 

About 18 months after this he was killed at Argos, in a battle 
against Antig'onus, b. c. 273. Beneventum, before the Sam- 
nite war, was called Maleventurn, on account of its bad air ; 
but after it was subdued and colonized b)' the Romans, they 
changed its name to Beneventum, b. c. 268. The famous 
arch of Trajan forms one of the entrances to this city. 

859. To whom did the Tarentines apply for 
aid, after Pyrrhus left ihon ? 

A. To the Carthaginians: But Milo 
betrayed the city to the Romans, and 
quitted Italy for Epi'rus. (b. c. 272.) 



FROM B. C. S4S TO 263, 217 

Al>out the same time E,he*'sium was taken ; — Sam'nium, 
Luca'nia, and Brutium finally submitted ;— The Picentians,, 
Messapians, Volscinians, and Umbrians were conquered ; and 
the Romans were MASTERS OF ALL ITALY, (b. c 266.) 



Social and Political History of Rome^ 

BETWEEN" THE SaMNITE AND PUNIC WaRS. 

(b. c. 343-263.) 

860. What advantage did Rome derive from 
the mastery of Italy ? 

A. 1 st — -Large tracts of land : 

2dly— Forests, mines, and harbours ; 

from which they derived an immense 

revenue : and 

-3dly-— Tribute from the conquered, 

861. What effect had the conquest of Italy on 
the interjiol condition of Rome ? 

A. As the revenue was exceedingly 

increased, the government officers were 

greatly multiplied. 

862. How did Rome treat the nations which 
siihnitted to her dominion ^ 

A. They Avere suffered for the most 
part to retain their own laws, language^ 
customs, and governments. By which 
means the yoke was more cheerfully 
borne, and Kome became the m^ost pow* 
erful state of the world. 

10 



218 THIRD SECESSIOlSr, 

863. What, two mutinies occurred in Rome, 
during the 3 Smnnite wars ? 

A. One at the close of the 1st Samnite 

war, which was joined by the Roman 

garrison of Cap'ua» And another at the 

close of the 3d Samnite war, in which the 

people seceded to Janic'ulum. 

864. What ivas the cause of the mutiny at the 
close of the 1st Samnite war ? 

A. The poor at Rome being greatly 
distressed, emigrated to Cap'ua ; and in- 
duced the garrison to mutiny. 

865. What tvas the object of these insurgents ? 

A. To seize upon Cap'ua, and estab- 
lish themselves there. But Vale'rius 
Corvus induced them to return peaceably 
to Rome. (b. c. 342.) 

866. On what terms did Valerius Corvus ap- 
pease the insurgents ? 

A. 1st — -Pardon to all the rebels : 
2dly— That no soldier should in future 
be dismissed from the army, without his 
own consent: and 

3dly — That no person should hold 2 
magistracies at the same time ; or be re- 
elected to any office within 10 years. 

867. What was the cause of the insurrection at 
the close of the ^d Samnite war ? 

A. Great distress and famine at Rome, 
the natural result of war and plunder. 



LEX HORTENSIA. 219 

868. What deiPMnstration of discontent was 
made by the distressed ? 

A. They seceded to the Janic'ulum ; 

and Quiiitus Horteii'sius was appointed 

Dictator to conciliate them. 

This wa-s tlie last time the people seceded. At the 1st se- 
€essioTi to the Mons Sacer, Tribunes were granted to protect 
the people. In the 2d secession, also to Mons Sacer, the Db- 
CEMVIRATE was abolishede And in this secession to the Janie- 
ulum, the great striiggle of the people for independence was 
concluded with triumph. 

869. What terms ivere made ivith the insur- 
gents to bring thein hack ? 

A. The famous Hortensian law, which 
brought to a close the political dis- 
tinction BETWEEN THE PaTRICIANS AND 

Plebeians, (b. c. 287.) 

Henceforth the word Populus no longer means the Patri- 
cians ; but the common people, or all the citizens of Rome 
collectively. 

870. What was this famous Horte?isian Law ^ 
A, That the decrees passed in the Con- 
gress of the common people should be 
binding on all the nation. 

These popular decrees were called Plebiscites. 

871. What political effect residted from the 
Hortensio^n Law ? 

A. The Patrician assembly (comitia 
centuriata) became an empty form, repre- 
sented by the 30 lictors ; and the popu- 
lar assembly fcomifia tributaj engrossed 
the supreme power of legislation. 

872. What effect teas produced on the Roman 



220 MUNICIPIA. 

constitution by the vast luealth acquired in the 
mhjugation of Italy ? 

A. The honours and offices, formerly 
restricted to aristocratic hirth, were trans- 
ferred to the possessors of ivealth, 

873. Hoiv was the Senate affected hy this 
change ? 

A. A law was made, that every man 

who had served the office of Quaestor, 

should be appointed to the first vacancy 

in the Senate : And as QiisDstors were 

pleheian officers, the Senate was soon 

filled with wealthy Plebeians, (.b. e. 268.) 

874. How 'many Qucestars ivere annually 
elected ? 

A. When this law was made, eight 

Qusestors were annually appointed. 

If, therefore, only vacancies occurred in the Senate during- 
the year, every one would be filled up by an ex-quaestor or 
wealthy Plebeian. 

During the monarchy only 2 Qusfstors were annually ap- 
pointed ; about the time of the Gaulish invasion the number 
was doubled; and increased to 8 soon after the war with 
Pyrrhus. 

875. What iverc those toians called, tvhich were 
admitted to the Roman franchise ? 

A. Municipal towns (municip'ia): They 
were divided into 3 classes — 

1st — Those which had no vote in the 
Roman Parliament, and could hold no 
magisterial office : 

2dly — Those which were wholly incor- 
porated with the Roman state : and 



I 



LEX OGULNIA. 221 

3dly — Those which retained their own 
constitutions, and enjoyed the rights of 
Roman citizens also. 

Of the 1st class were Fundi, Formiee, Cumse, Acerrse, Lanu- 
vium, and Tusculum. 

Of the 2d, Anagria, Caere, and Aricia. 

Of the 3d, Tibur, Prseneste, Pisa, and many others. 

876. How were Roman colonies established ? 
A. Roman colonies were established 

in conquered towns ; and one-third of 
the territory was assigned to the colonists 
as their own property. 

877. How tve?'e Roman colonists cTiahled to live 
at peace amidst foreigners ^ 

A. As the foreigners were a conquered 

people, they were made subject to the 

colonists, who constituted the ruling body. 

878. What change ivas made in the college of 
Priests during the Samnite tvars ? 

A. The number of Augurs and Pon- 
tiffs were each increased from 4 to 9, wdth 
this restriction ; that 5 Augurs and 4 Pon- 
tiffs should always be Plebeians. 

This is called the OguFnian law because it was proposed and 
carried by the tribune Ogulnius. (b. c. 300.) 

879. What benefit did the Ogulnian law confer 
on the common people ? 

A. It abolished the exclusive right of 
the Patricians to interpret the auspices, 
and superintend religious matters. 

880. What evidence is there that the Romans 



222 PROGKESS IN THE FINE ARTS. 

had made progress in the fine arts during the 
Samnite wo.rs ? 

A. 1st — Fabius Pictor made an ad- 
mirable painting in the Temple of Health 
fSalusJ, representing one of the battles 
with the Samnites : and 

2dly — The famous bronze figure (still 
eojtant) of a she-wolf giving suck to two 
babes was made about the same time. 

881. What alteration was made in the Roman 
armour^ by Camillus ? 

A. 1st — The ancient armour of brass 
was exchanged for iron : 

2dly — The Greek shield (clyp'eus)^ 
which was a large circular shield of brass, 
was changed for one made of ox-hide, 
resembling half a cylinder (scu'tum) : and 

3dly — The Pilum, a lance about 7 
feet long, made of wood and headed 
with iron, was introduced. 

882. What improvements ivere horroived by the 
'Romans from Pyrrhus ? 

A. The Grecian custom of fortifying 
with a trench a measured space for their 
tents ; to which much of their future suc- 
cess in war is attributed. 

883. What was the most honourable civil em- 
ployment in the Roman Republic ? 

A. Agriculture. The greatest gen- 
erals and statesmen of Rome were not 



FOOD.— HOUSES. 223 

ashamed of the plough : and the greatest 
praise a Censor could bestow on any man 
was this, " He is a good farmer and a 
good father." 

884. What was the mode of living in Rome 
during the Samnite wars ? 

A. Exceedingly simple. The ordinary 

food was porridge made of flour and 

fruit. Wine was so precious, that only 

a drop was offered even in libations. 

Mice'nius was excused by the Censors for killing his wife 
because she had drunk a cup of wine without his knowledge. 
And Cornelius Rufinus was degraded from the Senate by the 
Censors, because he possessed silver vessels in his house to 
the amount of ten pounds. 

885. What sort of houses did the people occupy ? 
A. The common people lived in huts, 

and slept on straw : The streets were not 
paved, though they were kept remark- 
ably clean. After the second Samnite 
war a great improvement began to pre- 
vail in the Roman dwellings and streets. 

886. What was done with the spoil taken in 
the Samnite wars ? 

A. The shields (which w^ere made of 
brass, inlaid with gold and silver), and 
the brazen helmets surmounted with 
crests, were taken to Rome in the tri- 
umphal procession of Papir'ius Cursor. 

887. How were they disposed of after the 
triumph ? 



224 GOLDSMITHS. 

A. Some were given to the Carnpa'- 
nians for their gladiators ;— and the rest 
were sold to the Roman goldsmiths, who 
lived in the Forum. 

888. What did these goldsmiths do with these 
su'perb shields and helmets ? 

A. Hung them for ornament and at» 

traction, before their shops in the forum* 

889. Were all the shops of the Forum gold- 
smiths' shops ? 

A. All those on the north side were ; 

but those on the south were occupied by 

butchers and purveyors. 

890. Merdion a proof of the growing luxury of 
the Romans during this period, 

A. They would send for cooks from 

the Forum to dress their dinners, because 

their slaves were not sufficiently skilled 

to gratify their fastidious taste. 

891. What imqjrovement in domestic houses 
'Was introdMced after the war with PyrrJius ? 

A. The roofs were covered with tiles 
instead of thatch or shingles: This im- 
provement they introduced from the Ta'- 
rentines. 

892. What^ifmprovements were made in public 
edifices towards the close of the Samnite war ? 

A. The streets were made wdder and 

straighter; superb buildings of stone 



COIN. — THE ETRUSCANS. 225 

erected in different parts ; and statues 
of brass to favourite heroes. 

893. When was the first silver coin issued at 
Rome ? 

A. Shortly after the war with Pyrrhus ; 
A custom borrowed probably from the 
Tarentines. (b. c. 269.) 

894. What personal custom was introduced into 
Rome during the Samnite tvars ? 

A. The custom of shaving off the 

beard was introduced into Rome by 

Greek barbers from Sicily, (b. c. 300.) 

895. Did they continue to shave ever after ? 
A. Yes ; the wealthy employed a slave 

for the purpose ; but the rest went to the 
barbers' shops, which became the com- 
mon lounges, for talking over the news 
of the day, 

896. Who ivere the principal instructors at 
Rome during this period ? 

A. The Etrus'cans ; a highly civilized 

people, from whom the Romans borrowed 

many religious and political institutions* 

897. For what were the Etruscans famous ? 

A. Architecture, statuary, and paint- 
ing. They were acquainted with the use 
of the arch, which they taught the Ro- 
mans : and their vases are still considered 
models of beauty. 

10* 



:226 WORKS of art. — new custom. 

898. What fine arts did the Romans learn 
from the Etruscans ? 

A. Music and dramatic performances. 

It is said that the flute-players of Rome at this time were 
all Etruscans, who took their meals in the temple of Jupiter. 

899. What ivorks of art lo ere furnished by the 
numerous cities conquer ed. during this 'period ? 

A. Numerous statues; and the first 
sun-dial, set up in Rome by Papirius 
Cursor, (b. c. 293.) 

900. What new custom was introduced into the 
great Gaines^ after the loars with Pyrrhus ? 

A. The Greek custom of giving palm 

branches to the victors in the games. 

901. What neiv article of revenue became a 
source of ivealth to the Romans about this time ? 

A. The sale of pitch ; which was made 

a government monopoly. 

902. Whence did the Romans get their jntch ? 
K. From Cala'bria. The Bruttians, 

having submitted to Rome, ceded to the 
state half of a large forest, famous for the 
best pitch in the world. 

This forest district was called Sila. Calabria is a modern 
name for the toe of Italy. The Bruttians dwelt in this 
peninsula. 

908. Holo were the great officers of Rome 
dressed at this period ^ * 

A. The higliest magistrates wore a 
toga entirely scarlet ; the rest of the 
Senators a white toga, bordered with 



EOMAK COSTUMES. 227 

scarlet : Under the toga was a frock (or 
tunic) adorned with two broad scarlet 
stripes down the front. 

904. What sort of dress tvas the Roman tunic ? 
A. A white woollen frock, reaching 

to the knees : It had short sleeves ; and 
was fastened round the waist with a belt, 
which served for a purse. 

905. What other dress did the Romans wear^ 
besides the tunic and toga ? 

A. The Senators wore black boots, and 
a shirt of fine wool. Linen was not 
known in liome till some time after- 
wards. 

906. Hoiv did the common people dress ? 

A. They wore only a tunic of some 
dark colour, such as slate or brown. The 
toga had long been in disuse amongst the 
common people. 

907. What did the Ro?nans do for great coats ? 
A. They put on an extra tunic or two. 

908. Mow ivere the Roman women dressed at 
this period ? 

A. In a white woollen gown, wdth a 

coloured border. The gown reached to 

the feet, was furnished with long sleeves, 

and confined round the waist with a 

girdle. 



228 DKESS.— ORNAMENTS. 

909. What extra dress did the Roman ivomen 
wear^ lohen they went abroad ? 

A. A large square woollen cloak, which 
also covered the head. Silk was yet un- 
known to the Romans. 

910. How were slaves dressed ? 

A. In a coarse dark tunic and slippers. 
It was a capital offence for slaves to carry 
arms or even knives. 

The slaves' tunic was made not unlike a Spanish Poncho— 
which goes over the head, with an opening near the middle. 

911. How were slaves further distinguished 
from the free men of Rome ^ 

A. They wore beards and long hair; 

whereas the better sort of Romans wore 

their hair short, and shaved their chin. 

It was common for women to officiate in the barbers' shops. 

912. What articles of luxury were worn by the 
Romans ? 

A. A profusion of rings, both by men 
and women. The custom of giving a 
ring to a lady at marriage, was common 
at this period. 

913. What literary amusements were intro- 
duced into Rome by the Etrusca?is ? 

A. Ballets and pantomimes. But no 

regular drama was known in Rome till 

after the 1st Pu'nic war. (b. c. 240.) 

914. What literary entertainments were com- 
mon at the Roman banquets 1 

A. Singing heroic poems— Comic dia- 



AMUSEMENTS. 229 

logues, either sung or spoken— And speech- 
making. 

915. What was the favourite amusement of the 
Romans at this period ? 

A. The sports of the circus, especially 

chariot and horse racing. The great 

games were held in September, and 

lasted 4 days. 

Before the Licinian law, which adtnitted the common order 
to the games, they continued only 3 days. (b. c. 367.) 

916. What new games were introduced into 
Rome from the Samnites and Etruscans ? 

A. The combat of gladiators. The 

first exhibition was made at Rome by 

Marcus and Deciiis Brutus, at the funeral 

of their father, (b. c. 264.) 

The reason of this strange custom is said to be this ; when 
a man was slain in battle, his ghost (manes) was to be ap- 
peased by the blood of his enemies. Hence the first gladia- 
tors were captives taken in war. 

Achilles' ghost was appeased by the sacrifice of the beautiful 
Iphigenia, the daughter of king Agamemnon. 

917. Who were the gladiators ? 

A. Men who fought for the 'amuse- 
ment of the people. Gladiatorial exhi- 
bitions were at first confined to public 
funerals ; but became afterwards the great 
attraction of the Roman festivals. 

Under the empire the gladiatorial sports were in such vogue 
that 10,000 gladiators were exhibited at one time, after Tra- 
jan's triumph over the Dacians. The performers were some- 
times captives, slaves, or malefactors, and sometimes volun- 
teers : So enthusiastic were the Romans in this sport, that 
Knights, Senators, Princes, and even women, occasionally 
entered the arena. 



230 GLADIATORS. 

918. How were gladiators trai7ied? 

A. In regular schools (ludij, by mas- 
ters called Lanis'tse ; the whole establish- 
ment was called a Family (familia), 

919. Who maintained the gladiatorial fami- 
lies ? , 

A. Sometimes the Lanis'tae them.selves 

kept them, and let them out for hire: 

And sometimes private gentlemen, as 

English gentlemen keep their hounds. 

' Thus Horace speaks of the establishment of ^mil'ius ; and 
Caesar of his own establishment of gladiators at Capua. 

920. Were these combatants ever killed ? 

A. That was left entirely to the spec- 
tators. If they wished the conquered 
gladiator to be killed, they held their 
thumbs upward ; but if they wished him 
to be spared, they turned them down. 

921. How were victorious gladiators honoured? 
A. With a branch of the palm tree ; 

and sometimes with money. 

Hence our expressions, *'To bear the palm" — "Palmy 
days," &c. 

922. How did gladiators present themselves in 
the ring ? 

A. Some in complete armour ; some 
blind-folded ; and others nearly naked. 

The 1st were called Hoplom'achi : The 2d Andah'atce : and 
the 3d Retia'rii. 

923. What iveapons did the gladiators use 7 
A. Swords, lances, daggers, nooses and 



APPIUS CLAUDIUS. 231 

nets. They were sometimes protected 
with a shield. 

924. WJuit was the use of nooses and nets ? 

A. To throw at the opponent, and 
catch or entangle him. 

925. Where ivere the gladiatorial shows exhib- 
ited ? 

A. Sometimes at the funeral pyre; 
sometimes in the forum ; but, during the 
empire, in the amphitheatre. 

The exhibitor published hand-bills several days previous to 
the exhibition, containing the number of gladiators he in- 
tended to show, and sometimes their names. 

Julius C^sar was the first who built a wooden amphitheatre 
for the purpose : But A. d. 80, the Colisasum was built and 
used for all the great spectacles. 

926. When ivere these savage sports abolished f 
A. They were somewhat mitigated by 

Augustus ; forbidden by Con'stantine the 
Great ; and finally abolished by the Em- 
peror Hono'rius. 



Celebrated Men, between the Samnite 
AND THE Punic Wars. 

927. Who ivas Appius Claudius, the blind ? 

A. A Roman Senator ; twice Consul, 
and Censor for 4 successive years. He 
was the first Roman author ; and is fa- 



232 FKOM B. C. 843 TO 26S. 

mous for the road and aqueduct, which 
bear his name. (b. c. 268-281.) 

He wrote a poem and some political treatises -. He was also 
a very powerful orator„ 

928. Give an instance of his oratorical power, 
A. When Cin'eas was sent by Pyr- 

rhus to Rome, to propose terms of peace, 
the aged Appius opposed the proposal so 
eloquently, that Cineas was dismissed 
with a defiance, (b. c. 281.) 

" Shall we endure to see this Greek (said the aged orator) 
enter our Roman temples, boasting of his victories, and 
thanking the gods of Rome that he has vanquished the Ro- 
man people ?" 

929. What was the Apjpian road f 

A. A famous paved road, leading 
from Rome to Cap'ua, across rivers and 
swamps, rocks and hills. This road is 
still the admiration of the world. 

930. What was the Appian aqueduct ? 

A. An artificial water-course, to carry 
water from Prsenes'te to Rome, a distance 
exceeding 7 miles, (b. c. 311.) 

Almost the whole of this aqueduct was under ground, till it 
reached the city gate (Porta Capena), when it was carried on 
arches. No portion of it now exists. 

931. How was water obtained in Rome previ- 
ous to the Appian aqueduct ? 

A. Either from the Tiber, or from 

deep wells. 

932. Who constructed another aqueduct, at the 
dose of the war with Pyrrhus ^ 



CURIUS DENTATUS. 233 

A. Curias Dentatus : By which water 
was brought from the river An'io to Rome, 
a distance exceeding 20 miles. 

This aqueduct was made of peperlno stone, and thickly 
coated with cement : Many parts still remain. This aqueduct 
was commenced about 40 years after the Appian. (b. o. 273.) 

933. Who was Curius Dentatus ? 

A. A favourite hero of the Roman 
Republic; famous for his habits of fru- 
gality and virtue. He w^as the Consul 
who brought the Samnite wars to a close. 

934. In what wars was Curius Dentatus vic- 
torious ? 

A. He defeated the Samnites, the 

Gallic Sen'ones, Pyrrhus, the Rruttians, 

and some others. 

935. How did Curius Dentatus show his ex- 
ceeding frugality ? 

A. After these brilliant achievements, 

he retired to his small Sabine farm, w^hich 

he cultivated with his own hands. 

Cincinnatus was called from the plough to become Dictator, 
and in 6 months returned to the plough again, (b. c. 519- 
438.) ^ 

Curius Dentatus retired to his little farm, which he cultiva- 
ted with his own hand. (b. c. 335-255.) 

Fabricius (the cotemporary of Dentatus) also retired to his 
hereditary farm, after having enjoyed all the highest honours 
of Rome, and died as poor as a day labourer, (b. c. 330-242.) 

Cato, the Censor, in the 2d Punic war, is another example 
of similar frugality, (b. c. 234-144.) 

LucuUus and Crassus were the most luxurious of the Ko- 
mans. 

936. What instance is recorded of his great 

moderation ? 



234 FROM B. C. 343 TO 263. 

A. When the Samnites sent an em- 
bassy to him with costly presents ; they 
found him sitting at his hearth roasting 
turnips. Dentatus rejected their offer, 
saying, " He preferred to rule over slaves 
of gold, than to be himself the slave." 

937. What great public work ivas executed by 
Dentatus besides the aqueduct ? 

A. A canal, by which the Sabines 
gained a large tract of excellent land. 

This canal carried off the waters of the lake Yeli'nus, into 
the Nar, a branch of the Tiber, now called Nera, 

938. Who was Caius Fabricius Luscinus ? 
A. A Her'nican, settled in Rome ; 

noted for his honesty, frugality, military 
talent and simplicity of manners. 

The Hernicans were a people of Latium, a little S. E. of 
Rome. 

939. What a?iecdote is told of Fabricius, in his 
intervieiv with Pyrrhus ? 

A. After Pyrrhus had defeated the 

Romans, Fabricius w^as sent to negotiate 

a ransom: Pyrrhus tried to bribe him 

with magnificent presents, but the stern 

Roman rejected his offers with disdain. 

940. What /mother attempt did Pyrrhus make 
to divert Fabricius from his duty ? 

A. When the conference was renewed 

next day, a huge elephant was let into 

the tent to frighten him: But Fabricius 



FABRICIUS. 235 

calmly replied, Pyrrhus, I am neither 
to be allured by gold, nor diverted by 
terror. 

941. What is told of the magTiunimous in- 
tegrity of Fabricius ? 

A. When the physician of Pyrrhus 
offered to poison his master for reward, 
Fabricius commanded him to be bound, 
and delivered into the hands of the King. 

942. What remark did Pyrrhus make at this 
heroic deed ? 

A. '' Excellent Fabricius ; one could 

as easily divert the sun from its course, as 

Fabricius from his duty !" 

943. How did he attempt to repress the growing 
taste for luxury in Rome ? ^ 

A. He never used rich plate in his own 
house, and when he w^as Censor, he de- 
graded Cornelius Rufinus from the Sen- 
ate, because he had 10 pounds' weight of 
silver plate in his house, (b. c. 275.) 

944. What became of Fabricius in his old age ? 
A. He returned to his small Sabine 

farm, like Dentatus ; which he cultivated 
with his own hands, and w^heri he died, 
he did not leave sufficient behind him to 
pay his funeral expenses. 

945. How did the Senate honour this great 
man? 



236 FLAVIUS. 

A. By giving a dowry to his two daugh- 
ters and burying Fabricius at the public 
charge within the pomserium (or city 
limits), a thing forbidden by the XII. 
Tables. 

Pomserium (i. e.^post TYKB'riuni, or mu'ros), a space marked 
out by stone pillars, and constituting the city, within which 
the auspices might be taken. The Av'entine was not included 
in the pomserium till the reign of Claudius. 

946. Who was Cneius Flavins ? 

A. A clerk in the office of Appius, the 
Censor. These clerks were employed ; 
1st, To copy out books or extracts : and 
2dly, To write letters for their masters. 

947. For what is Cneius Flavins noted ? 

A. For his almanac, which showed on 
which days law business might be trans- 
acted (dies fasti). 

Before this was done, it was needful for persons to travel to 
Rome every new moon, to ascertain what were law-days 
(fasti)^ and what were sacred days (nefasti) : But after the 
calendar of Fla'vius was hung up in the Forum, any one 
could acquaint himself with this information, at any time. 

948. How did the public testify their gratitude 
to Flavins for this boon ? 

A. He was appointed Curule ^dile ; 
and was the first slave that was ever made 
a Roman inagistrate. (b. c. 30e3.) 

949. Who was Publius Decius Mus ? 

A. There were 3 Romans of this name, 
all of whom devoted themselves to death, 
for the sake of their country. 



THE DECII. 237 

950. When did these 3 noble Romans sacrifice 
their lives for their country ? 

A. The first Decius Mus, in the war 
with the Latins (b. c. 340) : 

His son of the same name, in the bat- 
tle of Senti'num (b. o. 295) : and 

His grandson, of the same name, in the 
war with Pyrrhus f b. c. 279). 

951. What was the occasion on which Decius 
Mus devoted himself to death in the Latin war ? 

A. He and his fellow Consul dreamed 

on the eve of the battle, that the General 

of one side, and the army of the other, 

fell in battle : Whereupon, they agreed 

that the one whose wing first wavered, 

should devote himself to death. 

952. Whose wing first wavered ? 

A. That under the command of Decius 
Mus ; whereupon he devoted himself and 
the army of the enemy to destruction, — 
rushed into the thickest of the fight, and 
was slain. 

Instances of *' devoting to death" are met with in the Bible. 
The case of Balaam, who was sent for by Balak, to devote the 
army of Israel to death, is familiar to all. — (Numbers xxii — 
xxiii.) Another instance occurs in the history of Saul, — the 
Amalekites were devoted to death ; but Saul spared the king 
of the devoted nation, and was rejected from " being king 
over Israel." 

953. Who was Quintus Fabius Maximus 
Rullianus ? 

A. The most eminent general in the 



238 FABIUS MAXIMUS. 

2d Samnite war : But very little is known 
of his achievements, (b. c. 395-295.) 

954. Hoiv 2vas his early life distinguished ? 
A. He was second in command (ma-' 

gistereq'uitum) to Papirius Cursor; whose 
anger he incurred, and nearly lost his 
life. (b. c. 325.) 

955. Hoiv did Fabius Maximus incur the 
anger of Pajiirius Cursor, the Dictator ? 

A. While Papirius was absent from 
the army, he left orders with Fabius not 
to engage in battle ; but Fabius dis- 
obeyed the command, and obtained a 
brilliant victory over the Samnites. 

956. Hoiv was he punished for this offence ? 
A. Papirius insisted that he should 

suffer death for disobeying orders: but 
he fled to Rome ; and (though he was 
degraded from his oiSce) his life was 
spared, at the intercession of the Senate, 

957. How did Fabius Maximus shoiv his mag- 
nanimity after this disgrace ?■ 

A. He afterwards rose to be Consul ; 

and, as the Samnites were still in arms, 

was requested to appoint a Dictator; 

when he magnanimously named Papirius 

Cursor, his implacable enemy, (b. c. 310.) 

958. How did. he exhibit his paternal affection ? 
A. When his son was defeated by the 



CAIUS M^NIUS, 239 

Samnites, he served under him, as his lieu- 
tenant, in order to redeem his reputation, 
(b. c. 296.) 

Having gained a victory, lie rode to Rome (as an inferior 
officer) in the triumphal procession of his son, 

959. Why was he called Maximum {Most 
Great) ? 

A. Because he lessened the power of 
the populace at elections, and made a 
law, which prohibited slaves from being 
appointed magistrates, as Flavins, the 
notary, had lately been. (b. c. 304.) 

960. By ivhojt '' soubriquet" rvas the son of Fa- 
bius Maximics called ? 

A. " Gurges" (the glutton)^ from his 

gormandizing habits, when a youth. 

The grandson of Gurges was the celebrated Fabius, who 
conquered Hannibal " by delay." 

961. Who ivas Quintus Puhlilius Philo ? 

A. A distinguished general in the Sam- 
nite wars. 

962. Who ivas Caius Mcenius ? 

A. A Consul, Censor, and Dictator, 
who had a column erected to him in the 
Forum, for his conquests over the Latins, 
(called Coliimna Mcenia,) 

963. What miprovements loere made in the 
Forum, while Mcenius ivas Censor ? 

A. Balconies (Mcemd^iaJ were added 

to the buildings round the Forum, to 



240 VALEEIUS L^VINUS. 

enable more spectators to witness the 
games, (b. c. 318.) 

There was another Msenius (Marcus), who prQj)osed the lex 
Mgenia, which obliged the Patricians to ratify the election of 
all Magistrates ; by which Plebeian Magistrates were honoured 
with the iinpe'rium, as well as the Patricians. 

964. Who was Valerius Lcevlnus ? 

A. The Consul who had the conduct 
of the war against Pyrrhus. When Pyr- 
rhus offered to arbitrate in the war with 
Tarentum, Lsevi'nus bluntly bade him 
" mind his own business." (b. c. 280.) 

965. What other anecdote is told of Lavinus in 
this war ? 

■ A. Having caught a spy from Pyr- 

rhus's camp, he showed him the Roman 

legions under arms ; and bade him go 

and tell his master — '' If he felt curious 

about hi« enemies' concerns, not to send 

spies, but to come himself." 

966. What ivas the issue of the battle between 
Lcevinus and Pyrrhus ? 

A. Lsevi'nus was defeated by Pyrrhus 

on the banks of the river Siris. 

This Siris, which flows into the Gulf of Taranto, must not 
be confounded with the Liris, a river in Latium. 

967. Who was Pontius, of Tele'sia ? 

^. The chief of the Samnite army ; 
who defeated the Romans in the defile 
of Caudium, and compelled them to pass 
under the yoke. (b. c. 321.) {See Q. 
829.) 



POHTIUS. — PYRRHUS. 241 

968. HoiD long did Pontius, of Telesia continue 
in command of the Samnite army ? 

A. Nearly 30 years ; when he was de- 
feated by Quintus Fabius Gurges ; led 
in chains to Rome to grace the Consul's 
triumph ; and basely put to death, (292.) 

About 30 years before, he had spared the lives of 2 Consuls 
and 2 Roman armies ; had provided carriages for the wounded, 
sustenance to all the vanquished., and liberty to the captives : 
It was, therefore, a national blot on the Romans to lead him 
in chains to death in his old age. 

969. Who tvas Pyrrhus ^ 

A. King of Epirus, and descendant of 
Achilles. He was the greatest hero and 
most enlightened prince of his time. 

970. How did Pyrrhus becom-e connected . loith 
Roman hhtory ? 

A. He was invited by the Tar'entines 

to assist them in war against the Romans, 

and gladly accepted the invitation. 

971. What battles did Pyrrhus fight against 
the Romans ? 

A. One on the banks of the Siris,- in 
which the Roman Consul, Valerius Lae- 
vi nus, was defeated (b. c. 280) : 

One near As'culum, in which Decius 
Mus, and Publius Sulpicius, the Consuls, 
were defeated (b. c. 279) : and 

One, on his return from Sicily, near 

Beneven'tum, in which he was himself 
11 



242 PYKKHUS.--THE SAMNITES. 

defeated by Curius Den tat us, the Con- 
sul (b. c. 275.) 

972. What success^ attended his arms in Sicily ? 
A. At first his success was brilliant ; 

but, when he failed in his siege upon 
Lilyboe'um, he lost his popularity,— aban- 
doned the island, — ^returned to Taren- 
tum, — and was defeated by Dentatus. 

When he evacuated Italy he had only 8000 foot and 500 
horse: He had lost 20,000 men in d years. Lilyboeum is a 
coast town in the West of Sicily, now called Marsala. 

973. What did Pyrrhus do on his return to 
JEpirus, in Greece? 

A. He invaded Macedon, and obtained 
possession of the kingdom: He next 
turned his arms against Sparta, but was 
repulsed in his attack : From Sparta he 
marched to Argos, where he was killed. 
(b. c. 272, aged 46.) 

974. How was Pyrrhus killed ? 

A. By a tile, hurled on him by an 
Argive woman, as he was marching 
through the streets. 

Hannibal used to say, " Of all generals, Alexander was the 
let J Pyrrhus the 2d; and himself the 3d." Pyrrhus was the 
author of a celebrated treatise '' On the Art of War." He 
married 4 wives, and left 6 children to survive his death. 

975. Who were the Samnites ? 

A. Inhabitants of the mountainous 
country north of Naples ; who had set- 
tled in Samnium long before the founda- 
tion of Rome. 



ii 



CAPUA. 243 

The territory of the ancient Samnites is now called McUese. 
The aborigines were the Opicans or Oscans. 

976« What was the character of the Samnites ? 

A. They were a brave mountain peo- 
ple ; who used to commit depredations on 
their neighbours' territory, and then flee 
to their fastnesses for protection. 

977. What was the cause of the Samnite war ? 

A. The Samnites having made in- 
cursions upon Cap'ua, the Capuans ap- 
plied to Rome for protection : and a war 
broke out, which lasted (with few inter- 
missions) for 53 years. 

978. What became of the Samnites, after the 
dose of the 3d war ? 

A. After the lapse of 200 years, they 
again took up arms against the Romans ; 
but were defeated by Sulla: Their towns 
were laid waste ; the inhabitants sold for 
slaves ; and the locality supplied by Ro- 
man colonists, (b. c. 82.) 

979. What was Capua / 

A. The chief town of Campania, 
founded by the Etruscans about 50 years 
before Rome. It was the most prosper- 
ous, wealthy, and luxurious city in Italy. 

The original name of Capua was Vultur'niim. Tradition 
says, the name was changed in honour of Capys, a companion 
of ^neas, who settled 'there ; Capys means " Club-footed.'* 
The luxury of the people was so great, that the Romans used 
to say *' Capua corrupted even Hannibal." (Lat. 41° 4', long. 
14° 20'.) 



244: CAMPANIA. — ETEURIA„ 

980. Where is Campania ? 

A. Campania is a very fertile volcanic 
country, bounded by Latium, Samnium, 
Lucania, and the Tuscan sea„ The soil 
is so fertile, the scenery so beautiful, and 
the climate so mild, that it is called the 
^' Happy Plain" (felioc campdnia). 

It was the common summ.er residence of the Roman nobility, 
whose villas studded ^e coast, especially about BaisQ. Its 
(principal river is the Vultur''nus, and the sluggish waters of 
the Liris, (a'qua quieHa Liris,} which are often spoken of by 
the Roman writers. — ^N. B. Herculanium and Pompe'ii were 
both in Campania, 

98 L Where is Etruria? 

A. The country just above Rome, in- 
cluding Tuscany : The Etruscan sea forms 
its w^estern boundary, and the river Tiber 
its Eastern. 

982. For what produce was Etruria famed ? 
A. For corn, v^ine, oil, and flax, 

983. How was Etruria sub-divided ? 

A. Into 3 large districts ; and each 
district into 12 independent states : The 
whole forming a confederacy for mutual 
protection. 

The government of each state was vested in the hands of a 
prince, called a Luc\imo. 

984. For what xoere the Etruscans famed ? 

A. For their religious rites and insti- 
tutions. The Romans borrowed their 
mythology and arts of divination from 
this people^ 



ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 245 

985. For what was the Etruscan architecture 
famous ? 

A. The use of the Arch, long before 
it was known to the Greeks : The Ro- 
mans availed themselves of this Etrus- 
can device in their sewers and aqueducts. 

986. For what fine arts ivere the Etruscans 
famous ? 

A. For bronze statues, elegant vases, 

painting, and music. 

987. What great ivarrior lived in Greece, at 
the commencement of the Samnite wars ? 

A. Alexander the Great, King of 

Macedon. He died at the outbreak of 

the 2d Samnite war. (b. c. 366-323). 

988. For what was Alexander most farnous ? 
A. The Defeat of the Persians ; the 

conquest of Egypt ; the destruction of 
Thebes : the siege of Tyre ; and various 
victories in India. 

989. What vast em^pire was ended during the 
\st Samnite war ? 

A. The Persian. Alexander having 
defeated the Persians, assumed the sov- 
ereignty of the empire himself, (b. c. 
330.) 

990. What very celebrated translation was 
made at Alexandria during the 2td Samnite war ? 

A. The Sep'tufigint, or Greek transla- 



246 GREEK WORTHIES. 

tion of the Old Testament, by order of 
Ptolemy Philaderphus. (b. c. 277.) 

The word Septuagint means 70 ; 70 persons (or rather 72) 
"were employed upon this work. Hence the name. 

991. What Greek philosophers flourished dttr- 
ring the Samnite wars ? 

A. Ar'istotle, and Diog'enes the cynic, 
in the early part ; Epiciirus, and Ze'no 
the Stoic, in the latter. 

992. What great mathematician flx)urished 
during the 2d Samnite war ? 

A. Euclid, the great geometer. He 
lived at Alexandria, in the reign of Ptol- 
emy Philadelphus. 

993. What great sculptor lived at the outbreak 
of the Samnite war ? 

A. j^pclles, the friend of Alexander 
and Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

994. What celebrated Greek poets lived at the 
close of the Samnite war ? 

A. Theoc'ritus, the great pastoral poet, 

Bi'on, and Moschus. 



.^- V 



cakthaginians. 247 

The Fiest Punic War. 

From 263 to 241 b. c. a. u. 490 to 512. 

995. What were the Punic wars ? 

A. The 3 celebrated wars between 
Rome and Carthage. 

The Carthaginians were a Phoenician colony — Phoinices, 
corrupted by the Romans into Punici ; By a similar corruption 
Phil'istina ( The Holy Land) was called by the Romans Palaes- 
tina fPalestmeJ. 

996. Who were the Carthaginians J 

A. A great commercial people of 
Africa ; who become sovereigns of the 
land, where they first gained admittance 
as traders, as the English have done in 
India. 

997. How was the republic of Carthage gov- 
erned ? 

A. Like that of Kome, by a senate and 

2 chief magistrates called SufFetes, 

SufFetes, like the Hebrew word Shophetim, m.e?iTis judges. 

998. Which was the more ancient city, Car- 
thage or Rome ? 

A. Carthage was founded by queen 
Di'do, about 100 years before the founda- 
tion of R^e. (b. c, 853.) 



ti^He 

> W^jjj^li 



This Dido w^jjj^ie grand niece of Jezebel, the wicked queen 
of Israel. (See 1st Kings, c. xviii. — to the end.) 

999. What was the cause of the 1st Punic 
war ? 

A. The Mamer'tines had established 



248. FROM B.C. 263 TO 241. 

themselves in Sicily contrary to the wish 
of the inhabitants: And both Carthage 
and Rome were drawn into the quarrel. 

The Mamertines (so called from Mamers, Mars) were a 
horde of plunderers from the south of Italy ; who left their 
country under the protection of the god of war, and estab- 
lished themselves in Messana (on the N. E. coast of Sicily). 

1000. How was Carthage implicated in the 
quarrel between the Sicilians and Mamertines ? 

A. Almost all Sicily belonged to the 
Carthaginians ; who felt themselves ag- 
grieved by this aggression ; and joined 
with the Sicilians in resisting it. 

1001. How ivas Rome implicated in the quar- 
rel ? 

A. The Mamer'tines applied to Rome 
for assistance: which the Romans (jeal- 
ous of the Carthaginians) readily granted. 
(b. c. 204.) 

Hie^ro was king of Syracuse fw Sicily) at the time, and 
allied himself to the Romans. 

1002. Hoiv ivas the contest begun ? 

A, The Romans sent an army into 
Sicily, which was so successful that 76 
towns submitted to them. (b. c. 264.) 

1003. Where was the 1st important contest^ be- 
tween Rome and Carthage, fought mm 

A. At Agrigen'tum, whicn^vas com- 
pelled to surrender ; though bravely de- 
fended by a Carthaginian garrison, for 7 
months, (b. c. 262.) 



FIRST ROMAN NAVY. 249 

Agrigentum (now GirgentiJ was a town in the South coast 
of Sicily, celebrated for its populousness, wealth, and luxury ; 
There are still many gigantic remains of its ancient splendour ; 
especially the ruins of the great temple of Olympian Zeus. 

1004. What reprisal did the Carthaginians 
^nahe^ after they were driven out of Agrigentum ? 

A. As they were a great maritime peo- 
ple, and the Romans had no ships, they 
sailed about the coast of Italy, committing 
depredations, and forcing many towns to 
surrender, (b. c. 261.) 

1005. What means did the Romans adopt, in 
order to resist the power of Carthage ? 

AJ They built a fleet, in order to en- 
counter the Carthaginians on the sea, and 
even carry the war into Africa. 

1006. What accident facilitated this design ? 
A. A Carthaginian ship was driven by 

a storm on the coast of Bruttium, and 
served the Romans for a model. (262.) 

" Bruttium, the extreme south, or toe of Italy. 

1007. What were these ships called ? 

A. Quin/que-remes, because they had 
5 benches of rowers on each side : They 
were rowed by 300 sailors, and manned 
by about 200 marines. 

Quinque five, remi oars. 

1008. How did the Romaiis succeed in their 
attempt to build a fleet ? 

A. Trees were felled in the Ap'penine 

forests ; and 130 ships built and launched 

within 60 days. 
11* 



250 FIEST NAYAL VICTORY. 

1009. Where ivas the first naval engagement of 
the Romans fought ? 

A. At Mylae (between the Lipari Islands 
and Sicily) : The Consul Druil'ius won 
for the Romans their First Naval Vic- 
tory, (b. c. 260.) 

1010. When did the Romans venture a second 
naval engagement ? 

A. About three years afterwards, off 

Ac'nomus (the south coast of Sicily) : 

The Koman fleet consisted of 330 ships, 

and the Carthaginian of 350. 

Besides the 300 rowers in each ship, there were in the Ro- 
man fleet 99,000 marines; and in the Carthaginian fleet 
150,000. Ecnomus (now Alicata) is in lat. 37'^ 61, long. 13° 50'. 

1011. By whom were these two fleets com- 
manded ? 

A. The Roman fleet by the Consuls 
Manlius and Reg'ulus ; the Carthaginian 
by Hamircar and Han'no. 

1012. Who laas successful ? 

A. The Romans ; the Carthaginians 
sued for peace, which the Romans re- 
fused ; and sailed at once to Carthage. 
(b. c. 256.) 

1013. Where did the Romafis moor their fleet 
when they reached Africa ? 

A. In the neighbourhood of Clyp ea, 
which they made their head- quarters. 

This town was called Aspis (a shield) ; the Romans trans- 
lated the word, and called it Clj^pea. It is now called Aklibos'cty 
ai-^ut 22 miles from Carthage. 



REaULUS IN" CAKTKAGE. 251 

1014. Hoio did Regulus jiroceed, after he had 
made himself master of Clypea ? 

xl. He made incursions into the beau- 
tiful country round Carthage ; and car- 
ried off multitudes of prisoners and cattle. 

Regains used to boast, that he had laid waste 300 walled 
towns in Africa. His colleague, Lucius Manlius, was recalled 
after the first year, and returned to Rome with 27,000 pris- 
oners. 

Nsevius, a Latin poet, gives a beautiful allegorical version of 
this contest. He says that Regulus was encountered in Africa 
^vith an enormous dragon, 120 feet long ; who used to attack 
his soldiers and devour them : but after a time, Regulus and 
his whole army encountered the dragon and destroyed it. A.s 
Africa abounds in serpents, the propriety of the allegory is 
obvious. 

1015. What means did the Carthaginians 
adopt to resist Regulus ? 

A. They applied for aid to the Spar- 
tans ; who sent over Xantip'pus with a 
large army r* This so changed the com- 
^^plexion of the war, that the Romans were 
defeated, and Regulus taken prisoner. 

1016. What followed tlie. capture of Regulus ? 
A. He was kept in prison for nearly 5 

years; and then sent to Rome to make 
proposals of peace, (b. c. 255-250.) 

1017. Hoiv did Regidus act in this embassy ? 
A. He urged the Romans not to grant 

the peace ; and then returned to Carthage 
to say the proposal was rejected. 

1018. Hoiv does the poet NcBvius finish the 
story of Regulus ? 

A. He says, the Carthaginians were so 



252 FROM B. C. 263 TO 241. 

exasperated, they first cut ofF his eye- 
lashes, and exposed him to the scorching 
sun ; and then forced him into a tub, 
filled with spikes and serpents, which they 
rolled about, till he died. 

Niebuhr thinks this legend is altogether fictitious. Others 
look upon it as a fabrication of the Romans to screen the 
cruelties of the wife of Regulus towards Bostar and Hasdrubal 
(two Carthaginian princes) committed to her hands, as sureties 
for her husband's safety. 

1019. How long did the war with Carthage 
continue, after the death of Regulus ? 

A. About 9 years ; daring which , 
time Hamil'car, the Carthaginian gen- 
eral, greatly distinguished himself. 

This Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, was surnamed Barca 
(Lightning). 

1020. What policy did Hamilcar adopt ? 

A. 1st — -He formed an infantry to 
match against the Roman legions : and ^i 

2dly — He carefully avoided all pitched 
battles; but harassed the Romans with 
constant skirmishes. 

In one of these skirmishes, in which the Romans were suc- 
cessful, Hamilcar sent to the Roman Consul for leave to bury 
the dead; but Fundanius sent word back, '* Hamilcar ha^ 
much better look after the living, than the dead." A short 
time after this, the Romans being defeated, sent to Hamilcar 
for a similar permission, when the noble Carthaginian replied, 
" Let the truce be granted, for Hamilcar wars not with the 
dead, but with the living." 

1021. What brought the \st Punic war to a 
close ? 

A. A victory gained by Ca'tulus (the 
Roman Consul), near the ^ga'tian 



1st PUNIC WAE ENDED. 253 

Islands : After which, the Carthaginians 
were obliged to sue for peace, (b. c, 
241.) 

The ^Egates (or goat islands) are off the west coast of Sicily. 
These islands are called "Arse" by Virgil, ^n. 1, v. 109. 

1022. What ivere the terms of peace ? 

A. Ist^ — The Carthaginians were to 
evacuate Sicily entirely : 

2dly — ^To restore all the Roman prison- 
ers to freedom without ransom : and 

3dly — To pay a large sum of money to 
Rome, in 10 yearly instalments. 

Hanno (the Carthaginian general) averred at the commence- 
ment of the wars, that the Romans " should never wash their 
hands in the Sicilian sea." But in 24 years they had actually 
expelled the Carthaginians from the sea and island too. 

1023. What became of Sicily after the Cartha- 
ginians evacuated it ? 

A. It was put under the government 
of Rome, as the First Roman Province. 

'' A Roman province ;" i. e., a country beyond Italy, under 
the dominion of Rome. 

1024. How was the province of Sicily governed ? 
A. By a Roman Prsetor, appointed 

annually over the island, (b. c. 241.) 

Hi'ero, King of Syracuse, was left in undisturbed possession 
of his little kingdom, because he was an ally of Rome. 

1025. How long did the \st Punic war con- 
tinue ? 

A. The 1st Punic war lasted 22 years. 

(b. c. 263 to 241.) 

1026. How was the close of the Punic war sig- 
nalized at Rome ? 



254 FROM B. C. 263 TO 241. 

A. By closing the gates of the temple 
of Janus : an event which had not oc- 
curred, since the reign of Numa. 

A period of nearly 500 years. 

1027. Why were the gates of Janus closed at 
the termination of the 1st Punic war? 

A. Because Rome was at peace with 
all the world. In a few years, however, 
the gates were opened again, and not 
shut till the reign of Augustus, (b. c. 
29.) 



Social and Political History of Eome 

DURING THE IST PUNIC WaR. 

1028. What effect ivas produced by the Ist 
Funic ivar upon Rome and Carthage ? 

A. Both nations were exhausted by the 

w^ar ; but the Romans suffered the most 

severely, notwithstanding their successes. 

The Romans lost 700 ships, and the Carthaginians 500. 

1029. What evils did the Carthaginians expe- 
rience from their exhausted treasure ? 

A. Being unable to pay their merce- 
naries, a civil war ensued, which lasted 
3| years. 

1030. What act of treachery were the Romans 
guilty of during this civil war ? 

A. They took possession of Sardinia 



li 



EOMAN" SHIPS. 255 

(which belonged to Carthage), and vio- 
lated the terms of peace, (b. c. 238.) 

Niebuhr says, this is one of the most detestable acts of in- 
justice in the history of Rome. 

1031. Hoiv was Carthage saved from ruin in 
this extremity ? 

A. By the heroism of HamiFca Barca; 
who repaired the loss of Sardinia by the 
conquest of Spain, (b, c. 237-228.) 

1032. What kind of ships did the Romans 
build in the \st Punic tvar ? 

A. Large galleys (called quin'que- 

remes) ; furnished with sails, and 5 

benches of rowers on each side. 

Quinque (Jive) re'mi (oars) pronounce in 3 sylL, quin'-que- 
remes. 

1033. Hotv were these quinque-r ernes manned? 
A. Each had 300 rowers, and from 

150 to 300 marines. 

1034. How did the Romans teach the art of 
rowing, ivhile their fleet was building ? 

A. They seated several thousand men 
daily on planks ; and taught them the 
method of handling the oar, and of keep- 
ing time in rowing to flute-music. 

1035. As the Romans were bad sailors, what 
device did Duilius adopt, to make sea-fights resem- 
ble those on land ? 

A. He made a kind of draw-bridge to 

each ship, which lifted up against the 

mast by a rope and pulley. 



256 THE ^DILES. 

1036. What was the draw -bridge called? 

A. A crow (corvus) ; because the ex- 
treme edge had an iron grapple, like a 
crow's beak, by which it held fast to the 
enemy's deck. 

1037. How was this corvus or draw-bridge 
used 7 

A. It was hauled up while the ship 

was sailing ; but as soon as an enemy's 

ship came near enough, it was let down^ 

and made a bridge from one vessel to the 

other. 

At a later period, the E-oman ships were furnished with 
towers several stories high ; from which darts, stones, and 
other missives were hurled at the foe. 

1038. What alteration luas made in the sacred 
games, soon after the 1st Punic %varl 

A. They were no longer paid for by 

the Senate, but by the ^diles, 

1039. What effect had this arrangement on the 
constitution of Rome ? 

A. As none but the wealthy could be 
^diles, and the -^.dileship was the step- 
ping stone to every other, office, — it soon 
came to pass, that ivealth was the stand- 
ard of merit at Rome ; and the character 
of the people degenerated. 

1040. What new exhibition was introduced 
into Rome at the commencement of the Punic 
war ? 

A. That of Gladiators, by Marcus and 



PRJETORS. 257 

Decimus Brutus, at the funeral of their 
father, (b. c. 264.) 

1041. What new officer ivas appointed at Rome, 
at the close of the lat Punic war ? 

A. Praetors of provinces — or Judges 
over territories lying beyond Italy, (b. c, 
241.) 

Subsequently, the ex-Prsetor of Rome was sent to the Pro- 
Yinces, and called Pro-Pryetor: Towards the close of the 
republic, the ex-Consuls were sent to some of the Provinces, 
and called Pro-Consuls. The Emperor Augustus made a 
great change in th6 government of the provinces — the larger 
ones he took under his own charge, and appointed over them 
Legates, Praefects, or Procurators, who held their appoint- 
ments at the pleasure of the Emperor. It will be remembered 
that Pontius Pilate held this kind of office in Juda3a, at the 
time of our Lord's crucifixion. 

1042. What was the 1st Rojnan province ? 

A. Sicily ; agad 6 years afterwards Sar- 
dinia, (b. c. 241 and 235.) 

Syracuse, Messana, Tauromen'ium, and Netum, were left 
independent states ; Panormus, Segesta, and Centur'ipa, were 
exempt from paying taxes to Rome. 

1043. What suite accompanied the Prcetor to 
his province ? 

A. Two Quaestors, to act as revenue 
officers ; and a tribe of scribes, sooth- 
sayers, and inferior servants. 

1044. What arrangements did the Romans 
make respecting the provincial tribute ? 

A. They sold by auction the various 
branches of revenue to persons called 
publicans (publicdni)^ who employed ser- 
vants to collect it. 



268 ROMAN ARTILLERY. 

1045. Who were the ■publica7is [publicani) ? 
A. Farmers of the public revenue ; 

who formed themselves into companies 
after the 2d Punic war, and were gen- 
erally of the equestrian order. 

1046. What ivas the general character of the 
Publicani ? 

A. They were notorious for that abuse 
of power and extortion, so frequently re- 
ferred to in the New Testament. 

Livy says, " Wherever a publican is, never expect either 
justice or liberty." Liv. xxv. 3, 4. 

1047. What neiv method of warfare ivas intro- 
duced in the 1st Funic war ? 

A. At the siege of Lilybse'um, the Ro- 
mans first employed artillq^y, or machines 
for shooting missives, (b. c. 250.) 

1048. Of what did the Koman artillery con- 
sist ? 

A. Of the ballis'ta, cata'pult, scorpion, 

and battering-ram. 

These instruments were known to the Hebrews and Syrians 
before the foundation of Rome. See 2d Chron. xxvi. 15. 
(B. c. 810.) 

1049. What was the scorpio ? 

A. A rope fixed to two immoveable 
beams, in which an arrow was twisted; 
and shot forth by a violent recoil. 

Hence its name Tormentum, from tormen (a twist}, 

1050. What loas the ballista ? 

A. A machine for hurling massive 



CAIUS DUILIUS. 259 

stones to the distance of a quarter of 
a mile. 

From the Greek word j3a?i,X(o (to hurl). 

1051, What was the catapulta ? 

A. A gigantic cross-bow for shooting 
javelins, beams of wood, and other mis- 
sives. 

From KaraiTe'KTrj^y i. e. nara-TzaATiQ (to pitch or cast down.) 

1052. What was the battering-ram? 

A. A long beam, armed at one end 
with an iron ram's-head, and suspended 
on 3 poles like a gipsy's kettle ; it was 
first drawn back and then allowed to 
swing violently against the enemy's wall. 

This formidable instrument was first used by the Cartha- 
ginians in the siege of Cadiz ; Cetras of Chalcedon (in Asia 
Minor) first mounted a frame for the ram on wheels, and 
called it a testudo, or tortoise. 



Eminent Men during the 1st Punic War, 

1053. Who was Caius DuiVius ? 

A. A Consul in the 1st Punic war, 
who gained for the Romans their first 
naval victory. 

1054. Over whom was this victory ivon ? 

A. Over the Carthaginians, between 
Mylse and the Li'pdra Islands, (b. c. 
260.) 



260 CALPURNIUS FLAMMA. 

1055. How vjas he honoured for this victory ? 
A. 1st — With a triumph: 

2dly — With a column, adorned with 
the beaks of ships : and 

3dly — He was attended with a torch- 
bearer and a flute-player every night, 
when he returned home. 

The rostral column, erected to Duilius, was greatly injured 
by lightning, in the reign of Tiberius ; but the repaired column 
exists still at Rome. 

1056. Who was Tiberius Coruncanius ? 

A. A Consular of Rome ; and the first 
Plebeian who was created Pontifex Max- 
imus, in which office he was more emi- 
nent than any of his predecessors. 

Lucius Sextus was the 1st Plebeian Consul, 354 ; C. M. Ruti- 
lus, the 1st Plebeian Dictator, 353 ; also the first Plebeian 
Censor, 348; M. P. Laenas gained the 1st Plebeian triumph; 
Q. P. Philo was the 1st Plebeian Prsetor, 337 ; and Coruncanius 
the 1st Plebeian Chief Pontiff, B. c. 253. The first also to 
give instructions in law. 

1057. Who was Calpurjtius F lamina ? 

A. A Trib"Une of the people, who de- 
voted himself and his band of 300 men to 
save the Roman army. 

1058. What were the circumstances of this 
heroic action ? 

A. As the Romans were marching to 
besiege Camarina (in Sicily), they were 
enclosed in a defile by the enemy ; w^hen 
Calpurnius mounted a hill with his 300 
men, and maintained the fight till the 
army had made good its retreat. 



r.OMAN- POETS. 261 

1059. Did Calpurnius Flamma survive this 
heroic action ? 

A. He fell wounded in the fight ; but 

afterwards recovered, and distinguished 

himself in several subsequent battles. 

The case of Codes (one-eyed) on the Sublician bridge, 
which he defended against the army of Porsenna ; and in 
Greek history, the stand made by Leonidas and his 300 com- 
panions, at the pass of Thermopylae, against Xerxes and his 
army, are parallel cases. 

1060. What poets flourished in Rome at the 
close of the \st Punic ivar ? 

A. Liv'ius Androni cus and NseVius. 

1061. Who IV as Livius Andronicus? 

A. Tlie most ancient Latin poet ; a 
native of Tarentum ; and a freed slave 
of Livius Salinator, who made him tutor 
to his children. 

" Salinator" (the saltman) was a nickname given to Livy, 
because he imposed a tax upon salt. 

1062. What did Livius Andronicus compose? 
A. Tragedies and comedies. 

On one occasion, being too hoarse to speak his part, he em- 
ployed a slave to recite the words, while he himself performed 
the proper action and gestures. Livius Andronicus also trans- 
lated into Latin verse an abridgment of Homer's Odyssey. 

1063. WhowasNcBvius? 

A. One of the most ancient Roman 
poets, born at the commencement of the 
Punic war. He wrote tragedies, come- 
dies, and an epic poem. (b. c. 274-202.) 

1064. What was the epic poem of Ncevius 
about 1 



262 BEGULUS. 

A. The 1st Punic war. It opens with 
the story of ^Eneas's flight from Troy ; 
and describes his visit to Carthage, and 
his amour with Dido. This poem was 
extensively copied by Virgil. 

In Virgil, the description of the storm in ^n. 1 ; the speech 
of ^neas to his companions ; and of Venus to Jupiter ; are 
copied from Naevius. Some fragments of Nsevius are still 
extant. 

1065. Who was Marcus AtiVius Reg'ulus ? 
A. A Plebeian Consul, who gained 

several victories in Africa over the Car- 
thaginians ; but was subsequently de- 
feated by Xantip'pus, a Greek merce- 
nary. 

1066. Mention the Roman hoast res'pecting the 
primitive habits of Regulus, 

A. When in the summit of his glory^ 

he petitioned the Senate for his recall 

from Africa ; that he might '' plough and 

plant his little form, lest his family should 

suffer want." 

1067. How do the Romans speak of Regulus ? 

A. As a disinterested patriot, a single- 
minded man, a brave general, and a mar- 
tyr to his country, (He died b. c. 250.) 

1068. Hoiv do modern historians speak of him ? 
A. As a vain, self-willed, and arrogant 

adventurer; who died of mortification, 
rather than Carthaginian tortures. 



HIERO. — MANETHO. 2 63 

1069. If the modern account be correct, how can. 
the Roman one be accounted for ? 

A. On this principle : The whole con- 
duct of the Romans towards the Car- 
thaginians was unjust and abominable ; 
they tried, therefore, to justify themselves 
by vilifying the Carthaginians, and laud- 
ing their own countrymen. 

For example. — 'The Romans used to call deceit " Punic 
faith ;" as if the Carthaginians were so deceitful, that they 
could never be trusted ; whereas, the Romnis themselves in 
the Punic wars were far more guilty of tre.ichery than their 
opponents. 

1070. Who tvas Hiero ? 

A. A king of Syr'acuse, and steadfast 
ally of the Romans in the 1st Punic war, 
(b. c. 270-216, he died aged 90.) 

This Hiero is mentioned by Theoc'ritus (the Greek pastoral 
poet) in terms of high commendation. He was an admirable 
king ; but is best known by the famous story about the golden 
crown, which Archimedes tested. (See Archimedes, Q. 1178.) 

1071. What Carthaginians were distinguished 
in the first Punic War? 

A. Hanno, Bos'tar, Has'driibal, and 
Hamircar, all famous generals. 

1072. What Egyptian historian flourished 
during the 1 st Punic ivar ? 

A. Man'etho, an Egyptian priest ; the 

first w^ho wrote in Greek an account of 

the history, manners, and religion of 

Egypt. 

The work of Manetho is lost, but several lists of kings from 
his works have come down to us from extracts by Africanus 
and Eusebius. Herodotus (who lived about 200 years before) 



264 ILLYRIAN WARS. 

and Diodorus Seciiliis (who lived about 200 years after Mang- 
tho) are the only ancient historians, who have attempted a 
history of this mysterious people ; on whose actions, customs, 
and religion, so much light has been recently thrown by M. 
Champollion and Sir J. G. Wilkinson. 



The 2d Punic or HanjStibalian War. 

B. c. 218-201. A. u. 535-552. 

1073. Hoiv long did the \st Punic war last ? 
A. The 1st Punic war lasted nearly 

23 years ; and the peace afterwards lasted 
23 years, (b. c. 241-218.) 

1074. In what contests were the Romans em- 
ployed betiveen the \st and 2d Punic ivars ? 

A. In a contest with the lUyrlans (in 
Greece) ; and another with the Gauls. 

1075. What caused the 1st lllyrian war ? 

A. Some pirates having committed 
depredations on the Roman dominions, 
the Romans declared war against the na- 
tion to which they belonged, (b. c. 229.) 

1076. What was the cause of the 2d lllyrian 
war ? 

A. A similar piratical offence. The 

Romans were again victorious, (b. c. 

219.) 

1077. What was the cause of the 3d and last 
lllyrian war ? 



VICTORY OYER THE GAULS. 266 

A. The Illyrians formed an alliance 
with the King of Macedon : whereupon, 
both kingdoms were defeated, and made 
subject to the Romans, (b. c. 168.) 

1078. What ivas the cause of the neiv quarrel 
with the Gauls ? 

A. The Boians and Gauls made an al- 
lirince, and marched to besiege Rome ; 
but were put to flight with great loss« 
(b. c. 225.) 

1079. How did the Romans folloio up the vic- 
tory ? 

A, They carried the war into the ene- 
my's country, and compelled the Gauls to 
sue for peace, (b. c. 222.) 

1080. How ivas this vmr signalized ? 

A. By Marcellus (the Roman general) 
who slew in single combat Viridom'arus 
(the Gallic general) ; and consecrated 
the spoil to Jupiter Feret'rius. 

This battle was fought at Clastid'ium (now Castaggio, lat. 
A^^, long. 9^ 10'). This is the third and last instance of the 
*' Spolia Oplma'^ in Roman history. (See Q. 89.) 

1081. Hoiv ID as the interval bettueen the 1st and 
2d Punic loar employed by the Carthaginians ? 

A. In the conquest of Spain ; by whose 
silver mines their treasury was recruited. 
(b. c. 238-219.) 

At the commencement of this expedition Hamilcar, the Car- 
thaginian genejal, led to the altar his son Hannibal (who was 
only 9 years old), and made him swear " Never while he lived 
to keep peace with Rome !" At the age of 26, Hannibal com" 
12 



266 SIEGE OF SAGUNTUM. 

menced the 2d Pumc war, and continued hostilities with Koiner 
till he died, at the age of 67. (b. c. 218-183.) 

1082. How did the Roma7i$ interfere with tJit 
Carthaginians in Spain ? 

A. They forbade them to pass the 
Iberus (now called the E'hro)^ a large river 
in the N. East of Spain. 

1088. Who had the conduct of the war in 
Spain ? 

A, Hamircar, for the first 9 years : 
After he was slain, he was succeeded by 
Has'drnbal ; who in 8 years was assas- 
sinated^ and succeeded by Hannibal. 

1084. Wliat %va$^ HannibuVs first exploit in 
^var ? 

A. The siege of Sagun'tum. (219.) 

Saguntum (rwi^ called MurviedoJ was a sea-port towa in 
Spain a little above Valencia, lat. o9^|^, long. 15' west. 

1085. How did the Romans interfere with thi^ 
movement ? 

A. The Sagun'tines craved protection 
from Rome ; and though this city was 
soutfi of the Iberus, the Romans com- 
manded Hannibal not to touch it. 

1086. How did Hannibal receive this com- 
mand ? 

A. He paid no heed to it whatsoever ; 
and the Romans demanded, that the Car- 
thaginians should deliver Hannibal into 
their hands. 



HAINTNIBAI/S VICTORIES. 267 

1087. Did the Carthagiitians comiply / 

A. No. And both nations prepared 
for the 2d Punic war, (b, c. 218.) 

The towering genius of Hannibal (the Napoleon of Car- 
thage) has rendered the 2d Funic war the most illustrious 
fitrviggle of ancient history. 

1088. Into what 3 'pojrt$> may the 2d Punic war 
he divided ? 

A. 1st— From Hannibal's passage into 
Italy to the battle of Cannae : 

2dly — From the taking of Cap'ua (when 
the success of Hannibal began to waver) 
to the death of his brother : and 

3dly— From Hannibal's evacuation of 
Italy to the battle of Zama (in Africa). 

1089. Give an ejntoTrm of tJie 1st ]}Gjrt of the 
Ilannahalian war. 

A. Hannibal led his army over the 
Alps ; met Scipio the Roman Consul at 
the river Ticinus (near Milan) ; and de- 
feated him with great loss, (b. c. 218.) 

Tlie 2d battle. 

After a few days, Hannibal defeated 
Sempro'nius, the other Consul, near the 
river Treb'ia (a littU S. E. of the other 
river), (b, c, 218.) 

The M battle. 

Next year, Hannibal defeated and slew 
Flamin'ius, the new Consul, near the lake 
Trasimenus (on the east boundary of Tus- 
cany), (b. c. 217.) 



268 BATTLE OF CAlsNM. 

The Uh battle. 

The year following, Haimibal slew the 
Consul ^mirius Paulas, near the town 
of Cannse (on the south-east corner of 
Naples). And defeated the Romans for 
the fourth time. (b. c. 216, Aug. 2.) 

^ The passage of Hannibal across the Alps in 15 days, (in 
October, b. c. 218,) and the passage of Napoleon Buonaparte, 
First Consul of France^ (at the close of May, a. d. 1800,) 
present a striking parallel. Both took their route over the 
Little St. Bernard. Tradition says, that Hannibal caused the 
rocks in his passage over the Alps to be made red hot, and 
then split them by throwing Yinegai on the heated masses. 
In the battle of Cannae, 87,000 Komans fell on the field, and 
Hannibal sent 3 bushels of gold rings to Carthage, taken as 
spoil from the fingers of Senators and Knights. 

1090. Ilcnv did 'Rome testify its grief at this 
disastrous loss ? 

A. By a general mourning : But the 

religious rites were suspended for only 30 

days. 

1091. What impoj'tant consequences folloieed 
the victory of Canned ? 

A. Almost all the nations in the south 

of Italy revolted from Rome ; amongst 

them Cap'ua, where Hannibal established 

his winter quarters. 

It is said that the Capuans slew all the Homans in their city 
by stifling them in hot baths. 

1092. Whom did Rome appoint, after the bat- 
tle of Cannce, to conduct the war ? 

A. Quintus Fa'bius Max'imus and Mar- 
cellus, called the '' Shield and Sword of 



2d PUNIC WAR. 269 

Rome." From this time forth, the for- 
tune of Hannibal began to waver. 

Livy says, that among the sacrifices offered up at this time 
by the Romans to propitiate their gods, were a male and 
and female Gaul, and a male and female Greek, xxii. 57. 

1093. What 7'eprisals did the Romans niake^ 
when Hannibal crossed over into Italy ? 

A. They sent the 2 Scipios into Spain, 
to attack the Carthaginian dominions 
there, (b. c. 218.) 

The 2 Scipios were Cneius Cornelius and his brother Publius. 

1094. What success attended the Scijnos in 
Spain ? 

A. Most of the Spanish towns deserted 
from Carthage ; but in 6 years the Scipios 
were slain, (b. c. 212.) 

1095. Who was sent to succeed them ? 

A. Publius Cornelius Scipio, after- 
ward called Africanus ; a young man 
only 24 years old ; and the son of Pub'- 
lins. 

1096. WJiat success attended this young man ? 
A. Having taken by storm several 

strong towns, and defeated Hasdriibal 
(the brother of Hannibal), he crossed 
over into Africa, (b. c. 204.) 

1097. How was Scipio Africanus met, on his 
landing in Africa ? 

A. By 3 large armies, one of which 

(with Masinissa their leader) deserted to 



270 Hannibal's climacteric. 

Scipio. The Carthaginians were defeated 
with great slaughter, (b. c. 204.) 

1098. While Scipio was thus employed in 
Spain and Africa,- how was Hannibal employed 
in Italy ? 

A. As the star of Scipio began to rise, 

that of Hannibal began to fall. 

1099. Give a short account of the success, which 
attended both the Romans and Hannibal^ for the 
8 years subsequent to the battle of Cannce, 

A. 1st — Marcellus took Syracuse by 
storm ; and Hannibal took Taren'tum, 
both in the same year (b. c. 212): 

2dly — The Romans re-conquered Cap'- 
ua ; and Hannibal annihilated the army 
of FulVius. (b. c. 211.) 

3dly — The Romans recovered Taren- 
tum ; and Hannibal defeated Marcellus 
at Numistro (in Apulia, b. c. 209) : 

4thly — Samnium and Lucania re- 
turned to allegiance with Rome ; and 
Hannibal defeated and slew Marcellus 
at Venu'sia. (b. c. 208.) 

At the close of the 1st Punic war, Hiero, King of Syracuse, 
was an ally of the Romans ; but after the death of Hiero, his , 
successor (a lad 15 years of age), thinking the Romans the 
weaker party, shifted over to Carthage. The consequence of 
this defection was the destruction of Syracuse by Marcellus. 
B. c. 212. 

1100. Where did Hannibal place his hope in 
this crisis of his fortune ? 

A. In his brother Has'driibal ; whom 



.i 



2d PUNIC WAR. 271 

he expected daily to join him, with rein- 
forcements from Spain. 

1101. How was the hoiie of Hannibal anni- 
hilated ? 

A. His brother crossed the Alps w^ith 

a large army ; but was defeated and slain 

by the Roman Consuls, at the river Me- 

tau'rus (in Umbria^ b. c. 207). 

It is said, that the Romans cut off the head of Hasdrubal, 
and flung it into the camp of Hannibal ; who exclaimed with 
a sigh, that " As fortune was fatigued with favouring him, the 
doom of Carthage was sealed." 

1102. At the death of Hasdrubal, what was the 
state of the Carthaginian affairs ? 

A. 1st — 'Spain, Sicily, and nearly all 
Italy had deserted the cause of Hannibal : 

2dly — Scipio Africanus was ravaging 
Africa, and subduing it : — and 

3diy — Hasdrubal and his army being 
destroyed, Hannibal was left at Bruttium, 
like a chained lion beset with hounds. 

1103. What was this 3(i act in the drama of 
Hannibal ? 

A. He was recalled to defend Africa 

against Scipio ; encountered his rival at 

Zama ; was utterly defeated ; and fled. 

This battle was fought 15 years after Hannibal's transit 
into Italy. The city Zama was about 75 miles from Carthage. 

1104. What was the result of this defeat ? 

A. The Carthao^inians ao^ain submitted 
to the Homans. And thus ended the 2d 



272 Hannibal's ovekthkow. 

Panic war, after a struggle of 17 years. 
(b. c. 218-201.) 

1105. What terms were made with Carthage 
by Scij)io Africanus ? 

A. 1st — The Carthaginians were to 
evacuate Spain, as they had done Sicily : 

2dly— To give up their ships and ele- 
phants : 

3dly — -Not to make war without the 
permission of the Romans : and 

4thiy— To pay a sum of money, about 
equal to seven millions of dollars, by 50 
yearly instalments. 

The parallels between Napoleon and Hannibal are very 
striking : 

In both cases the struggle was between an individual genius 
and the resources of the most powerful nation in the world: 

In both cases the individual genius met at first the most 
brilliant success, but was ultimately overthrown by the re- 
sources of the adverse nation : 

Hannibal strove with Rome for 17 years, and died an exile 
after the battle of Zama (b. c. 202) : 

Napoleon strove with England for 16 years, and died an 
exile after the battle of Waterloo (a, d. 1815), 



1st MACEDONIAN WAR. 273 



History of Eome between the 2d and 3d 
Punic Wars. 

B. c, 201 to 149. A. u. 552 to 604. 

1106. What important tvar was cotemporary 
with the 2d Punic %va.r ? 

A. The three Macedonian wars : — The 

first of which commenced soon after the 

battle of Cannae (in Naples), 

1107. What caused the 1st Macedonian war ? 
A. PhiHp (of Macedon) thinking the 

battle of Cannse had established the Car- 
thaginian sovereignty, formed an alliance 
with Hannibal, (b. c. 213.) 

This Philip was not the father of Alexander, but the 10th 
in succession to the great conqueror. 

In this war the ^tolians, Athenians, Rho'dians, and Egyp- 
tians, together with Attains king of Pergamus, took part with 
the Romans : and 

The Macedonians, Carthaginians, Acarnanians, together 
with Antiochus king of Syria, took part with Philip king of 
Macedon. 

1108. What ivas the issue of the 1st Macedo- 
nian tear ? 

A. As Rome and Carthage were too« 
busy with their own affairs, the burthen 
of the war devolved on their allies. 
Philip had the advantage. (205 b. c.) 

1109. When was the 2d Macedo7iian war ? 
A. At the conclusion of the 2d Punic 

war. (b. c. 200.) 

12* 



:274 2d Macedonian wak. 

1110. What catcsed the 2d Macedonian war ? 
A. Philip had laid siege to Athens ; * 

but as Athens was allied to Rome, the 
Romans declared war against him. 

1111. To whom did Rome intrust the conduct 
^of this war ? 

A. To Quintus Flaminlus, who met 
Philip in Thessaly, on tKe " Dog's-head 
hills" ( cynoS'Cephdlce ) , and gained a com- 
plete victory, (b. c. 197.) 

1112. On ivhat terms ivas peace concluded? 
A. 1st — Philip was to restore all the 

Greek towns to independence : 

2dly — To give up his fleet, and pay a 
tribute to Rome for 10 years : 

3diy — To give his own son among the 
hostages for the fulfilment of the terms. 

Philip was so mortified at this defeat, that the treaty was 
read to him every day, to incite him to use every means to 
leave his throne to his son dishurthened : But when the young 
prince returned to Macedon, his brother Perseus persuaded 
his father he was a friend of the Romans, and obtained an 
order for his execution : Philip, tortured with remorse for this 
oniel act, died of a broken heart, at the age of 59. (b. c. 179.) 

1118. Hoiv long was it after the conclusion of 
the 2d Macedonian luar before the 3d broke out ? 

A. About 26 years. Philip was dead, 
and his son Per'seus had succeeded to the 
Macedonian dominions, (b. c. 179.) 

1114. What caused, the Zd Macedonian tvar ? 
A. Per'seus (hoping to throw oif the 
Roman yoke) made war against Rome for 



3d MACEDONIAN WAR. 275 

3 years with partial success ; but at length 
was utterly subdued, and led captive to 
;Rome. (b. c. 171-168.) 

The avarice of Perseus estranged from him all his allies. 
He behaved in the most abject manner to ^Emilius, his con- 
queror ; — Being cast into a dungeon at Rome, he died either 
of starvation, or from want of sleep. — His son Alexander 
gained his bread as a turner in Alba Longa. 

1115. What effect folloived from the overt hroio 
of Perseus, king of Wlacedon ? 

A. The monarchy of Macedon was 
converted to a Roman province, (b. c. 

168.) 

1116. What ivar grew out of the Macedonian 
war ? 

A. One between the Romans and An- 
ti'6chus king of Syria. 

1117. What was the cause of the Syrian luar f 
A. As Anti'ochus was an ally of Philip, 

king of Macedon, the Romans said he 
was bound bv the late treaty, as well as 
Philip. 

1118. How did the treaty with Philijo affect 
Antiochus ? 

A. Philip had agreed " to set free the 
Greek cities,"— the Romans said the 
treaty meant not only the Greek cities 
of Europe, under the dominion of Philip ; 
but also the Greek cities of Asia, under 
the dominion of Anti'ochus. 

1119. Hoio did Antiochus reply to this de- 
mand ? 



276 THE SYRIAN WAR. 

A. He said the Romans had nothing 
to do with his affairs in Asia ; and a war 
with Rome was the consequence, (b. c. 
191.) 

At the breaking out of this war Hannibal was taking refuge 
at the court of Antiochus, and this was probably an addi- 
tional motive for the war. 

1 120. What ivas the result of this Syrian war ? 
A. Anti'ochns was defeated, and sued 

for peace, (b. c. 190.) 

L. Scipio was surnamed " Asiaticus" for this conquest, as 
his brother Cornelius had been surnamed " Africanus" for hin 
conquests in Africa. 

1121. What terms ivere made with Antiochks? 
A. 1st — He was to give up all his 

dominions north of Mount Taurus : and 
2dly — To pay a heavy tribute to Rome 
for 12 years. 

"Mount Taurus." A long range of mountains dividing 
Asia Minor from Syria or the Holy Land. 

1122. What war greio out of the Syrian ? 

A. One with the ^tolians ; and an- 
other with the Galatians. Both people 
were compelled to submit to Rome. 

The Galatians were Gallo-Grecians, i. e. Gauls settled in 
Greece, or rather Asia Minor. The ^tolians being rivals of 
the Macedonians, sided with the Romans in the Macedonian 
war ; but in the Syrian war they sided with Antiochus against 
the Romans, and hence the war arose. 

The prodigies which are said to have occurred at this period 
were very abundant ; such as cows speaking witl^ human 
voices, showers of blood, meteors, weeping statues, monstrous 
births, an earthquake which lasted 38 days, and a hurricane 
which destroyed the Rostra erected by M. iEmilius during the 
1st Punic war. 



HANNIBAL. 277 



Eminent Men from the beginning- of the 
2d to the 3d Punic War. 

B. c. 218-149. A. u, 535-604. 

1123. Who was Hannibal ? 

A. Son of Hamilcar Barca (lightning) ; 
and the most illustrious general of an- 
tiquity, (b. c. 247-183.) 

1124. What was the character of Hannibal ? 
A. Brave in battle, generous to his 

enemies, eminent in peace, and a patron 
of learned men : He never committed an 
error in war, and was never guilty of a 
perfidious or unworthy action. 

The meaning of the word Hannibal is *' the grace of Baal." 

1125. Why is it said by the ancients, that 
" Capua corrupted Hannibal ?" 

A. Because Capua was a very dissi- 
pated place ; and after Hannibal wintered 
there, his prosperous fortune left him. 

1126. Why is it said that Fabius ** conquered 
Hannibal by delay V 

A. Because Fabius haunted him from 
place to place, harassing his army, with- 
out coming to any open engagement. 

Hannibal used to compare Fabius to a " cloud hanging over 
a mountain," or " a pedagogue following a child." It was the 
poet Ennius who said of Fabius, " Unus qui nobis cunctando 
restituit rem" (he alone restored our fortune by delay )y a line 
borrowed almost verbatim by Virgil. 



278 FROM 13. C. 218 TO 119. 

1127. WJiT/ did not Hannibal Tnarcli to Rome, 
immediately after the battle of Cannce ? 

A. 1st — Because he had no artillery : 
2dly — His men were worn out : and 
3dly — He wished to gain the alliance 
and co-operation of the Latin states, be- 
fore he laid siege to Rome. 

Maherbal (2d in command of the Carthuginian army) said 
to Hannibal, after the battle of Cannae, '' Despatch me to Rome 
Avith the cavalry, and in 5 days you shall sup in the Capitol." 
Hannibal smiling, said it was impracticable. "Alas! (ex- 
claimed Maherbal) Hannibal knows how to win a victory, but 
not to use one." Livy and the Romans generally entertained 
the same opinion, but modern historians justify the course 
adopted by Hannibal. 

1128. Give an instance of HannibaVs generous 
conduct toivards his enemies. 

A. When Sempronius and Marcellus 
wesre slain, he mourned for them, and 
gave them an honourable burial. 

When Marcellus fell at the battle of Venusia, Hannibal 
mourned for him as for a brother, and called him, *' the lion of 
Italy, and the sword of Rome." 

1129. Give an instance of his magnanimity, 
A. When the Capuans revolted to him, 

one man had the courage to remain faith- 
ful to the Romans ; Hannibal, out of re- 
spect to his fidelity, sent him under escort 
to a place of safety, (b. c. 216.) 

1 1 30. Give an instance of his inventive genius, 
A. When Fabius Maximus entrapped 

him in a defile, he fastened torches to 
SOOO oxen, and sent them, up the steeps ; 
Fabius (thinking it was the army of the 



HAI^mBAL's DEATH. 279 

foe) pursued the oxen ; while Hannibal 
quietly marched his army from the place 
of danger. 

At the battle of Trebia, Hannibal mth great tact induced 
the Romans to wade through the cold river, and to fight 
facing a drifting sleet ; while his own men were kept warm, 
and were drawn up with their backs to the storm. 

At the battle of Cannse, he had the fields behind his army 
ploughed up, that the dust might blow into the eyes of the 
ilomans. 

Nepos tells us of the following curious stratagem. Hannibal 
being about to engage with the fleet of Eumenes (King of 
Pergamus), far superior to his own, had a quantity of ser- 
pents packed in earthen pots, and cast into all the adversary's 
ships, except that of Eumenes, to which he gave chase. This 
one ship was, of course, soon mastered ; and as the others got 
clear of the serpents, and came to the encounter, they were 
all mastered one by one. 

1131. What became of Hannibal after his 
defeat at Zanui ((in Africa) ? 

A. He was put at the head of the 
Carthaginian government ; and would 
have restored the nation to its former 
splendour, had not the intrigues of the 
ancient nobles compelled him to flee, in 
order to save his life. (b. c. 196.) 

1132. Where did Hannibal take refuge ? 

A. First with Anti'ochus, King of 
Syiia ; but when the Romans demanded 
his surrender, he fled into Asia Minor. 

1133. With tvhom did he take refuge there ^ 
A. With Pru'sias, King of Bithy nia ; 

but the Romans again demanding his 
surrender, he destroyed himself by poison. 
(b. c. 183.) 



280 THE SCIPIOS. 

When Hannibal was at the court of Antiochus, he met 
Scipio Africanus ; who asked him, in conversation, " whom he 
considered the greatest general ?" Hannibal replied, " Alex- 
ander, because with a handful of men, he conquered the most 
distant countries in less time than other leaders take to travel 
through them." ** And who (asked Scipio) do you reckon next ?" 
*• Pyrrhus (said Hannibal), because he was unrivalled in his 
encampments." "Whom do you rank third .^" (demanded 
Scipio.) " Myself," (said Hannibal). '' And where (said 
Scipio, laughing) would you have placed yourself had you 
conquered mef' " Before either Pyrrhus or Alexander (was 
Hannibal's reply) ; for I should then have thought myself the 
greatest general of the world." 

1134. In what was the genius of Hannibal 
most conspicuous ? 

A. In his ascendancy over the human 

mind; shown by the devotion of his 

mercenaries in adversity, no less than in 

his briUiant prosperity. 

1135. Who was Scipio ? 

A. There were 4 of this name, dis- 
tinguished at this period : viz., Publius 
Cornelius and his brother Cnelus ; Afri- 
canus and his brother Asiatlcus. 

1136. For ivhat were Cornelius and Cneius 
famous ? 

A. For their conquests in Spain. But 

after a victorious career of 8 years, they 

were both slain in one month, (b. c. 

211.) 

1137. Who was Cornelius Scipio Africanus? 
A. One of the most famous generals 

of Rome, and son of that Publius Cor- 
nelius Scipio slain in Spain. 



SCIPIO AFRICANUS. 281 

1138. Give a proof of the religious zeal of 
Scipio Af'icanus. 

A. He never engaged in any import- 
ant business without offering sacrifice in 
the Capitol ; in consequence of which, 
the people thought him an especial fa- 
vourite with the gods. 

1139. Where was the first engagement of 
Scipio Africamis ? 

A. At Ticinus, where he saved his 

father's life. On the death of his father, 

he succeeded to the command of the army 

in Spain, although he w^as only 24 years 

of age. (b. c. 210.) 

1140. What success did the young Scipio meet 
with in Spain ? 

A. Everywhere victorious, in 3 years 

he became master of the country : and 

then crossed over into Africa, (b. c. 206.) 

1141. What success did he meet with in 
Africa ? 

A. He took Sy'phax captive ; de- 
feated the Carthaginians in several bat- 
tles : And when Hannibal was recalled 
from Italy, gained over him a most de- 
cisive victory on the plains of Zama. 
(b. c. 202, Oct. 19.) 

1142. How tvas the young conqueror received 
at Ro7ne, after this brilliant ackievement ? 

A. He entered Rome in triumph, was 



282 FROM B. C. 218 TO 149. 

received with unbounded enthusiasm, 
and surnamed Africanus. 

The people wished to make him Dictator for life, and erect 
statues to him in the Capitol ; but he prudently declined both 
these honours. 

1143. In ivhat wars was Scipio Africanus 
after ivar (Is concerned ? 

A, He served as Lieutenant-General 
(Legdtus) under his brother Lu'cius in 
Syria ; but after the war, both brothers 
w^ere accused of embezzlement. (190.) 

1144. What defence did they make? 

A. Lu'cius presented to the Senate an 
account of all the money received ; but 
the haughty Africanus, snatctiug it from 
his hands, tore it to pieces ; and quitted 
Rome in disgust, (b. c. 185.) 

He was summoned afterwards to take his trial : but when 
the day of trial came on, he reminded «the people it was the 
anniversary of the battle at Zama ; and called upon them to 
follow him to the Capitol, to return thanks to the gods. The 
crowd followed with enthusiasm; and Nsevius, the tribune, 
was obliged to withdraw his charge. Scipio, however, could 
not trust his citizens, and quitted Rome in voluntary exile. 

1 145. What is remarkable in the death of 
Scipio Africanus ? 

A. Both he and Hannibal died in the 
same year ; both in exile. Hannibal at 
the age of 64, and Scipio Africanus at the 
age of 62. (b. c. 183.) 

1146. What was the character of Scipio Afri- 
canus major ? 

A. Though he mastered Hannibal, he 



Q. FABIUS CUNCTATOR. 283 

could not (like Hannibal) master his pride 
and passion : He was a rebellious citizen, 
an arrogant noble, and a treacherous cruel 
enemy, (b. c. 234-183.) 

Nothing can exceed the treachery of Scipio to Syphax. He 
sent to negotiate peace with him ; carried on the negotiation 
through the whole winter in the most friendlj^ terms ; invited 
him to his tent, that he might send spies to learn his arrange- 
ments : and having acquired information of every particular, 
fell on the unwary Africans at the dead of night, took Syphax, 
the king, prisoner, and led him in chains to Rome to disgrace 
his triumph, (b. c. 203.) 

1 147. Who ivas Lucius Scipio ? 

A. Brother to Scipio Africanus. He 
was called Asiatlcus, because he defeated 
Anti'ochus, the king of Syria, (b. c. 190.) 

His daughter married Tiberius Gracchus, and was the illus- 
trious mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, the celebrated 
philanthropists. 

1148. Who was Quintus Fahius Maximus, 
surnamed Cunctdtor (i. e. Davjdler) ? 

A. He was appointed Dictator, after 
the battle of Trasimenus ; from which 
time, till the defeat of Hannibal at Zama, 
he was the leading man at Rome. 

1149. Why was he called the Dawdler [Cunc- 
tator) ? 

A. Because he would never come to 
a direct encounter with Hannibal ; but 
moved from hill to hill, haunting the 
foe ; cutting off stragglers, and threaten- 
ing a battle, but never coming to an en- 
gagement. 



284 FROM B. C. 218 TO 149. 

Hence, " To win like Fabius by delay" has become a house- 
nold expression. 

1150. What loas thought of the policy of Fa- 
bius at Rome ? 

A. His caution was thought timidity, 
and he was called Cunctator by way of 
reproach : but when the wisdom of his 
policy was discovered, his nickname of 
reproach became a surname of honour. * 

And he was then called '' Cunctator, The Shield of Rome." 

1151. What stain marked the latter part of 
the life of Fabius Cunctator ? 

A. Jealousy of the fame of Scipio Af- 

ricanus, who overthrew Hannibal by a 

direct encounter ; whose promotion he 

opposed by many disgraceful artifices. 

1152. Who was Claudius Marcellus ? 

A. An illustrious Plebeian, 5 times 
Consul : The conqueror of Syracuse ; and 
called by Hannibal, " The lion of Italy, 
and the sword of Rome," 

Marcellus is further celebrated as being the 3d and last 
general in Roman history who slew in battle, with his own 
hand, the king of the adverse army ; and dedicated the spolia 
oplma to Jupiter Feretrius. (See Q. 89.) 

1153. Who ivas the most formidable opponent 
of Ma7'celhcs, in the siege of Syracuse ? 

A. Archimedes, the Philosopher of 
Syracuse ; who rendered abortive every 
attempt to carry the city by storm ; and 
compelled Marcellus to turn the siege 
into a blockade, (b. c. 214-212.) 



G. MARCELLUS. 285 

1154. What custom did Marcellus introduce, 
after the capture of Syracuse ? 

A. That of carrying away the works 

of art, to grace the temples at Rome. 

1155. Hoiv did Mai'cellus die? 

A. He was slain in battle near Venii- 
sia, where his army was defeated by Han- 
nibal ; but Hannibal mourned for him as 
a brother, and gave him an honourable 
burial, (b. c. 208.) 

1156. What ivas the character of Marcellus ? 
A. A rude stern soldier, daring to ex- 
cess, but cruel and unyielding. 

1157. Who was Caius Flaminius? 

A. A Tribune, who carried an agra- 
rian law, which ordained, that the land 
lately conquered in Gaul should be dis- 
tributed among the poor of Rome. (b. c. 
232.) 

1158. For ivhat ivorks of art is Flaminius cele- 
brated ? 

A. A famous circus and high road. 

(b. c. 272.) 

The circus was called Circus Flaminius ; and the high road 
(via Flaminia) was the Great North Koad from Rome, 
through Umbria, as far as Cisalpine Gaul. 

1159. How was Flaminius killed? 

A. He was slain in the battle of Tras- 
imenus, when his army was defeated by 
Hannibal. (June 23, 217.) 



286 CATO, THE CENSOE. 

1160. Who ivas Litcius jEmilius Paulus? 
A. Consul and General of the Roman 

army at the battle ^f Cannae, which was 
fought contrary to his advice. 

1161. Relate the circumstances of his death, 
A. After the defeat, he was found 

(covered with wounds) sitting on a stone 
by the road side ; Lentulus (a corporal) 
offered him his horse, which the General 
declined, and in a few minutes afterwards, 
was surrounded by the enemy, and slain. 

Horace refers to this in his Odes, bk. v. 1. 12, " Animseque 
inagnae prodigum Paulum superante Poeno ;" (''^Puiilus regards 
less of his life, after he was conquered by the Carthaginians.''^ ) 
Lentulus said, as he rode up, " You, at least, are guiltless of 
this day's slaughter ; take my horse and fly." ^milius 
thanked the generous corporal, and said, '' All is over, and I 
have chosen my part ; go and tell Fabius, ^milius, in death, 
approved his advice." 

1162. Who ivas Marcus Fortius Cato, the 
Censor, also called Ca^to Major ? 

A. A man, distinguished in the 2d 
Punic vvar, for his frugality and military 
skill. Whenever his services v^ere not 
required by the state, he used to retire to 
his Sabine farm, which he cultivated with 
his own hand. 

1163. Why ivas Cato so hostile to Scipio Afri- 
canus ? 

A. Because Scipio was luxurious in his 
tastes, and partial to the Grecian habits 
and dress ; which Cato abhorred. 



POETS. 287 

1164. How did Cato, the Censor, ^iiend his old 
age ? 

A. In learning the Greek language. 

1165. What pai't did Cato take in the destruc- 
tion of Carthage^ in his old age ? 

A. Being sent to Carthage on an em- 
bassy, he was struck with envy at its 
flourishing condition ; and after his re- 
turn, ended all his speeches in the Senate 
with these words : '' Delenda est Car- 
thago" (Carthage must he destroyed), 

1166. What works did. Cato^ the Censor, 
vjrite ? 

A. A treatise on agriculture, and a 

history of Italy. 

His History of Italy, in 7 books (of wliich fragments are 
extant), is cpJled " Orig'ines ;" and his treatise on agriculture, 
" De re Rustica," is printed in the '' Scriptures Rei Ilusticse." 
Cato died at the age of 85. (r. c. 149.) 

1 167. What tvas the character of Cato ? 

A. Rigid in principle, and of primitive 
simplicity ; but proud, cruel, and obsti- 
nate ; envious of the Scipios ; and most 
unjust to Carthage. 

1168. What yoets lived in Hcmie, during the 
2d Punic war ? 

A. Plau'tus, En nius, and Te'rence. 

1169. Who ivas Plautus? 

A, The most celebrated comic poet of 
Rome. He was a baker's drudge, and 
wrote his first 3 plays turning a hand- 



288 ENNIUS. — TERENCE. 

mill. The sale of these 3 plays enabled 
him to leave his drudgery, and devote 
himself to literature. 

Livius Andronicus and Naevius (mentioned at the close of 
the 1st Punic war) were his seniors : Ennius and Csecilius his 
juniors. Terence flourished 20 years after the death of Plautus. 
Plautus died at the age of 70. (b. c. 184.) 

1 170. What works of Plautus ure still extant ? 
A. 20 comedies, highly admired for 

their wit and force of character. Shaks- 
peare's " Comedy of Errors," is borrowed 
from Flatus. 

From the Mencechmi. Dryden, Addison, Moliere, and others, 
are also indebted to these inimitable comedies. 

1171. Who was Ennius ? 

A. A Greek by birth, whom Cato 
brought to Rome. He was intimate 
with Scipio Africanus ; in whose sepul- 
chre he was buried at the age of 70, 

1172. For what is Ennius celebrated ? 

A. He is called " The Father of Ro- 
man Foetry :" But all his w^orks are lost 
except a few fragments, (b. c. 239-169.) 

His principal work was an epic poem, in hexameter verse, 
called " Annalium Libri XVIII." from which Virgil borrowed 
largely, and Livy compiled his history of the Roman Kings. 
He also wrote tragedies, comedies, satires, epigrams, &c., &c. 

1173. Who was Terence? 

A. A celebrated comic poet, born at 
Carthage : Slave of Fublius Terentius, a 
Roman senator. 

Terence, or Terentius Afer, was called (previous to his man- 
umission) Publipor (i. e. Publii-puer) the slave of Publius ; 
but afterwards he adopted the name of his master Terentius. 



COTEMPORARIES. 289 

•• 1174. Of 'what work?, teas Terence the author ? 
A. All that remain to us are 6 come- 
dies ; but he translated 108 comedies of 
Menan'der, the Athenian. 

1175. What became of these translations from 
Menander ? 

A. They were lost at sea ; and Terence 

(it is supposed) died of a broken heart in 

consequence, at the age of 36. (b. c. 

159.) 

1176. What is the character of Terence, as a 

writer ? 

A. For purity of Latin he rivals 
Cicero and Csesar ; for pathos, wit, plot, 
and sentiment, he is superior to Plautus ; 
but inferior in fun and raciness. 

C^cilius, the predecessor of Terence, was a native of Milan : 
He was also a slave, like Terence. Csecilius wrote 40 come- 
dies, which the Romans class with those of Plautus and 
Terence ; but very few fragments are now extant, (b. c. 215- 
168.) 

1177. What great Jewish Chamr)ion lived 
during this period ? 

A. Judas Maccabae'us ; but the his- 
tory of the Maccabees belongs rather to 
the next period. Judas died b. c. 160. 

Called Maccabeus from a Hebrew word makab^ '' a ham- 
mer:" The Maccabees were called aiso Asmoneans, from 
Asamonoeus, the great-grandfather of Mattathias, the father 
of Judas Maccabjsus. 

1178. Who IV as Archim'des ? 

A. A v^ery famous mathematician of 

13 



290 ARCHIMEDES. 

Syracuse (in Sicily) ; the friend and 
kinsman of King Hiero. (b. c. 287-212.) 

Archimedes is called the *' Homer of Geometry/' 

1179. What scientific inventions were made by 
Archimedes ? 

A. The water-screw fcocA/^aj, for pump- 
ing water from the hold of a vessel ; and 
another for propelling ships : 

A kind of orrery, representing the 
movement of the heavenly bodies : 

A water-organ, a calculating machine, 
and a water-clock. 

Of the treatises of this celebrated philosopher, 9 are now 
extant ! viz. : — 1. On equiponderants and centres of gravity. 
• — 2,. The quadrature of the paralda. — -3. On the sphere and 
cylinder. — 4. On dimension of the circle. — 5. On spirals. — 6, 
On conoids and spheroids. — 7. The arenarius. — 8. On floating 
bodies. — '9. Lemmata — all written in the Greek language. 

Archimedes was the 1st person who constructed a ship with 
S m£ists. The centre mast (of extraordinary height) was 
brought from Britain. 

11 BO. Mefition a very famous vaunt of this 
great mathematicia^i. 

A. He used to say, " Give me a place 
on which to stand, and I will move the 
world." He meant that he considered 
the power of the " lever " sufficient to 
move the heaviest bodies in existence. 

1181. Mention his celebrated discovery of spe- 
cific gravity. 

A. King Hiero gave a goldsmith some 
gold to convert into a crown. When the 
man brought it home, the King suspected 



li 



ARCHIMEDES. 291 

he had used alloy ; and asked Archi- 
medes to ascertain the truth. 

i 

1182. Hoiv did Archimedes proceed? 

A. He was greatly puzzled for a long 
time : but one day he noticed, that the 
water of the bath ran over when he en- 
tered. He was so delighted at this inci- 
dent, that he ran home naked, shouting 
as he went, " Eureka, Eureka," (I have 
found it out ! I have found it out ! ) 

1183. What had Archimedes found out by 
this incident ? 

A. That when any solid substance is 

plunged into water, it will displace a 

quantity equal to its own bulk. 

1184. Hovj did Archimedes proceed, after he 
had made this discovery ? 

A. He first plunged into water a 
quantity of gold equal to the crowti, and 
marked how much was displaced ; he 
then did the same with a quantity of sil- 
ver ; and lastly, he plunged the crown 
itself into water. 

1185. What was the result of this experiment ? 
A, He found that the gold displaced 

the most water, the crown the next most, 
and the silver the least: So he told the 
king, there was a mixture of silver in the 
crown. 

The goldsmith was put to death fo* his fraud. 



292 FKOM B. G. 218 TO 149. 

1186. What marvellous tales are told of Archi- 
medes in the siege of Syracuse ? 

A. 1st— When Marcellus drew up his 
ships before the town, Archimedes con- 
structed levers to seize the ships by the 
poop, and toss them into the air. 

2dly — When the fleet moved further 
off, he constructed burning glasses along 
the shore, which set fire to the ships and 
burnt them. 

The celebrated Buifon attempted to prove the truth of this 
tradition, by a series of successful experiments. Archimedes 
also contrived means to break in pieces the tormenta and bat- 
tering-rams of the Romans. 

1187. What became of this celebrated jphiloso- 
pher after the siege ? 

A. A common soldier bursting into 
his study, killed him without knowing 
who he was. 

1188. Hoiv did Marcellus honour the great 
philosopher ? 

A. He erected over his grave a column, 
on the top of which was a sphere within 
a cylinder. 

The most favourite discovery of Archimedes was, the pro- 
portion between the contents of a sphere and those of a cylin- 
der. He found that the solid contents of a sphere were 
exactly | of the solid contents of a circumscribing cylinder : 
and wished his grave to be signalized as it was by Marcellus. 

1189. Where was Archimedes buried? 

A. In SyrS^cuse. When Cicero was 
quaestor there, he found the tomb envel- 
oped with briars and thorns ; so little was 



3d PUNIC WAR. 293 

his memory regarded by his country- 
men. 

Archimedes and Newton were the two greatest mathematical 
geniuses the world has produced. Their clear conception of 
the most complex phenomena; their original perception of 
familiar objects, and their simple solutions of the most mys- 
terious problems of science, render them unrivalled. Archi- 
medes died B. c. 212. Sir Isaac Newton died A. D. 1726. 



3d Punic War. 

DESTRUCTION OF CARTHAGE AND OF CORINTH. 
From B. c. 149 to 131. A. v^Oi to 622. 

1190. How long did the peace with Carthage 
continue after the 2d Punic i^ar ? 

A. Upwards of 50 years, during which 

time the Carthaginians gave the Romans 

no single cause of complaint. 

1191. What was the cause of the 3d Funic 
war ? 

A. Rome had long wished for the de- 
struction of Carthage ; and made a dis- 
pute between Masinissa and the Cartha- 
ginians the pretext of a new" war, 

1192. Who was Masinissa ? 

A. A restless ferocious King of Nu- 
mid'ia (in Africa) ; constantly making 
aggressions on Carthage. 

Masinissa was at this time 90 years of age. 

1193. How came the Romans to interfere ? 



294 FKOM B. C. 149 TO 131. 

A. When Carthage resisted the en- 
croachments of Masinissa, he appealed to 
Rome ; and the Romans undertook to 
arbitrate the quarrel, (b. c. 149.) 

1194. What terms did these Roman arbitrators 
propose ? 

A. That the Carthaginians should give 

300 hostages for their good faith. To 

this the Carthaginians agreed. 

1195. How did the Romans proceed next ? 

A. They sent over a large army ; and 
commanded the Carthaginians to give up 
all their arms and engines of war, and to 
trust in Rome for protection : With this 
demand they also complied. 

Boman commissioners were sent into Carthage ; who carried 
off in waggons 2000 catapults, and 200,000 suits of armour. 

1196. What was the 3d condition proposed by 
these Roman arbitrators ? 

A. That the whole population should 
leave Carthage ; and build a new town, 
10 miles distant from the sea-coast. 

1197. What effect did this iniquitous demand 
produce on the Carthaginians ? 

A. Being dreadfully exasperated, they 
shut the gates of the city, and murdered 
every Italian within the walls. 

1198. What mearis of defence did the enraged 
Carthaginians adopt ? 

A. Every one laboured both night and 



3d PUNIC WAK 295 

day to make fresh arms and means of de- 
fence. Vessels of gold and silver were 
converted into weapons of war, and the 
women cut off their hair for bowstrings. 

Slaves and prisoners were liberated, and the brass and iron 
fetters melted down for arms. Every day 140 bucklers, 300 
b words, 1000 darts, and 500 javelins, were manufactured. 

1199. Who was appoi7tted General of the Ro- 
man army ? 

A. After two years of unsuccessful con- 
test, Scipio Africanus the younger was sent 
to take command of the armv in Africa, 
(b. c. 147.) 

Publius Cornelius Paulus was the adopted son of Scipio 
Africanus, and assumed the name of his adopted father. After 
the destruction of Carthage, he was also called Africanus the 
younger. Censorinus and Mamilius were the Consuls who 
made these perfidious terms with Carthage. 

1200. Who was the Carthaginian General ? 

A. Has'driibal, who succeeded in keep- 
ing the Romans at bay for 3 years : But 
at length the city was taken and de- 
stroyed, (b. c. 149-146.) 

1201. How was Carthage taken and destroyed? 
A. The Romans scaled the wall at 

night, and put to the sword every one 
they met. As the houses were 6 stories 
high, and filled with armed men, each 
house had to be stormed, and each room 
cleared. The work of slaughter lasted 
six days, and then the city was set on fire. 

No fact of history is marked with deeper guilt and blacker 



"296 FROM B. C. 149 TO 131. 

perfidy, than the conduct of the Romans towards the Cartha- 
ginians. 

1202. What became of Hasdrubal the Cartha- 
ginian General, when the city was fired ? 

A. He implored Scipio to spare his 
life. The request was granted, and Has- 
drubal saved alive to grace the triumph 
of the conqueror. 

The wife, indignant at his cowardice, reproached him from 
the summit of the temple, and then cast herself with her chil- 
dren headlong into the flames below. 

1203. What became of Carthage after its de- 
struction by the Romans ? 

A. It was made into a Roman prov- 
ince ; and governed (under the- name of 
Africa) by a Pro-consul or Praetor. 

It is said, that Scipio sat down before the ruined city, and 
weeping at the desolation, said to Polybius his friend, " A day 
may be at hand, when Rome shall be like Carthage." 

1204. What tear were the Romans carrying 
on coteniforaneoiisly ivith the Sd Punic ivar ? 

A. One with the Achaeans, or com- 
bined cities of Greece. In this war the 
Achaean league was broken ; and Corinth 
(the principal town of the league) burnt 
to the ground, the same year that Car- 
thage was destroyed, (b. c. 146.) 

The cause of this war was the assistance Philip of Macedon 
rendered to the Carthaginians, in their struggle with Rome. 

1205. What became of Greece, after the destruc- 
tion of Corinth ? 

A. It was reduced to a Roman prov- 
ince ; and governed (under the name of 



DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH. 297 

Achaia) by a Roman Pro-Consul or Prae- 
tor. 

It is a curious fact, that Cartilage and Corinth (which were 
both destroyed in one year) were both rebuilt in one year by- 
Augustus Ca3sar ; when they recovered much of their former 
magnificence, as we see from St. Paul's 2 Epistles to the Corin- 
thians. The site of new Corinth is still indicated by 7 Doric 
columns. 

1206. What kind of city was Corinth? 

A. Like Carthage, a great commer- 
cial and maritime city : Its inhabitants 
were wealthy, luxurious, and licentious: 
Its buildings and works of art were so 
exquisite, that it was called '' the glory 
of Greece." 

1207. Where was the next scene of war with 
Rome ? 

A. In Spain, against Viriathus, a brave 
shepherd ; who was made General of the 
Spaniards, and kept the Romans at bay 
for 6 years, (b. c. 146-140.) 

1208. How did Viriathus succeed in keeping 
the Romans so long at hay ? 

A. By uniting the different nations of 
Spain into a league. At length the Ro- 
mans contrived to murder him, and break 
the alliance, (b. c. 140.) 

1209. After the death of Viriathus^ lohere was 
the Spanish vjar concentrated ? 

A. At Numantia, a city in Spain, which 

has gained the admiration of the world 

for its heroic defence. 

13* 



"298 NUMANTIA TAKEN. 

1210. By whom was Numantia taken? 

A. After successfully resisting the Ro- 
mans for 10 years, Scipio Africanus the 
younger reduced it so low by famine, that 
the inhabitants begged a truce of 3 days 
to consider how to act. 

1211. How was this truce spent by the Numan- 
'tians ? 

A. So many murdered themselves to 

avoid the horrors of slavery, that, at the 

end of the truce, only 50 half-starved 

''Creatures were left to grace the triumph 

of the conqueror, (b. c. 143-133.) 

Scipio Africanus the younger henceforth added to his name 

^the title of Numantlnus. 

1212. What tvas the effect of all these conquests 
cm the state of Rome ? 

A. The number of captives were so 
numerous, as to threaten the safety of 
[Rome itself. 

1213. Where were most of these captives located ? 
A. In Sicily ; where they were set to 

^cultivate the land, and attend the flocks 
and herds : but they were treated mth 
great harshness and cruelty. 

1214. How did these captives resist this treat- 
ment ? 

A. They cliose one of their number 

(Eunus) to be their leader ; and 70,000 

rallied round him. (b. c. 134.) 



THE SERVILE WAR. 299 

1215. How did this formidable levy of cajitive 
slaves proceed ? 

A. They massacred the Romans and 
Sicilians in the island, and defeated 4 
armies sent to oppose them ; but were at 
length defeated by the Consul Rupilius, 
and 20,000 put to the sword, (b. c. 
132.) 

This insurrection resembles that of St. Domingo in 1791. A 
vast number of these captive rebels were nailed to crosses 
along the coasts and high roads, to terrify those who were yet 
in arms. Eunus died in prison at Morgantia. This is called 
'' The Servile War in Sicily." (From b. c. 134 to 132.) 

1216. What Asiatic King died aboiit this 
time ? 

A. Attains III., King of Pergamus: 
He died without issue, and left his king- 
dom to the Romans, (b. c. 133.) 

His will was P. R. H. E., which the Romans interpreted' 
thus : Populus Romanus Hseres Esto. 

At this time Rome possessed all Italy and the following pro- 
vinces : Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, &c., Liguria, Cisalpine Gaul, 
Carthage, Spain, Macedonia, Thessaly, Illyria, Epirus, Pelo- 
ponnesus, Greece Proper, and Asia Propria. 

These provinces were governed by Pro-Consuls or Pro- 
Praetors, in whom was placed the highest civil and military 
power. To these governors were attached Quaestors, and 
Publicans to collect the revenue. 



300 FROM B. C. 218 TO 131. 



Political and Social History from the 
2d to the close of the 3d Punic War. 

1217. What effect had these foreign victories 
on the rnorah and habits of the Romans ? 

A. Their ancient simplicity and fru- 
gality were abandoned for disgusting glut- 
tony and debauchery ; and a general de- 
moralization (the effect of rapine and 
bloodshed) pervaded the nation. 

1218. How did the Romans display their 
wealth ? 

A. By luxurious habits, costly dresses, 

splendid mansions, sumptuous banquets, 

and numerous retinues of slaves. 

Buffoons attended the feasts, and cooks were hired at enor- 
mous wages. 

1219. What enactment was made hy Caius 
Oppius, the Tribune^ to restrain the extravagance 
of the Roman ladies ? 

A. One which forbade them to wear 
about their person more than 1 oz. of 
gold; or to ride in a carriage with more 
than 2 horses, (b. c. 215.) 

1220. Hoio did the Roman ladies resist this 
law ? 

A. They protested against it so vehe- 
mently, that it was afterwards repealed, in 
opposition to the advice of Cato. (195.) 

1221. What %vas the religion of Roms, toivards 
the close of the republic ? 



4 



ROMAN LITERATURES 801 

A. Mere pomp and splendour. The 
Greek form of worship was adopted ; but 
the educated classes looked upon religion, 
as a mere instrument of the state to keep 
in check the lower orders. 

1222. When ivas the first idmvn of Latin 
poetry ? 

A. At the close of the 1st Punic war: 
The first productions were translations 
of the Greek: Livius Andronicus, was 
the first Latin Poet. (fio. b. c. 240.) 

1223. Why did not the early promise of the 
Latin drama develop itself more freely ? 

A. Because the Romans preferred glad- 
iatorial exhibitions and combats of wild 
beasts to the legitimate drama. 

1224. When ivas the first dawn of Latin prose 

writers ? 

A. About the same time. Fabius Pic- 
tor (the first Latin historian) was cotem- 
porary with Livius Andronicus. But the 
first who reduced Latin history to method 
was Cato the Censor, who died during the 
3d Punic war. 

The work of Cato called " Orig'ines" gave an account of the 
origin oi various Italian cities. It is unfortunately lost. 

1225. What class of literature was most success- 
fully pursued at Rome ? 

A. Oratory — The Stoic and Epicurean 
philosophy — and Jurisprudence. 



302 AGRICULTUEE. — COMMERCE. 

1226. When was the science of medici7ie intro- 
duced into Rome ? 

A. During the 2d Punic war ; a Greek 
Physician came to Rome and opened a 
medical shop with baths and w^ards. Sub- 
sequently the doctors' shops, like the bar- 
bers', were common lounges. 

The name of the 1st Physician in Rome was Arehagathus. 
He was violently opposed by Cato, because he was a Greek. 

1227. Was Rome ever a commercial nation ? 
A. No ; but yet a vast number of 

merchants resided there. Prior to the 
Punic wars, merchandize was thought a 
degrading employment ; but afterwards, 
persons of rank speculated in trade. 

Retail trade was always looked upon as a degrading employ- 
ment, fit only for slaves and foreigners. 

1228. In what estimation was agriculture held 
Ojt Rome ? 

A. In the early state it was considered 
a very honourable occupation ; but after 
the Punic wars, agriculture was left to 
foreigners and slaves. 

1229. Who were the most influential people of 
Rome, after the Punic tears ? 

A. The wealthy. The political dis- 
tinction between Plebeians and Patricians 
ceased; and the great were called Op'- 
timates. 

However, when a Plebeian filled any office in the state for 
)he 1st time, he was called by the ancient aristocracy a "novus 
homo" (an upstart) ; a term of contempt, which shows plainly 
that wealth had not yet supplanted the dignity of birth. 



REVEx^TUE. 303 

1230. What regulation ivas made by Ludtis 
Villius, to exclude very young inen from ojjices of 
state ? 

A. One which enacted that no person 
under 31 years of age should be a candi- 
date for the office of Quaestor ; 

No one under 37 for that of ^dile ; 

No one under 40 for that of Praetor: and 

No one under 43 for that of Consul. 
(b. c. 180.) 

1231. What alteration in the courts of law pre- 
vailed after the Punic ivars ? 

A. As property greatly increased, and 
the Praetor was no longer able to hear all 
disputes, 105 justices were appointed to 
settle all disputes about property. 

The 105 judices were called centumviri. About this time 
advocates, or barristers, began to plead in courts of law. 

1232. What hnprovement was made iji the 
public streets at the close of the 2d Punic war ? 

A. Cato, the Censor, ordered the streets 
to be paved, and the roads to be covered 
with gravel, (b, c. 174.) 

Bridges, aqueducts, numberless temples, and other public 
buildings, greatly increased and added splendour to the city. 

1233. What ivas the state of the public treasury, 
at the close of the Punic ivars ? 

A. So wealthy, that the pole-tax and 
property-tax (which had existed from the 
time of Romulus) were both abolished. 

The chief sources of the Roman revenue were — 1st ; Tribute 
paid by allies and provinces : 2dly ; Rents (de^cumce) paid to 



804 NAVY. 

the state by those who farmed the state lands (ager puh'tictis) 
3dly; Custom duties for exports and imports (porto'ria) 
4thly ; State monopolies of salt and metal mines : and 5thiy 
A duty on the sale of slaves. 

1234. What was the state of the Roman navy, 
after the Ist Punic war ? 

A. It never flourished, because the 
service of the navy was thought degra- 
ding ; and all marines were taken from 
the lowest classes or foreign towns. 

1235. What place supplied Rome ivith fleets ? 
A. The Island of Rhodes (in the Med- 
iterranean sea). 

1236, What distinction was given to the Ra- 
man officials, betiveen the 2d and 3d Punic wars ? 

A. Separate seats in the theatres to the 
Senators, Pr^tors, and ^diles. 

This distinction was more definitely fixed by E.oscius Otho, 
B. c. 68 ; by whom 14 benches were set apart for the Knights, 
behind the Senators, Ambassadors, and Chief Magistrates. 
By the same law, certain compartments were appointed for the 
women, soldiers, schoolmasters, and lads under 17 (prcc- 
textdti). N. B. Women were not allowed to witness come- 
dies, though they might be present at the performance of 
tragedies. Roman theatres would hold from 40,000 to 90,000 
spectators. 



AFRICANUS, JUN. 305 

Eminent Men in the 3d Punic War. 

1237. Who was Scipio Africanus. the younger ? 
A. The younger son of JEmilius 

Panlus, the conqueror of Macedonia : 
Being adopted by Scipio (the conqueror 
of Hann,ibal), he was called Scipio ^mi- 
lianus Africanus, the younger. 

1238. What was the character of Scipio Afri- 
canus, the younger ? 

A. He was a great patron of learned 

men, especially of Polyb ms and Terence. 

His intimacy with Lselius has been immortalized by Cicero 
in his treatise (De Amicitia). 

1239. At ivhat age was Scipio Africanus the 
younger, made Consul ? 

A. At the age of 37. He stood for 
the JEdileship, but was elected Consul. 

The legal age for a Consul was 43. fSee Q. 1230.) 

1240. Why %vas he called Afncanus ? 

A. Because he was sent into Africa, 
during his Consulship, and reduced Car- 
thage to ruins, (b. c. 147-146.) 

1241. What was the cause of his death ? 

A. He was murdered for opposing the 
reforms of Tiberius Gracchus, (b. c. 129. ) 

Cicero says Carbo was his murderer. 

1242. Who ivas CceciVius Metellus Macedon'- 
icus ? 

A. The Praetor, who defeated the 



306 FROM B. C. U9 TO 131. 

Macedo'iiians and Achse'ans ; by which 
Greece was made a Roman province. 

1243. What was the character of Metellus 
Macedo7iicus ? 

A. Very brave, humane, and secret. 
He used to say, " If his tunic, which cov- 
ered his heart, knew the thoughts of his 
heart, he would tear it to pieces.'^ 

1244. What estimate did the Romans form of 
Metellus Macedonicus ? 

A. They considered him a model of 

human felicity ; because (having filled the 

highest oifices of the state, and obtained 

unbounded glory) he was carried to the 

grave by his sons, of whom 3 had been 

Consul, and the 4th was Consul elect. 

1245. Who was Mummius Acha'icus? 

A. Consul at the burning of Corinth. 
His io^norance of the fine arts has ren- 
dered his name ridiculous, (b. c. 146.) 

1246. Give an instance of this ignorance. 

A. Amongst the spoils of Corinth were 
many exquisite specimens of painting 
and sculpture. At first he off'ered them 
for sale ; but when Attains ofi'ered as 
much as £60,000 for only one picture, he 
refused to sell them. 

It was the picture of Bacchus, by Aristldes (the Theban), 
that Attalus (King of Pergamus) offered this sum of money 
for. 



, VIRIATHUS. 807 

1247. Hoiv did Mmnmius further betray his 
ignorance of the fine arts ? 

A. He commanded these pictures and 

statues to be shipped for Rome ; and told 

the captain, if he injured or lost them, he 

would have to get others. 

1248. Who was Viridthus ? 

A. A celebrated Spaniard ; first a shep- 
herd, then the leader of banditti, and 
lastly, a Spanish General. 

We should now call him a Guerilla Chief, 

1249. What ivas the character of Viriathus? 
A. He was celebrated for his justice, 

magnanimity, and military prowess. 

1250. What proof did he give of military 
skill and magnanimity .^ 

A. He withstood the Romans for 7 

years ; and when he had entrapped the 

Roman army, he released it, in order to 

be called " the friend of Rome." 

1251. What became of this brave 'man ? 

A. Csepio (a Roman Consul) induced 3 
men to murder him ; but when they came 
for their reward, exclaimed, '' The Ro- 
mans have no rewards for those who mur- 
der Generals." (b. c. 140.) 

1252. Who was Eunus ? 

A. A Sicilian slave ; and leader of the 
insurgents in the Servile war. 



308 COTEMPORAEIES. 

1253. How did Eunus bring himself into 
notice ? 

A. He pretended to prophesy, inter- 
pret dreams, and to breathe flames .of 
fire ; by which means he became very 
popular with the slaves, who called him 
their king. (b. c. 134-132.) 

1254. What success attended 'Eunus ? 

A. After defeating 4 Praetors; he was 
defeated by Eupilms, cast into a dun- 
geon, and eaten alive by vermin. 

1255. What Jewish heroes lived at this ^period ? 

A. The Maccabees ; famous for resist- 
ing Anti'ochus (King of Syria), when he 
tried to introduce into Judea the idolatry 
of Greece. 

1256. What great Greek historian lived at this 
period ? 

A. Polyb'ius, of Arca'dia. After the 

fall of Corinth, he went to Rome, where 

he obtained the friendship of Scipio Afri- 

canus the younger, whom he accompanied 

in all his expeditions. 

Polybius wrote (in Greek) a history of Greece and Rome, 
in 40 books, from the siege of Saguntum to the destruction of 
Corinth. It is one of the most valuable works that has come 
down to us from antiquity. The parts extant are the first 5 
books, parts of the 6th and 11th, and fragments of the rest. 



tiberius. 809 

The Gracchi. 

B. c. 133 to 121. A. XT. 619 to 632. 

1257. Who were the Gracchi ? 

A. Two brothers, named Tibe'rius and 
Ca'ius : their mother Cornelia was the 
daughter of Scipio the elder ; and their " 
sister was the wife of Scipio Africanus 
the younger. 

Cornelia used to say to her sons, " The people called me the 
Mother-in-law of Africanus ; I hope one day to be called the 
Mother of the Gracchi." 

One day a lady from Campania called upon her ; and, after 
showing her jewel, requested in return to see those belonging 
to the famous mother-in-law of Africanus. Cornelia sent for 
her two sons, and said, '* These are my jewels, in which alone 
I glory." 

1258. For lohat are the Gracchi celebrated ? 
A. For the efforts they made to im- 
prove the condition of the lower orders. 

1259. What induced Tiberius^ the elder bro- 
ther, to exert himself in behalf of the common 
people ? 

A. He was indignant that the wealthy 

Komans should employ slaves to work on 

their estates in chains. 

1260. How did Tiberius seek to remedy this 
evil ? 

A. He got appointed Tribune ; and 
renewed the old agrarian law, which had 
fallen into disuse. 



810 THE GRACCHI. 

Namely, that no individual should farm above 280 acres of 
the state lands, and no one family above twice that quantity: 
All the rest was to be divided amongst the poor. 

1261. Why was this measure so violently op- 
posed by the Senate and aristocracy of Rome ? 

A. Because the state lands had so 

long been considered private property, 

that many had built houses on them, 

under the impression .that the state would 

never claim them again. 

1262. How did Tiberius Gracchus propose to 
indemnify the oimiers of these buildings ? 

A. He proposed that the buildings 

should be appraised, and the owners paid 

from the public treasury. 

1263. What circumstance occurred to facilitate 
the scheyne of Tiberius Gracchus ? 

x\. King Attains died, and left his 
kingdom to the Roman people : Grac- 
chus proposed, that cattle and implements 
should be bought with this money for the 
benefit of the poor. (b. c, 133.) 

1264. What became of this young patriot ? 

A. At the close of the year, he offered 
himself for the tribunate again ; but 
while the people were voting, a band of 
Senators rushed upon the crowd, and 
Gracchus with 300 others was slain. 

Tiberius was only 35 years old at his death. The dead 
bodies were all thrown into the Tiber, (b. c. 132.) 



1 



FROM B. C. 133 TO 121. 311 

1265. What part did Caius Gracchus (t,he 
younger brother^ take in this contest ? 

A. For a time he took no public part 

in the matter, because he was too young ; 

but 7 years after his brother's murder, he 

advocated the same cause. (126.) 

1266. What popidar qualities did Caius Sem- 
jyronius Gracchus 2'^ossess ^ 

A. He was an excellent politician, a 

fervent orator, and very popular man. 

1267. What measures were brought forivard 
by Caius Gracchus, to improve the condition of the 
poor ? 

A. 1st — He insisted that his brother's 
agrarian measure should be carried out : 

2dly — That the soldiers should be 
clothed by the state ; and not be obliged 
to enter the army before the age of 17: 

3dly — That the corn should be given 
gratis to the indigent poor : and 

4thly — That the franchise should be 
extended to the allied Italian states. 

1268. What became of Caius Gracchus ulti- 
mately ? 

A. One day, the haughty Consul 

Opim'ius (coming from the temple) cried 

out to Gracchus and his followers, ''Make 

way, you bad citizen, for honest men." 

At which a tumult ensued, and Gracchus 

with 3000 others were slain, (b. c. 121.) 



312 JUGUKTHINE WAR. 

The Roman writers call this the " Sedition of Gracchus ;" 
but modern historians think his measures wise and judicious 
reforms. They were, however, all evaded ; and things went on 
in much the same way, after the death of Gracchus, as they 
had done before. 

1269. What useful invention is attributed to 
Caius Sempronius Gracchus ? 

A. The division of distances into miles. 

The Roman mile contained 1000 paces ; hence the derivation 
of mile from " mille'* (a thousand) . 



The Jugurthine War. 

B. c. from 111 to 106. a. tj. 642-647. 

1270. What great lesson are we taught by the 

Jugurthine ivar ? 

A. That Rome was at the time so cor- 
rupt, that consuls as well as people, and 
generals as well as soldiers, sacrificed 
every thing to money. 

1271. Who was Jugurtha ? 

A. An adopted son of Micip'sa ; left 
co-heir to the kingdom of Numidia, with 
the 2 sons of the late king, (b, c. 118.) 

Micipsa was the son and successor of Masinissa, the Roman 
ally ; and Jugurtha was his grandson. 

1272. Why was Jugurtha made joint heir 
with Micipsa' s tvjo sons ? 

A. Because he was a young man of 
great talent, and very much esteemed ; 



FEOM-B. C. Ill TO 106. 313 

a favourite of Scipio the Uoman General, 
and very popular with the Numidlans. 

1273. Hoiv did the 3 princes agree ? 

A. Hiemp'sal (the eldest son) soon 
provoked the anger of Jugurtha by inso- 
lence ; and Jugurtha murdered him. 

The cause was this : — After Micipsa was buried, the 3 
princes met in council ; when Jugurtha proposed to " repeal 
all the acts of Micipsa for the last five years, during which 
time the old man had been in his dotage." Hiempsal in 
bitter irony instantly consented, saying, '* By all means ; for 
we shall then annul your adoption, most wise cousin, which 
nothing but dotage can account for." (b. c. 117.) 

1274. What became of Adherhal, the younger 
$on of Micipsa, the late king ? 

A. He took part wdth his brother 
against Jugurtha ; and when his cousin 
made war upon him, fled to Rome for 
protection, (b. c. 117.) 

1275. Hoiv did the Romans act ? 

A. They sent 10 commissioners to 
divide the kingdom between the 2 
princes ; but Jugurtha induced them by 
bribes to give the largest and best part to 
km. 

1276. What effect did this division produce on 
the mind of Jugurtha ? 

A. He determined to seize upon the 
whole, and trust to his bribes for indem- 
nity. 

1277. Hoiv did Jugurtha accom'plish this nefa- 
rious purpose ? 

u 



'S14 JUGURTHINE WAR. 

A. He murdered Adherbal ; seized on 
the whole kingdom ; and when the Ro- 
mans sent out armies to capture him, 
bribed the generals to let him escape or 
conquer them, (b, c. 112.) 

Jugurtha was so impressed with the corruption of the Ro- 
mans, that he used to say, " Rome will sell itself', when a 
buyer can be found to make the purchase !" This remark was 
literally fulfilled 300 years afterwards; when Didius Julianu& 
bought by auction the sovereignty of Rome of the praetorian 
guards, (a. d. 193.) 

1278. How long did this dis^graceful state of 
things continue ? 

Ao For 3 years : When Metellus was 

sent into Africa, and carried on war 

against Jugurtha with success, (b. c, 

109.) 

1279. Did Metellus bring the Jugurthine war 
to a close ? 

A. No :' In 2 years he was succeeded 
by Caius Ma'rius ; a man of low birth, 
unbounded ambition, and great military 
skill, (b. c. 107.) 

1280. How did Jugurtha fortify himself 
against Marius? 

A. By allying himself to Bocchus (his 

father-in-law) king of Mauritania: But 

Ma'rius in 2 years brought the war to a 

close, (b. c. 105.) 

1281. Hovj was the Jugurthine war brought to 
an end ? 

A. Sulla (a young Patrician in the 



CIMBRIAN WAE. 316 

army of Marius) induced Bocchus to be- 
tray Jugurtha into the hands of the Ro- 
manSo 

1282. What hecame of Jugurtha after he toas 
hetraijed to the Romans '^ 

A. He was led in chains to Rome ; 
cast into prison in mid-winter; and starved 
to death, (b. c. 104.) 

As Jugurtha was thrust into the wretched Mamertine dun- 
geon, naked and in chains, he exclaimed, ^' Hercules ! what a 
cold bath these Homans have found for me f He died in 6 
days. 



The Cimbrian War. 

B. €. 113 T@ lOL 

1283. Wliat war was commenced during the 
€onte$t with Jug2irtha ? 

A. The famous Cim'brian war, which 
lasted 12 years ; and somewhat resembled 
the Hannibalian war. (b. c. 113-101.) 

1284. Who were the Cimhri ? 

A. The original inhabitants of Den- 
mark. The Celts and Cambri (Welsh) 
were both of the Cimbrian race, 

1285. Whut induced the Cimbrians to invade 
Italy ? 

A. Being too numerous for their 

native country, 300,000 (with their wives 



316 FROM B. C. 113 TO 106. 

and children) moved southward, to find a 
new settlement (b. c. 113.) 

The country they left was afterwards occupied by the Saxons 
and Angles. 

1286. Who joined the Cimhrian^ on their 
march ? 

A. The Ten'tones (a German tribe 
from the Baltic coast), and 4 tribes of the 
Helve'tians (Swiss), 

1287. TVhich luay did these nomads wander ? 
A, Through Bohemia, Austria, and 

Switzerland. At length, the Italian Gauls 
asked the Romans to resist them. 

Bohemia (called Boil): Au^ixid. (called Dacia) : Switzer- 
land (called Helvetia). 

1288. Whom did the Romans send to ivith- 
sta9td this enormous multitude ^ 

A. 1st— The Consul Papirlus Carbo ; 
whose army was cut to pieces in No Vicum 
(Austria)^ b. c. Ill: 

2dly — The Consul Junius Silanus ; 
whose army was cut to pieces in Gallia 
Narbonen'sis (in France),, b. c. 110: 

3dly — The Consul Cas'sius Longinus ; 
who was slain, and his army sent under 
the yoke, at the Lake Leman'us (in Ge- 
neva),, B. c. 109 : and 

4thly— The 2 Consuls, Mallius and 
Gaepio ; who were both defeated, and 
112,000 Romans left dead on the field 
of battle, (b. c. 106.) 



CIMBKIAN WAR. 317 

This battle was also fought in Gallia Narboneijsis. It was 
afterwards marked in the Roman calendar as " nefastus" (un- 
lucky); and the Romans would never afterwards commence 
any work upon the 5th of October, the day of this defeat. 

It is said that Csepio, in his march to Gallia Narbonensis» 
had stolen from Tolosa (Toulouse), the gold and silver conse- 
crated by the Cimbrian Druids to their gods : Hence the 
proverb, " He has got the gold of Tolosa," i. e., ** His ill gaitis 
will never prosper.'' 

1289. To whom was the conduct of the Cim- 
brian %var committed^ after these successive dis- 
asters ? 

A. To Ma'rius, who was again made 

Consul ; and, having terminated the Ju- 

gurthine war, was sent with Sylla against 

the Cimbri 

1290. Where did Marius first engage these 
northern hordes'^ 

A. He fell upon the Teu'tones at 

Aquse Sextise (Aix)^ and annihilated the 

whole tribe, (b. c. 102.) 

The valley was so enriched with the blood of the slain, that 
it became proverbial for fertility. The army of the Teutones 
was so numerous, it took 6 entire days merely to pass by the 
camp of Marius : and the barbarians were 50 confident, that 
they tauntingly said to the Romans as they passed, " Have 
you any message for your wives before you die ; if so, we will 
take it to Rome for you." 

One of the Teutones, of giant stature, sent to challenge 
Marius to single combat ; but the blunt Roman sent him back 
a rope, saying, ** If the barbarian is in a hurry to die, let him 
hang himself." 

1291. How did the Senate honour Marius for 
this important victcrry ? 

A. They made him Consul for the 5th 
time, and decreed him a triumph: But 
Marius sent word back, " Tell the Senate, 



318 BATTLE OF VERONA. 

Marius cannot triumph, till he has sent 
the Ciinbri to join the Teutones. 

1292. Where did Marius encounter the Cim- 
bri ? 

A. At Verona (near Milan). In this 

engagement, the 2 armies of Sylla and 

Ca'tuliis were joined to that of Marius. 

Just before the battle, the Cimbri (who had not heard of the 
overthrow of the Teutones) made overtures of peace, on con- 
dition that Marius would assign them land in Italy. " With 
pleasure (said Marius), to each man the same space we have 
assigned to the Teutones at Massilia" (Marseilles). The Cim- 
bri, indignant at this insolence, threatened to make the Ro- 
mans rue it, when the Teutones had crossed the Alps. " Crossed 
the Alps I (cried Marius) why, they have crossed the Alps ever 
since July, and you shall soon join them.'* He then sent cap- 
tives into the Cimbrian camp to relate the tale of the Teutonic 
overthrow. 

1293. What tvas the fate of the battle of Ve- 
rona ? 

A. The Cimbri were annihilated as the 
Teu'tones had been. Thus of this 1| 
million of invaders, not one returned to 
his native country again, (b. c. 101.) 

It is said that the people of Marseilles employed the bones 
of the slain to make fences for their vineyards ; and called the 
field, where the battle was fought, ** The putrid plain" (cam- 
pus putridus). 

1294. How was Marius honoured for these 
great victories ? 

A. He was called " The Saviour of 
Rome," and the 3d Romulus. 

Camillus was called the 2d Romulus. 



the social war. 819 

The Social, ob Marsig War, , 

B. c. 90-88. 

1295. What was the Mar sic, or Social war ? 
A, A war between Rome and its Ital- 
ian allies. 

1296. Why was ' this > war called the Mar sic 



war 



7 



A. Because the Marsi (a brave people 
in the centre of Italy) were the prime 
movers of it. 

1297. What was the cause of the Social, or 
Marsic war ? 

A. The Italian allies thought they had 

a right to the Roman franchise ; but 

when they laid their claim before the 

Senate, it was rejected, (b. c. 95.) 

1298. What celebrated Roman took the part of 
the Italians ? 

A. Livius Dru'sus, who became ex- 
ceedingly popular with them ; but was 
secretly murdered in his own house by 
the opposite faction, (b. c. 91.) 

This Drusus was the great-grandfather of the Emperor 
Tiberius. He was murdered oy the Consul Philippus, his 
private and implacable enemy. 

1299. How did the Italians proceed, after tJie 
death of Drusus ? 

A. They declared war against Rome ; 



320 FROM B. C. 90 TO 88. 

and for above 12 months were every- 
where successful, (b. c. 90.) 

1300. Hoiv were the operations of the Italian 

confederates carried on ? 

A. In 3 districts at the same time: 
Campania, Marsi, and Picenum. 

1301. What important battles were fought ? 

A. The most important was the storm- 
ing of As'ciilum (in Italy), in which 
70,000 Italians were slain, (b. c. 89.) 

1302. What Roman commaiiders were distin- 
guished in the Social war? 

A. Pompey, Csesar, Cato, and Sylla. 

The first 3 were the fathers of the 3 heroes of the same 
names, 

1303. What commanders distinguished them- 
selves in the Italian, confederacy ? 

A. Pomp^'dius Silo (a Marsian), and 
Pap'ius Mu'tiius (the Samnite). 

1304. How was the ivar brought to a close ? 
A. The confederates were promised 

the franchise, and returned to peace. 

In this war (which lasted 3 years) 300,000 Italians lost their 

lives. 

1305. What induced the Romans to make jyeace 
with the Italian allies ? 

A. The desire of declaring war against 
Mithrida'tes, King of Pontus ; who was 
conquering Asia Minor, and would be 
likely to attack the Romans. 

The Italian confederates were the Piceni, Vestini, Marruclni, 



MITHRIDATES. 321 

Marsi, Peligni, Samnites, Frentani, Hirpini, Liicani, and 
Aptili. Four states remained neutral — the Latins, Etruscans, 
Umbrians, and Campanians. 



The 3 Mithridatic Wars. 

B. c. 88-63. A. V. 665-690. 

1306. Who was Mithridates VL, surnamed 
the Great ? 

A. The most famous King of Pontus, 
who succeeded to the crown at 11 years 
of age. Famous for his antidotes against 
poison, and his wars with Rome. 

Pontus was properly part of Syria ; but Mithridates had ex- 
tended his kingdom over the Crimea, and along the Black 
Sea. 

1307. Why was Mithridates VI, surnamed 
the Great? 

A. 1st— For his military skill, his vig- 
orous body, and intellectual mind : 

2dly — For his admirable memory, 
which made him. master of 25 languages : 
and 

3dly— For his successful victories in 
Armenia, Asia Minor, and the Cri'mea. 

1308. What caused the 1st Mithridatic tvar ? 
A. When Mithrida'tes defeated the 

2 Kings of Cappadocia and Bithy'nia 
(in Asia Minor J ^ the Romans restored 

14* 



822 1st mithridatic war. 

them to their thrones ; and induced them 
to invade the territories of the King of 
Pontus. (b. c. 87.) 

Ariobarzanes (of Cappadocia), and Nicomedes III. (of 
Bithynia), were the 2 kings deposed by Mithridates ; who 
' placed 2 tools of his own on the thrones, with a view ultimately 
of seizing the kingdoms himself. 

1809. How did Mithridates tolerate this inter- 
ference ? 

A. He again dethroned the 2 Kings ; 
defeated the Roman army sent to their 
assistance ; and made himself master of 
the Roman province of Asia. (b. c. 88.) 

1310. How was Mithridates supj^orted by the 
inhabitants of Asia Minor ? 

A. They welcomed him as their deliv- 
erer from the Roman yoke ; and murdered 
in one night 80,000 Italians, located in 
their several towns, (b. c. 88.) 

1311. To ivhoni did the Romans commit the 
conduct of the 1 st Mithridatic war ? 

A. To Sylla ; who crossed over into 

Greece ; and captured the city of Athens 

before he encountered Mithrida'tes, (86.) 

It is said that Sylla's severity to the Athenians arose from 
a lampoon by the witty people, who called him ** a mulberry 
dimpling," in consequence of his spotted face. 

1312. Hoiv was the 1st Mithridatic war brought 
to a conclusion ? 

A. Mithrida'tes, having suffered de- 
feat in various battles, sued for peace; 



2d mithridatic wak. 828 

which Sylla readily granted, because he 
wanted to return to Rome, (b, c. 84.) 

1313. Wh/if did Sylla want to return to Roine ? 
A. To take vengeance on the aged 

Ma'rius, who had opposed his appoint- 
ment to the Mithridatic war. In this 
struggle the party of Marius was de- 
stroyed ; and Sylla proclaimed perpetual 
Dictator, (b. c. 82.) 

1314. What caused the 2d Mithridatic war ? 
A. Mure'na (who had been left in 

Asia by Sylla) renewed hostilities with 
Mithrida'tes, under the hope of obtaining 
plunder ; but was defeated, (b. c. 83.) 

1315. What IV as the issue of this war ? 

A. Mure'na was commanded to desist 
from hostilities, and the war closed. 

1316. What was the cause of the 3d and last 
Mithridatic war ? 

A. Nicomedes III., King of Bithy'nia 

(in Asia Minor), bequeathed his kingdom 

to the Romans; but Mithrida'tes said 

the Romans could not inherit, as Nico- 

me'des had left a surviving son, (b. c. 70.) 

This is the same Nicomedes who Avas dethroned by Mithri- 
dates, and restored by Sylla, at the beginning of the first con- 
test. He reigned 10 years after his second restoration. Sylla 
died before the 3d war commenced. (B. c. 78.) 

1317. What ivas the result of this interference ? 
A. Mithrida'tes supported the cause 



824 8d MITHRIDATIG WAR. 

of Mcomedes' son, against the Romans ; 
and the war broke out afresh, (b. c. 74.) 

1318. What Roman Generals had the conduct 
of the Sd Mithridatic war ? 

A. Lucullus, who gained numerous 

victories over Mithrida'tes and his allies ; 

but was recalled in consequence of a 

mutiny among his soldiers, (b. c. 67.) 

1319. What tvas the cause of this 'jnutiny ? 
A. The soldiers would not fight for a 

General who appropriated all the spoils 
to himself, and left his men unrewarded, 

1320. Who was sent in lieu of Lucullus ? 

A. Pompey the Great, who reduced 
Mithridates to such straits, that he de- 
stroyed himself, (b. c. 63.) 

Mithridates was 68 years old at the time of his death. He 
first tried to kill himself by poison, but had so armed his stom- 
ach with antidotes, that it had no effect : He then induced a 
Gaulish mercenary to despatch him with a sword. 

1321. What became of the body of this brave 
frince after death ? 

A. He was buried by Pompey with 
regal honours ; after a reign of 57 years, 
of which 25 had been occupied in contests 
with Rome. (b. c. 63.) 

1322. How did Pompey proceed, after the death 
of Mithridates ? 

A. He marched into Syria, which was 

distracted bv a civil war between the 2 



POMPEY. 825 

brothers, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus: 
Having conquered the Jews, he made 
Syria a Roman Province, (b. c. 63.) 

1323. How did Pompey settle the disjiute in 
Jerusalem, between Hyrcanus and Aristohulus ? 

A. He appointed Hyrcanus High 

Priest, and sent Aristohulus prisoner to 

Rome. 

Pompey took the temple and city on the Sabbath day, which 
the Jews refused to desecrate by fighting ; but he ordered the 
temple to be purified, and would not suffer an article to be 
touched by his soldiers. 

1324. How was Pompey honoured on his return 
to Rome ? 

A. With the most splendid triumph, 
which lasted 2 days, and celebrated the 
conquest of 15 nations. 

The names of the conquered nations were borne on banners : 
1. Pontus ; 2. Armenia; 3. Cappadocia ; 4. Paphlagonia; 5. 
Media ; 6. Colchis ; 7. Iberia ; 8. Albania ; 9. Syria ; 10. Ci- 
licia; 11. Mesopotamia; 12. Phoenicia; 13. Judaea; 14. Arabia; 
and 15. The Pirates. The conquests nearly doubled the public 
revenues, and poured into the treasury an immense sum of 
money. 



326 M ARIUS. — S YLLA. 



The Civil Wars between Caius Marius 
AND Cornelius Sylla. 

B. c. 88 to 78. A. u. 665 to 675. 

1325. What great commotion was made in 
Rome, through the jealousy of Marius and Sylla ? 

A. A civil war, headed by the 2 rivals ; 
and a most hideous proscription of Ro- 
man citizens, (b. c. 88-82.) 

1326. What was the cause of the civil war be- 
tween Marius and Sylla ? 

A. The jealousy of Ma'rius at the grow- 
ing popularity of Sylla ; blown to a flame 
by the appointment of Sylla to the Mith- 
rida'tic war. (b. c. 88.) 

The chief causes of this jealousy of Marius were — 

1st — In the Jugurthine war, Bocchus delivered up Jugurtha 
to the hands of Sylla, a subordinate officer in the army of 
Marius : 

2dly — In the Marsic or Social war, Marius took no active 
part ; but Sylla obtained great distinction, and pushed him- 
self into notoriety : and 

3dly — In the Mithridatic war, Sylla was appointed to the 
command, instead of Marius. 

1327. How did Marius show the madness of 
his jealousy against Sylla ? 

A. When the people were assembled 
in the forum, he burst upon them with a 
gang of bravoes ; and threatened to mur- 
der the whole assembly, unless the ap- 
pointment of Sylla were cancelled. 

1328. How did the assembly act? 



MARIUS IN EXILE. 327 

A. They rescinded the appointment of 
Sylla in favour of Ma'rius. 

1 329. Hoiv did Marius 'proceed ? 

A. He commanded Sylla to resign his 
command : But the soldiers promised to 
stand his friends. 

1330. How did Sylla act, in this emergency? 
A. He marched with his legions to 

Rome ; mounted the Rostra ; and pro- 
claimed Ma'rius a traitor to the state. 

1331. Hoiv did Sylla further proceed ? 

A. He set a price upon the head of 
Marius ; and had the sentence published 
through every town in Italy, (b. c. 88.) 

Sulpicius, who was also proscribed, was betrayed by one of 
his slaves. When the traitor came for his reward, Sylla in- 
stantly gave him " the price of blood ;" and then ordered him 
to be hurled from the Tarpeian rock, for betraying his master. 

1332. What became of the aged Mariits after 
his proscription ? 

A. He fled to Minturnse (in Latm7n) ; 
where he lay concealed for several days 
without food or shelter, midst the reeds 
or copses on the banks of the river. 

One Gran'ius (firm to the old general in his misfortunes) ac- 
companied him in his wanderings ; one night, as they were 
hiding among some brushwood, Marius said, " Let us not de- 
spair, for miserable as I now am, I shall again be Consul.'*' 
When Granius asked, what made him so sanguine in his old 
age, Marius said, " when he was a child, an eagle's nest, with 
7 birds in it, fell into his lap, which the Augurs said was an in- 
dication that he should be 7 times at the head of the Koman 
state ;'* and so he was. 

1333. Was Marius discovered in these swamps ? 



328 FROM B. C. 88 TO 78. 

A. Yes ; and cast into a dungeon, 
where a slave was sent to murder him: 
But when the slave entered, Marius glared 
upon him so fiercely, and .thundered out so 
loudly, " Villain ! dar'st thou slay Caius 
Marius V that he ran away panic-struck. 
(b. c. 88.) 

1334. What hecmne of the old hero afterwards ? 
A. He made his escape from prison, 

and fled to Carthage fin Africa) : But 
the governor commanded him to depart. 

1335. Where %vas Marius, ivhen this message 
was delivered to him ? 

A. Sitting on a broken column of the 
dilapidated city. When the official de- 
livered his message, Marius said, " Go and 
tell your master, you have seen Caius 
Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage !" 

Soon after this his son joined him, and told him he had 
planned his escape. As they were talking, 2 scorpions flew 
past fighting : " Let us flee (said Marius) for danger is at 
hand." They had scarcely loosed from shore, when a troop 
of horsemen arrived, sent to capture them. 

1336. What became of Marius after he left 
Africa ^ 

A. The two Consuls (Cinna and Octa'- 
vius) quarrelled, and went to war with 
each other: As soon as Marius heard 
this, he returned to Rome, and joined the 
party of Cinna. (b. c. 87.) 

1337. Hoiv did the party of Cinna succeed ? 



PROSCRIPTION BY MARIUS. 329 

A. Being far the most powerful, it 
soon put down all opposition, and marched 
in triumph to Rome ; when Cinna nomi- 
nated Marius joint Consul. 

Marius vf^s the only Roman who was 7 times Consul. He 
was 70 years old the very day he entered this office for the 7th 
time, which he retained only 18 days ; when he died. (b. c. 86.) 

1338. How did Marius enter the city ? 

A. In old weather-beaten garments, 
unshaved and uncombed ; but surrounded 
with a guard of ferocious Africans, who 
had orders to slay every one they passed 
whom Marius did not salute, (b. c. 87.) 

The Prsetor was slain in the Capitol ; Octavius (the ex-Con- 
sul) in the curule chair; the Flamen of Jupiter near the 
sacred altar, in his robes of office ; Antony, the best orator of 
Rome and father of Caesar's friend, was slain at the house of 
a consular gentleman ; Catiiius (commander-in-chief in the 
Cimbrian war) would have been murdered, but suffocated 
himself with the fumes of charcoal ; the house of Sylla was 
seized, his person proscribed, and his property confiscated ; 
and such diabolical, cool-blooded cruelty was never before 
equalled. 

1339. Hoiv ivas the order of Marius executed ? 
A. The city was deluged with blood: 

Not only the enemies of Marius being 
slain, but the private animosities of his 
whole party glutted with revenge. 

1340. Where was Sylla, ivhile Marius wo.$ 
deluging Rome with blood ? 

A. in Asia, fighting against Mithri- 
da'tes. But soon after Marius was ap- 
pointed Consul, Sylla wrote to the Senate 
a description of his victories, and con- 



330 FliOM B. C. 88 TO 78. 

eluded with these words, " Expect me at 
Rome in a few days, to take vengeance 
on my enemies." 

1341. Uoio did Mariits receive this news ? 

A. With the utmost alarm : and died 
in a few days from a species of madness 
f called "delirium tremens 'J. (b. c. 86.) 

1342. Hoiv did Cinna (the surviving Consul) 
prepare to resist Sylla ? 

A. He marched forth to give him 

battle ; but his troops mutinied, and 

Cinna was slain, (b. c. 84.) 

1343. On the death of Cinna, how did the 
Senate prepare to defend Rojne against the threats 
of Sylla? 

A. They put the city into a state of 

defence ; and executed all persons in 

Rome favourable to the cause of Sylla. 

1344. How did Sylla proceed, ivhen he heard 
of this infamous massacre ^ 

A. He marched with all speed to 
Rome ; defeated the armies sent to 
oppose him ; and proclaimed aloud this 
fearful sentence, " Not one shall live, who 
has ever opposed me !" (b. c. 82.) 

1345. Hoiv did Sylla execute this horrible 
threat ? 

A. Persons were condemned to death 

in great numbers every day. Some for 



PEOSCRIPTION OF SYLLA. 331 

being political opponents, some for being 
private foes, and others because they 
were rich and influential. 

Q. Aurelius (a rich citizen of Alba) going one day into the 
Forum, to read the list of the proscribed, saw his own name 
there; "Alas!" he cried, " my beautiful villa has caused my 
ruin!" The first day the list of the proscribed was published, 
it contained 80 names, the next list 220, the list of the 3d day 
220 more ; and this continued till 40 Senators, 1600 Knights, 
and about 8000 Citizens had been murdered in cold blood. 

1346. What was the end of this dreadful car- 
nage ? 

A. When Sylla had put to death all 
his enemies ; he was appointed Per- 
petual Dictator, (b. c. 82.) 

1347. Hoiv did Cornelius Sylla protect him- 
self against personal danger ? 

A. He never appeared in public with- 
out 24 Lictors ; had a body guard of 
10,000 freed slaves, whom he called Cor- 
nelii ; and dispersed over Italy 49 legions 
of soldiers to prevent insurrections. 

1348. What kind of ruler did Sylla make ? 
A. His dictatorship was distinguished 

by many admirable laws and wholesome 
reforms, (b. c. 82-79.) 

1349. How long did Sylla remain Perpetual 
Dictator ? 

A. For 3 years: when he assembled 
the people in the Forum ; stripped off 
his robes of office ; resigned his Dictator- 
ship ; and retired into private life. 



332 CATILINE. 

1350. Hoiv did Sylla pass the remainder of 
his life ? 

A. In writing his own memoirs ; but 
he died in the year after his resignation. 

Sylla, like Herod the Great and his grandson Agrippa, 
suffered at the close of life from a disease called " morbus 
pedicular is ^'' i. e. vermin swarming all over his body. See 
Acts xii. 20-23. 



Catiline's Conspiracy. 

B. c. 66-62. A. u. 687-691. 

1351. Who was Lucius Sergius Catiline? 

A. A patrician of prodigious strength 
of body and mind ; tall, muscular, and 
energetic ; of insinuating manners, in- 
domitable perseverance, and undaunted 
courage ; ambitious and unprincipled. 

Catiline used to say, '' Rome is a body without a head; I 
then will be its head." 

1352. Ho2v was the early life of Catiline dis- 
tinguished ? 

A. He squandered his substance in 
riotous living ; and being deeply in debt, 
murdered his brother and others to reim- 
burse himself. 

1353. What associates did Catiline select ? 

A. Ruined spendthrifts and idle bra- 
voes ; the children of the proscribed ; 
the restless veterans of Sylla's disbanded 



CATILINE^S COISTSPIRACY. 333 

army ; and all who had nothing to lose 
and every thmg to gain. 

1354. What promise did Oatiline make to this 
offscouring of Rome ? 

A. To divide amongst them the Ma- 
gistracies and wealth of Rome, if they 
would support his conspiracy. 

1355. What m^en of rank^ family, or fortune^ 
joined this conspiracy ? 

A. Crassus (surnamed the rich), Julius 

Ca3sar, Lentiilus (the praetor), and Ce- 

thegus. (b. c. 66-62.) 

1356. How was this conspiracy made known to 
the Senate ? 

. A. One of the conspirators in love 

with Fur via, vaunted to her what changes 

were going to be made, and what he 

would do for her afterwards : but Fulvia, 

in alarm, told the whole matter to Cicero, 

the new Consul. 

1357. What ivere the plans of this conspiracy ? 
A. To murder Cicero and the Senate ; 

seize the Capitol ; fire the city ; and as- 
sume the government. 

1358. How did Cicero proceed to thiva,rt this 
diabolical scheme ? 

A. Having gained full information, he 
laid the w^hole plot before the Senate ; 
and w^as created Dictator, with unlimited 
power, (b. c. 63.) 



884 FROM B. C. 66 TO 62. 

1859. Hoio did Catiline act, ivhen his 'plot was 
exposed to the Senate ? 

A. He tried at first to brazen the matter 
out ; and accordingly, took his place in 
the Senate as usual : but finding himself 
suspected and exposed, made his escape 
from Rome. 

As he left the Senate, he said, ** You have raised a flame, 
which shall be quenched with Roman blood." 

1360. How did Cicero act, after Catiline^ s 
flight? 

A. Having arrested Lentiilus and 
Cethegus, he condemned them to death 
without trial, (b. c. 63.) 

1361. Hoiv ivas this arbitrary sentence received 
by the Romans ? 

A. They called Cicero "The Father 

of the City ;" accompanied him home 

with torches and music ; and honoured 

him by a general illumination. 

1362. How did Catiline proceed, ivheii he heard 
of the death of his 2 colleagues ? 

A. He put himself at the head of his 

gang ; was opposed by a large army in 

Tuscany, defeated, and slain, (b. c. 62.) 

Cicero made 4 orations on this conspiracy, and Sallust wrote 
a history of it. 



CONQUESTS OF THE EAST. 335 



Social and Political Events of Eome 
FROM the Death of 0. G-racchus to the 
1st Triumvirate, (b. c. 121-60.) 

1363. What effect had the co7iquests of the East 
on the domestic habits of the Komans ? 

A. Enormous houses were built, adorn- 
ed with columns, statues, and pictures ; 
costly dresses became fashionable ; and 
the simplicity of the ancient Romans was 
changed for Eastern luxury and extrava- 
gance. 

1364. Describe a Itomaii villa in the time of 
Sylla. 

A. It generally occupied 3 sides of a 
court : The principal parts were : 

1st — The entrance hall (os'tnim) : — • 
2d — The reception room (atrium) : and, 
3d — The saloon (peristylhmi), surrounded 
by columns ; These occupied the entire 
centre, and the private chambers were 
ranged on the two sides. 

In the A'trium the ancestral images were placed — it had a 
reservoir of water in the centre, and was lighted by a hole in 
the roof. 

1365. Of ivhat were the RomoM houses m,ade ? 
A. Before' the wars with Pyrrhus, of 

wood or unbaked bricks, covered with 
thatch or shingle: afterwards, of stone 
or bricks, covered with tile : But in the 



336 ROMAK HOUSES. 

time of Augustus, of marble, and adorned 
with magnificent pillars. 

Some idea may be formed of the splendour of Roman houses 
from the fact, that the Consul Messala bought the house of 
Autro'nius for $160,000 ; Cicero bought the house of Crassus 
for $150,000. The house of P. Clodius cost $650,000 ; and that 
of Scaurus over $4,000,000, according to our estimate of money. 

1366. How many stories were there to Roman 
houses ? 

A. Originally only one: But in the 
time of Sylla the houses were many stories 
high, the upper part being let to the poor 
for about $90 a year rent. 

1367. Of what were the floors made ? 

A. Common floors were paved with 
stones, or with a concrete. But the 
floors of the rich, in the time of Sylla, 
were made of tesselated marble. 

1368. Hoiv were the walls ornamented ? 

A. With marble, or fresco paintings, 
especially in the time of Augustus. 

1369. Hoio ivere the ceilings made ? 

A. The rafters were left uncovered, 
till the time of the Emperors; when 
boarded ceilings were used, painted or 
overlaid with ivory and gold. 

1370. What kind of windoios had the Roman 
houses ? 

A. The two great rooms (atrium and 
peristylium) admitted light from above ; 



ROMAN HOUSES. 33*? 

and the chambers on each side had bor- 
rowed light from these 2 large rooms, 

1371. Had none of the houses windows? 

A. Not opening into the streets, except 
in the upper stories ; and even these were 
only small lattices with shutters. 

1372. Had the Roman windoivs no glass ? 

A. Glass was not used for windows, 
till the 5th Christian century- and was 
never generally used, till the 14th. 

The windows of Pompeii seemed to have been furnished 
with panes of mica or talc (lapis speculdrisj. 

1373. How were the Roman houses heated ? 
A. The winter rooms w^ere made to 

face the sun ; and if more heat was 
needed, braziers were used : the Romans 
do not appear to have kno^vn the luxury 
of stoves and chimneys. 

In the time of Nero, hot air tubes were used, attached to a 
furnace below, according to the present Kussian custom. 

1374. What new customs were introduced from 
the East by Lucullus ? 

A. That of reclining at table on 
couches, which soon became very general. 

1375. Did children recline at the table ^ as well 
as their parents ? 

A. No: children sat at a separate 
table, at the bottom of the room. And 
ladies considered it more modest to sit. 

1376. When ivas the principal meal ? 
15 



338 FOOD. — BATH5, 

A. About 3 o'clock ('^ coena" supper). 
It was customary to invite friends to 
supper, and not to dinner fjjrandiumj 
which was a mere luncheon. 

18T7, What was the usual swpper at a gentle- 
man's table towards the end of the Repitblic ? 
A. It consisted of three courses : 
Ist^ — Salads, eggs, fish, and pasties : 
2dly — Birds and meat, with all sorts 
of pickles and sauces : and 

3dly — Sweetmeats, confections, and 
fruits. 

Amongst the delicacies of a Roman feast may be named—' 
capon's liver, steeped in milk ; flamingo tongue; sow's paps^ 
served in milk ; dormice, served with poppy seeds and honey ; 
sausages, served with prunes and pomegranates ;. peacockSy 
guinea fowls, thrushes, and sucking pigs. 

1878. How did the Romans dress for supper^ 
in the time of Sylla ? 

A. In bright coloured dresses, varie- 
gated with flowers. They took off their 
shoes for fear of soiling the couch ; and 
there reclined together, resting on the 
left elbow. 

1379. What was the usual process of bathing 
ifi Rome, from the time of Sylla ? 

A, The person was first sweated in a 
warm air-chamber; then passed into a 
hotter room, where hot, warm, and cold 
water were successively poured over his 
head ; he was then scraped with a ^trigil, 
wiped, and anointed with oiL 



EOMAN GARDENS. 339 

Some, however, simply .bathed in hot or cold water as we do. 
The strig^il was a scraper made of bone or metal to scrape 
off the perspiration, as we scrape a sweating horse. 

1880. When did the Romans attend the bath- 
houses ? 

A. Just previous to supper (ccena). 
Some, however, attended many times a 
day. 

The Emperar Commodus, frequented, the baths 8 times a 
day ; Gordian, 7 times ; Gallienus, 6 or 7 times. The baths 
(during the empire) were club houses, reading rooms, and 
places of assembly, similar to hotels called ^* baths," at modem 
watering places, both at home and abroad. 

1381. What ivas the charge of admission to the 
baths ? 

A. Something less than a cent of our 
money. Foreigners and children were 
admitted free. 

1382. Were the Romans fond of gardens ? 

A. Yes ; but were not acquainted 
with many flowers: Their gardens were 
in the Dutch style, common in England 
in the reign of William III, 

1383. Describe the principal features of a 
Roman garden. 

A. Terraces ; long avenues ; hedges 

and trees, clipped to resemble animals, 

ships, vases, and so on ; statues, alcoves, 

and fountains. 

The most favourite tree was the plane. The principal flowers 
were '^^olets, roses, lilies, the crocus, narcissus, iris, poppy^ 
and amaranth. A pleasure garden was called viridarium, and 
the gardener viridarius. 



340 EOMAN HOUSEHOLDS. 

• 1384. Had the Romans conservatories or hot- 
houses ? 

A. Not till the reign of Augustus. 
After which time, they had conserva- 
tories ; forcing-houses for pines and mel- 
ons ; vineries ; and hot-houses for ex- 
otics. 

1385. What number of slaves had the Ramans, 
after the Mithridatic wars ? 

A. A wealthy Roman would employ 
from 300 to 20,000 : but as every gentle- 
man had a farm attached to his estate, 
some of these were employed in agricul- 
ture, and in making wine and oiL 

1386e Where did the Rodman slaves sleep? 

A. In little cells in the farm-yards^ 
granaries, or stables. When refractory, 
they were confined in a dungeon, and 
brought out to work in chains, 

1387. Wei^e the Romans good farmers f 
A. Yes ; and their implements of i 

husbandry resembled our ow^n. They | 
used to plough 3 times ; once to plough | 
up the stubble, once to prepare for the 
seed, and a third time to cover the seed 
and make ridges. The plough was drawn 
by oxen. 

A harrow was sometimes used to cover the seed with earth. 

1388. How were female slaves employed? 



LOOMS. — MIRRORS. 341 

A. Many were employed in the manu- 
facture of cloth, under the superintend- 
ence of their mistress and her daughters, 
who assisted in the ornamental parts. 

1389. What sort of machine was the Roman 
loom ? 

A. Similar to those now used in Ice- 
land. The warp was hung on a pole 
( jugum) ; and the woof shot across by a 
shuttle (radius), . 

1390. Who were employed in dying and clean- 
i7ig ? 

A. Household slaves. The Romans 
did not use linen or cotton dresses as we 
do, but woollen and silk ; and therefore, 
fullers and scourers supplied the place of 
our laundresses. 

1391. What neiv fashions were introduced into 
Rome by the ladies after the Asiatic tvars ? 

A. They wore flounces and fringes to 

their gowns ; patches and rouge on their 

faces ; and curls on their hair, piled up 

to a great height, with flowers and pearls. 

Every lady of rank kept a female slave to dress her hair. 

1392. What kind of mirrors were used in 
Rome ? 

A. Plates of highly polished metal. 

After the Mithridatlc war, silver mirrors 

were common ; and after the reign of 

Augustus, even slaves had their mirrors. 



342 BRIDAL COSTUME. 

There are several ancient mirrors in the British Museum ; 

they are generally oval, and have a handle. The slave held 

the mirror before her mistress while dressing. Though glass 

. mirrors were not unknown, they were never introduced into 

general use. 

1393. What contrivance had the Roman ladies 
for keeping off the sun and rain ? 

A. Parasols, carried by female slaves ; 
and umbrellas exactly like our own. 

To carry a parasol or umbrella was an act of gallantry, of 
which the young Romans were especially solicitous. 

1394. What liberty ivas allowed to women in 
Ro7ne ? 

A. The same as is now allowed in En- 
gland and America. They were mistresses 
over their households, and might walk 
abroad, and speak to friends of both 
sexes, without restraint. 

1395. At what age did the Romans marry ? 
A. They were betrothed in childhood, 

and marriageable at the age of 12. 

The Romans would never marry on the calends, nones, or 
ides of any month, nor yet in the months of February or May. 

1396. What was their usual bridal dress? 

A. 1st — A long white robe, adorned 
with ribands and a purple fringe ; and 
fastened round the waist by a girdle, 
which the bridegroom had to untie : and 

2dly — A veil and bright yellow shoes. 

The hair was parted by the bridegroom with a spear. (Q. 
55.) 

1397. Describe the marriage customs. 

A. 1st. The bride was taken with ap- 



FEOM B. C. 121 TO 60. 343 

parent violence from the arms of her 
mother : 3 boys (one carrying a torch 
and the other 2 holding her hand), with 
a numerous train of friends, accompany- 
ing her to the bridegroom's house : 

2dly — Having arrived at the house, 
she was lifted over the threshold, and the 
husband received her with fire and water, 
which she touched ; and then received 
the keys of the house : and 

3dly- — The day ended with a banquet. 

Divorce was very common in Rome from the time of Sylla 
to that of Augustus : All that was needful v/as mutual con- 
sent, and the parties might marry again. 

1398. What fioveUies were introduced by Lucul- 
lus into Rome from Pontus ? 

A. Water-mills, cherry-trees, damsons, 
peaches, lemons, and walnuts ; all taken 
from the kingdom of Mithridates. 

Lucullus also brought home a vast quantity of books : But 
Julius Csesar first founded a public library; completed by 
Augustus, under the inspection of Asinius Pollio. 

1399. What theatrical improvements vjere irir 
troduced, during the time of Marias and SylJa ? 

A, Wooden theatres decorated with 
great splendour, painted scenes and su- 
perb decorations. 

Pompey the Great built a stone theatre B. c. 5b, P. Claudius 
Pulcher first introduced painted scenes in the theatres. The 
theatres were open at the top; and the performance took 
place in the day time. It is said the scenery was so excellent, 
that birds frequently mistook the houses, trees, and fruits for 
real ones. '- 



344 ROMA]S^ COHOKTS. 

1400. What alteration did Marius make in the 
Koman army ? 

A. He subdivided the Wion into 10 

parts, called co'horts ; each, cohort into 3 

manciples ; and each maniple into 2 cen'- 

turies: Hence there were 10 cohorts, 30 

maniples, and 60 centuries to a legion. 

A legion consisted of about 6000 men, a cohort of 600, a mani- 
ple of 200, a century of 100. The Commander in Chief was 
usually a Consul or Proconsul ; the next in command were the 
iegati (generah) ; then the tribunes (colonels) ; then the cen- 
turions (captains) ; then the decurions (corporals). 

1401. What was the moral condition of Rome, 
during the time of Marius, and Sylla ? 

A. Most corrupt and venal. Immense 
riches were accumulated and squandered 
on brutal pleasures. Luxury and beg- 
gary swarmed in the midst of unbounded 
wealth. 



Eminent Men from Gracchus to the 1st 
Triumvirate. 

1402, Who ivas Caius Marius ? 

A. A celebrated Roman of low origin, 
who worked in early life as a day labourer. 
Having entered the army, he rose to be 
Tribune, Praetor, and 7 times Consul, a 
distinction which no other Roman ever 
'attained, (b. c. 157-86.) 



CAIUS MARIUS. 845 

1403. What was his personal appearance ? 
A. Tall and strongly built ; loud in 

his voice ; repulsive in his countenance ; 
stern and unbending. 

1404. What was his general character ? 

A. Bitter and vindictive in temper; 
harsh and overbearing in manners ; reck- 
less of danger ; regardless of fatigue ; 
despotic to inferiors, and abject to supe- 
riors. 

He married Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar; and wafty 
therefore, brother-in-law to the great Dictator. 

1405. For what ivars was Marius distinguished? 
A. 1st — -The Jugur'thine war, which 

he brought to a termination (106): and 
2dly — The Cim'brian war; in which 
he annihilated the Cimbrians and Teu'- 
tones. (b. c. 102.) 

1406. Hoiv was Marius honoured for these ser- 
vices ? 

A. He vfas called the " Saviour of 
Rome ;" and his name w^as coupled with 
the gods, under the title of the 3d Rom- 
ulus. 

1407. How did Marius bear these high hoTtr 
ours ? 

A. He grew haughty and intolerant: 

too indolent to work, and too jealous to 

allow others to take his place. 

15* 



846 CAIUS MARIUS. 

1408. Of whom was C Marius especially 
Jealous ^ 

A. Of young Sylla ; especially after 

his appointment to the Mithrida'tic war. 

1409. How did Marius show his jealousy, after 
Sylla was ajypointed to the Mithridatic war? 

A. He tried to set aside the appoint- 
ment ; but Sylla marched to Rome to 
vindicate his rights, and Marius was 
obliged to flee for his life. (b. c. 88.) 

1410. What became of Marius after he fled 
from Rome? 

A. He wandered about in the utmost 

distress through La'tium and Carthage ; 

but finally returned to Rome, during a 

revolution, (b. c. 87.) 

1411. What revolution enabled the exile Marius 
to return to Komel 

A. One headed by the 2 Consuls, 
Cinna and Octa'vius ; Mar'ius took the 
part of Cinna, was appointed to the Con- 
sulship in the room of Octavius, and be- 
came a terror to the whole city. (86.) 

1412. Why was Marius a terror to the Ro- 



mans : 



7 



A. Because he put to death every one 
he disliked or feared, with diabolical 
cruelty: But he died in 18 days in im- 
becile madness. (Aged 71, b. c. 86.) 

1413. Who was Lucius Cornelius Sylla ? 



L. COENELIUS SYLLA. 847 

Ao A very celebrated patrician, who 
called himself Felix (the lucky). 

He is sometimes called Sylla, and sometimes Sulla, and is 
generally called the Dictator. (Born b. c. 138, died 78.) 

1414. What was the personal ap'pea.rance of 
Sylla ? 

A. Red hair, green eyes, and a pimply 
face : He was a fine scholar, and of most 
winning manners. 

1415. What ivere his characteristics ^ 

A. A clear judgment, keen discrimi- 
nation of character, and unbending will. 

1416. Under ivhom did Cornelius Sylla begin 
his public career ? 

A. Under MMus, in the Jugur'thine 

war. (b. c. 107.) 

It was to Sylla that Bocchus betrayed Jugurtha : and Sylla 
Was so proud of this honour, that he had a seal ring engraved, 
representing this surrender, v/hich he wore to the day of his 
death. 

1417. When did Sylla leave the army of 
Marius ? 

A. Soon after the Cim'brian war. He 
then became the leader of the aristocratic 
party, and the opponent of Marius. (b. c. 
102.) 

1418. Where did^ Cornelius Sylla distinguish 
himself as a general ? 

A. In the social wars ; the siege of 
Athens ; and in the Mithridatic war. 

1419. Why did Sylla come into open collisimi 

ivith Marius ? 



848 sylla's reforms. 

A. Because Ma'rius tried to deprive 
him of his appointment to the Mithridatic 
war : but Sylla marched to Rome with a 
large army, and drove Marius into exile. 

1420. How %vas Cornelius Sylla employed, 
while Marius ivas in exile ? 

A. In the Mithrida'tic war. After 

the death of Marius, Sylla returned to 

Rome, and took fearful vengeance on his 

opponents, (b. c. 82.) 

1421. How did Cornelius Sylla avenge hitn- 
self on his opjioitents ? 

A. He drew up a list daily of persons 
to be assassinated, called a " proscrip- 
tion :" Every person on this list was an 
outlaw, and might be murdered with im- 
punity ; while his property was confis- 
cated for state uses. (b. c. 82.) 

Any one who Jdlled a proscribed person received $2000 re- 
ward; all who secreted one, were punished with death. 46 
Consuls, 200 Senators, 1600 Equites, and 8000 Citizens per- 
ished by these proscriptions of Sylla. Some say as many as 
150,000 persons fell victims to Sylla's revenge. 

1422. To what office ivas Cornelius Sylla ap- 
pointed on his return to Rome ? 

A. To that of Perpetual Dictator, 
when he effected many excellent reforms, 
(b. c. 82-79.) 

1423. What was the tendency of Sylla's re- 
forms ? 

A. 1st — To increase the power of the 
Senate and Patricians : and 



QUINTUS SERTORIUS. 349 

2dly — To curtail that of the Tribunes 
and popular congress (comitia trihuta.) 

He increased the number of Pr9?tors to 8 ; of Quaestors to 
20; of Augurs to 15 ; and of Pontiffs to 15. (B. c. 70.) 

1424. Hoiv did Cornelius Sylla attach the 
slaves to his interest ? 

A. He formed 10,000 of them into a 
body-guard, called Cornelii ; and en- 
rolled them among the 35 old tribes. 

1425. Hoiv long did Sylla re^nain Dictator ? 
A. For 3 years. He then resigned 

office ; spent the last year of his life in 
literary retirement ; and died at the age 
of 60, his whole body swarming with ver- 
min, (b. c. 78.) 

Sylla died 18 years after Marius ; and his body was burnt in 
the Campus Martins, in great pomp. He died of morbus pedi- 
culd/ris. 

1426. Who ivas Quintus Sertorius ? 

A. A Sabine ; and one of the most 
extraordinary men in the time of M&ius 
and Sylla. (b. c. 126-72.) 

1427. For ivhat is Sertorius remarkable ? 

A. 1st — He was of the party of Marius ; 
but so opposed to his ruthless guard, that 
he speared 4000 of them in their camp, 
(b. c. 87.) 

2dly — He afterwards went into Spain 
as Praetor; where he obtained kingly 
power among the Lusitanians. (b. c. 
83-72.) 



350 SPARTACUS. 

He had a fawn, which, used to follow him on all occasions 
like a dog, and was looked upon with superstitious reverence. 

1428. What was the character of Sertorius ? 

A. Humane, brave, upright, and gen- 
erous ; He was an unrivalled hunter and 
sportsman ; a witty and agreeable com- 
panion ; daring but cautious ; honest but 
diplomatic. 

1429. What benefits did Sertorius confer on the 
Sjpaniards ? 

A. He established a university at Osca 

(in Ardgon) : Provided it with professors 

to teach Greek and Latin; attired the 

students in the Roman dress ; and was 

himself visitor to the institution. 

1430. How did the Romans like this increasing 
popularity of Sertorius in Spain ? 

A. They were jealous of it; and sent 

various generals to crush him, whom Ser- 

t6rius kept at bay for 5 years. He was 

ultimately assassinated at a banquet by 

the treachery of a Roman oiBcer. 

1431. Who was Spartdcus ? 

A. A Thracian, who was successively 
a shepherd, a soldier, and the leader of a 
banditti. On one of his expeditions he 
w^as taken prisoner, and sold in Rome to 
a trainer of gladiators, (b. c. 74.) 

1432. How did Spartacus distinguish himself? 
A. He persuaded his comrades to gain 



LICINIUS LUCULLUS. 351 

their freedom ; and about 70 broke from 
school, and took refuge in the crater of 
mount Vesuvius, where Spart^cus was 
chosen their leader, (b. c. 73.) 

1433. Hoia did Spartaciis proceed ? 

A. Being joined by a vast number of 
run-away slaves, he offered battle to the 
Roman army sent to take him prisoner ; 
and in 2 years defeated 5 generals, and 
laid Italy waste from the foot of the Alps 
to the furthest south, (b. g. 73-71.) 

1434. What became of this bold Gladiator? 
A. He was defeated and slain by 

Crassus, the Prsetor. (b. c. 71.) 

1435. IVho ivas Licinius Lucullu^ ? 

A. A celebrated Roman ; the friend 
of Sylla, and conqueror of Mithrida'tes. 

1436. Foj' what is Luadlus notorious ? 

A. For his military skill in the early 
part of his life, and his luxurious magni- 
ficence towards the close, (b. c. 110-42.) 

1437. How did Lucullus acquire his enormous 
wealth ? 

A. It was amassed in Asia ; and laid 

out in the suburbs of Rome in villas and 

pleasure grounds. 

1438. Ill ivhat extravagant expenditure did 
this ivealthy •jpatrician indulge ? 

A. In order to gratify his taste, he cut 



352 MITHRIDATES. 

through hills and rocks ; filled up valleys, 
and even a part of the sea ; His banquets 
were on a scale of splendour never 
equalled by man. 

They were served on gold plate, and often cost from $5,000 
to $10,000. Sometimes no guests were present, for the rich 
glutton used to say, " It is company enough when Lucullus 
sups with Lucullus." Horace says he had 5000 rich purple 
robes in his house, which on one occasion, he lent the Prgetor 
for the chorus in the public games. — Lib. 1. Ep. 4. 

1439. For what else is Lucullus celebrated ? 
A. He was a great patron of literature ; 

and collected a valuable library, which he 
opened for the public use. 

He was the patron of Cicero and the poet Ar'chias. 

1440. Who tms Mi^hridates the Great ? 

A. King of Pont as, and one of the 
most formidable rivals Rome ever en- 
countered. He was a most skilful phy- 
sician ; and a man of such extraordinary 
memory, that he could converse in 25 
different languages. (le31-63.) 

Pompey captured in Sinope (the capital of Mithridates ) an 
-astronomical sphere of great value ; a statue, reckoned the 
finest in the world ; 2000 cups of onyx set in gold ; and so 
much horse equipage adorned with gold and precious stones, 
that the commissioners were 30 days merely making out the 
inventory ; Amongst other curiosities, were tables, salvers, 
and statues of solid gold ; 2 chess-boards of precious stones, 
'3 feet by 4, the men were gold and silver ; a throne and scep- 
tre of solid gold ; a statue of the king, 12 feet high in solid 
gold; the bed, diadem, and scabbard of Darius, all of immense 
value. Lucullus had previously captured a buckler covered 
with precious stones ; 20 trays filled with silver vessels, and 20 
filled with gold vessels ; several golden beds ; and 50 mules' 
burden of silver ingots. 



a VEREES. 353 

1441. What Roman generals ivere most distin- 
guisked in the Mithridatic war ? 

A. kSylla in the first ; Lucullus and 

Pompey in the third, (b. c. 88-63.) 

1442. What became of Mithridates ultim/itely? 
A. Being utterly vanquished by the 

Romans, he took poison ; but the poison 
having no effect upon him, he was stabbed 
at his own request by a Gaulish slave, 
to avoid captivity, (b. c. 63.) 

1443. Who ivas Verres ? 

A. A friend of Marius, who deserted 
to Sylla: Notorious for his scandalous 
conduct in Sicily, where he was Pro- 
Praetor for 3 years, (b. c. 73-71.) 

1444. What conduct renders Verres so sca^ida- 
lous ? 

A. Shameless extortion, cruelty, and 
insolence ; exposed by Cicero, in 7 ora- 
tions. 

1445. Give a feiv instances of this extortion. 
A. He seized for his own use, all the 

pictures, statues, and treasures of the 
Sicilians ; plundered their temples ; and 
increased (for his own uses) their fines 
and taxes, (b. c. 73-71.) 

He slew fathers for defending their daughters from his in- 
sults ; roasted the Prsetor of Sicyon for resisting his imposi- 
tions ; crucified a Legate for being defeated by pirates, though 
Verres had left him without troops. AVhen Antiochus (of 
Syria) visited Sicily, he borrowed of him a wine vessel, 



354 Q. Eoscius. 

scooped out of a precious stone ; a colossal candelabrum of 
gold, and several jewels ; and when Antiochus asked for them 
again, Verres declared, if he did not hold his tongue he 
should lose his life. 

1446. What became of Vei'res ? 

A. Frightened by the orations of 
Cicero, he fled from Rome ; but was pro- 
scribed by Mark Antony 7 years after- 
wards, and lost his life. (b. c. 107-43.) 

1447. What eminent actor ivas a friend of 
Sylla ? 

A. Ros'cius, the most celebrated act- 
or that ever lived. He and Cicero used 
to try which could express a thought 
most eff'ectively ; Cicero by eloquence, or 
Roscius by histrionic skill. He died at 
the age of 62, having realized an immense 
fortune, (b. c. 124-62.) 

The name of Roscius is proverbial for a good actor. He 
used to receive a salary equal to about $25,000 a year. 



The First and Second Triumvirate. 

B. c. 60 to 43. A. u. 693 to 710. 

1448. Who was the great leader of Rome after 
the death of Sylla ? 

A. Pompey the Great; but his supre- 
macy was destroyed by the rival powers 
of Crassus and Csesar. Pompey was a 
few months younger than Cicero. 



POMPEY THE GREAT. 855 

Cicero and Pompey were born b. c. 106, and Caesar 6 years 
afterwards, b. c. 100. 

1449. How was Pompey first brought into 
notice ? 

A. By his opposition to the generals 
of Marias ; in which he showed so much 
skill, that Sylla called him " A military 
emperor" (imperdtor), (b. c. 83.) 

1450. How was Pompey next employed ? 

A. In Sicily and Africa ; where he so 
successfully opposed the party of Marius, 
that Sylla surnamed him '' The Great" 
(Magnus) ; a name which his descend- 
ants preserved ever afterwards. (83.) 

1451. Which party did Porapey favour ? 

A. The aristocratic party. He was 
elected Consul at the age of 35, without 
passing through the ordinary grades. 

1452. For ivhat was Pompey employed next ? 
A. To rid the sea of pirates, who were 

masters of the Mediterranean ; and had 
committed many depredations on the 
Roman dominions, (b. c. 67.) 

1453. How did Pompey succeed ? 

A. In 3 months he cleared the sea; 
and w^as then appointed to succeed Lu- 
cuUus in the command of the Mithrida- 
tic w^ar. (b. c. &Q?) 

1454. What success attended Pompey in Asia 
Minor ? 



356 THE 1st tkiumyieate. 

"A. In 3 years he brought the Mithri- 
datic war to a close ; and 2 years after- 
wards returned to Eome, honoured with 
15 triumphs, (b. c. 61.) 

1455. What 'part did Pom.pey take in the poli- 
tical covimotions of Rome, after his return ? 

A. He formed a combination with 

Csesar and Crassus, called the First 

TriumVirate. (b. c. 60.) 

Pompey (who was 45 years old) married Julia, the daughter 
of J. Caesar, b. c. 59. Pompey began his career as a partizan 
of the aristocratic party, but the Senate (blind to their inter- 
est) hated, feared, and thwarted him; in consequence of 
which, he sided with the Republican party for 8 years ; then, 
out of jealousy to Cassar, returned to the aristocratic clique 
again. 

1456. How did this Triumvirate divide the 
duties of the state between them ? 

A. C^sar went to Gaul, where he 
obtained great military glory : 

Pompey received as his province the 2 
Spains, but sent deputies over, while he 
himself remained at Rome : and 

Crassus took the province of Syria, 
w^here he was killed in an expedition 
against the Parthians. (b. c. 53.) 

1457. On the death of Crassus, how did Pom- 
pey and Ccesar act ? 

A. Pompey (being jealous of Caesar) 

joined again the aristocratic party ; in 

order to deprive him of his command. 



FKOM B. C. 60 TO 43. 357 

and reduce him to the position of a pri- 
vate individual, (b. c. 52.) 

1458. How did Pom.pey and the Senate try to 
reduce the increasing power of Ccesar ? 

A. They ordered him to resign his 
command, and disband his army. (b. c. 
50.) ^ 

1459. Hoiv did Ccesar reply ? 

A. That he would obey, if Pompey 
did the same : To this the Senate re- 
turned answer, unless Caesar immediately 
complied and returned to Rome, he should 
be regarded a public enemy, (b. c. 49.) 

1460. Who opposed this message of the Senate ? 
A. Two of the Tribunes; who fled to 

Caesar for protection. And Caesar (under 
plea of protecting them) crossed the 
Ru'bicon,* and marched to Rome. 

The Rubicon (71010 PlsatelloJ, a small river in Italy, forming 
the boundary between Gallia Cisalpina and Italia proper. This 
river separated the province of Caesar from Italy ; and, there- 
fore, he became an invader by crossing it. To " pass the Ru- 
bicon" is now a proverbial expression, for taking the decisive 
step in any dangerous enterprise. 



1461. How ivas the news of Ccesar s arrival 
received at Rome ? 

A. The soldiers of Pompey deserted 
to Caesar ; every town received him with 
open arms ; and his march to Rome was 
more like a triumphant procession, than 
an invasion, (b. c. 49.) 



358 BATTLE OF PHARSALIA. 

1462. What became of Pompey ? 

A. He fled to Greece, whither Caesar 
followed him ; and the two rivals with 
their armies met on the plains of Phar- 
salia (in Thessaly^ b. c. 48). 

1463. What ivas the issue of the battle of Phar- 
salia ? 

A. Pompey was defeated ; and fled to 
^gypt, pursued by Csesar : but was mur- 
dered by the Egyptians, before Caesar 
overtook him. (b. c. 48.) 

Csesar commanded his veterans to strike only at the faces of 
their antagonists, who were principally young aristocrats, and 
prided themselves in their personal appearance. After the 
battle, Csesar nobly burnt all the letters and papers found in 
Pompey 's tent, without reading them. 

1464. Why was Pompey murdered by the 
Egyptians ? 

A. Because they feared Cesar's ven- 
geance, if they granted him protection. 

1465. How did the EgyptioMs murder Pompey? 
A. They sent a small boat to row him 

to shore, where his wife was waiting to 
receive him ; but stabbed him in the back 
as he was landing, cut off his head, and 
left his body on the sand. 

Thus died Pompey the Great, aged 58 years. The same 
year died LucuUus, the great conqueror of Mithridates, and 
the richest as well as most luxurious of all the Romans, (b. c. 
48.) 

1466. What did these Egyptians do ivith Pom- 
pey'^s head? 

A. Sent it to Caesar, as soon as he 



LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA BURNT, 859 

landed : But Caesar turned away in hor- 
ror ; shed tears at the melancholy fate ; 
and put the murderers to death. 

1467. Hoiv was Ccesar honoured after the hat- 
tie of Pharsalia ? 

A. He was appointed Dictator for a 

whole year, and Mark Antony was made 

his Master of the Horse ; but he did not 

quit Egypt for several months. 

1468. Why did Ccesar remain in Egypt ? 

A. He fell in love with Cleopa'tra, 
and determined she should share the 
throne of Egypt with her brother : as this 
arrangement was resisted by the Egyp- 
tians, a war ensued ; generally called the 
Alexandrine war. (b. c. 47.) 

1469. For ivhat ivas this ivar chiefly remark- 
able ? 

A. When Csesar set fire to the Egyp- 
tian fleet, the flames extended to the 
magnificent Library of Alexandria, by 
which 400,000 volumes were destroved. 
(b. c. 48.) 

This superb library was founded by Ptolemy I. Its loss has 
been a subject of regret in all ages. 



1470. What vjas the issue of the Alexandrine 



war 



9 



A. The young Ptolemy was acciden- 
tally drowned in the Nile ; after which, 



S60 C^SARj MASTER OF ROME. 

Cleopatra obtained the undivided rule of 
Egypt, (b. c. 47-30.) 

1471. How did Ccesar proceed, after the Alex- 
andrine war ? 

A. He returned to Rome through Syria 
and Pontus ; attacked on his way Phar'- 
naces (the son of Mithrida'tes) for as- 
sisting Pompey ; and conquered him with 
such ease, that he informed the Senate of 
his victory in 3 words— " Veni, Vidi, 
Vici" flcame^ Isaw^ IconqueredJ. (b. c, 
47.) 

1472. What partizans of Fompey took up arms 
after the battle of Pharsalia^ to avenge his death? 

A. Scipio and Cato, who were both 
defeated. Whereupon, Cato retired to 
Utica (in Africa)^ and put an end to his 
life ; leaving Caesar undisputed master of 
the Roman world, (b. c. 46.) 

1473. How did Ccesar use his victories ? 

A. With the greatest moderation* 
He forgave all who had borne arms 
against him ; and made no difference in 
his favours between his own partizans 
and those of Pompey. 

1474. Hoio was Julius Ccesar honoured ? 

A. He was made Dictator for 10 years ; 
chief Pontiff; " Prefect of Morals" fPrce- 



CJi2SAR\s REFORMS. 361 

fecHus moriimj ; and was allowed to wear 
a laurel crown at all times. 

The Prsefectus morum was the same as Censor under a new 
title. Csesar used to boast, that he had become master of 
Rome without shedding a drop of human blood. In his tri- 
umph over Africa, he exhibited 1822 crowns of gold, which had 
been given him by different princes. 

14-75. How did Ccesar distinguish himself in 
his high office ? 

A. By many admirable reforms. His 
first was to correct the calendar, (b. c. 

46.) 

1476. What is meant by correcting the Calen- 
dar? 

A. As the Roman months (according 
to the calendar of Numa) did not make 
a complete year, the Pontiffs were often 
obliged to insert an additional month, to 
bring the seasons into their proper places. 
But Julius C^sar made the year to con- 
sist of 365 days, and an additional one 
every leap year. (b. c. 46.) 

He added 90 days to November (b. c. 46), making that year 
to contain 44-5 days ; hence, it is commonly called '^ The year 
of confusion ;" but Macrobius more fitly calls it '* The last year 
of confusion." Julius Csssar introduced an intercalary day 
every leap year in the month of February, called " Bissextile ;" 
because the, 6th day before the Kalends of March was reckoned 
tv»'lce. According to the old Roman calculation, the year 
mided on this day. 

1477. When was the Julian Calendar again 
altered ? 

A. It was again altered by Pope 

Gregory XIII. (a. d. 1582), because it 
It) 



862 c^sak's honours. 

was 1 1 minutes too short. This altera- 
tion was not received in England till the 
reign of George II. 

It had then made an aggregate of 11 days too much ; these 
11 days were taken off the month of September, 1752; so that 
the 3d of September was called the 14th ; and this gave rise to 
what is called the " Old and New Style or Time." (a. b. 1752.) 

1478. What further honours were accorded to 
Julius Ccesar ? 

A. The month formerly called Quin- 
tilis (the fifth month) was called July 
(Julius)^ in honour of him ; Ceesar him- 
self was called '^ Imperator ;" and his 
portrait was struck on the Roman coins. 
(b. c. 45.) 

A few years afterwards, the 8th month was called August 
(Augustus) in honour of his successor:, Augustus Caesar Oc- 
tavianus, 

1479. What neiv offices did OcEsar create to re- 
ward his followers ? 

A. He increased the number of public 
magistrates ; so that there were 900 Sen- 
ators, 16 Praetors, 40 Quaestors, and 6 
^diles. 

The Senate originally consisted of 100 members, then 200, 
then 300 : Sylla increased the number to 600, Julius Ceesar to 
900 ; but Augustus reduced the number to 600, at which it re- 
mained ever afterwards. 

Before this, Sylla increased the number of Prsetors to 8 : 
originally there was but one Praetor. 

The original number of ^(Jiles was two. 

1480. What gigantic schemes were meditated 
by this great man ? 

A. 1. To frame a digest of the Roman 
laws : 



CJESAR MURDERED. 363 

2. Establish public libraries through- 
out the city : 

3. Drain the Pontine marshes, enlarge 
the Ostia, and dig a canal through the 
Isthmus of Corinth : and 

4. To make an expedition against the 
Parthians. 

1481 . How were these great schemes prevented ? 
A. Sixty Roman nobles, jealous of his 

greatness, formed a conspiracy to murder 
him on the feast of the Luper'cal. 

The LuPEE-CAL was a festival held on the 15th of February, 
in honour of the god Luper'cus C Fertility). The chief cere- 
mony was this : 2 young nobles, dressed up to look like Pan, 
ran through the streets, touching every person they met ; and 
all who were touched were purified (FebrudtiJ. Hence the 
festival was called, ^^ Dies februdta^*^ and the month, *' Feb- 
ruary." 

1482. Why on. the feast of the Lupercal ? 

A. Because Mark Antony intended to 
ask him on that day to accept a crown, 
and become king of Rome. 

1483. Who were the chiefs of this conspiracy? 
A. Brutus, an intimate friend ; and 

Cassius, a personal foe of Caesar. 

1484. How did the conspirators succeed ? 

A. They came to Caesar under preteHce 
of asking a favour, and stabbed him with 
their daggers, (b. c. 44.) 

Caesar defended himself for some time ; but when he saw his 
friend Brutus draw near, he said, " Et tu Brute !" pulled his 
toga over his face, and sunk pierced with 60 wounds at the 
base of Pompey's statue. Thus fell " the greatest man of all 



364 FROM B. C. 60 TO iS. 

this world," in the full vigour of life, aged 56 years. The con- 
duct of Brutus and his gang was most unjustifiable — it was 
treacherous, cowardly, tyrannical, and selfish. They cloaked 
their party-spirit under the name of freedom, and their disap- 
pointed ambition under the name of patriotism. Goethe ad- 
mirably remarks, that the murder of Ci:esar was the "" most 
senseless act" the Romans ever committed. 

1485. Whither did the conspirators betake them- 
S£lve$^ after the murder of Ccesar .^ 

A. They fled to the Capitol ; but after 
2 days, the Consul (Mark Antony) made 
an accommodation with the conspirators. 

1486. What vki$ the nat^tre of this accommo- 
dation? 

A. 1st— That all the laws of Csesar 
should remain in force : 

2dly — That the particulars of his will 
should be adhered to : and 

3dly — That the body should be hon- 
oured with a state funeral. 

1487. How was the body of Ccssar buried ? 
A. Dressed in robes of state, and laid 

upon a couch, it was carried in procession 
to the rostra ; where Antony delivered a 
funeral oration over it. 

. 1488. What effect was ^produced by this ora- 
tion ? 

A. The people were greatly excited: 
and when Antonf held up the toga of the 
murdered man, covered with blood, the 
disturbance rose to a tumultuous riot. 

1489, Hoiv did the rioters proceed f 



THE 2d triumvirate. 365 

A. They made a bonfire in the Forum, 
in which they burnt the body ; and then 
set fire to the houses of the conspirators, 
who fled for their lives. 

1490. How did Antony act in this extremity ? 
A. Having taken possession of Caesar's 

papers and property, he behaved in the 
most arbitrary manner, pretending it was 
in accordance with Caesar's will. 

1491. Who opposed Mark Antony ? 

A. Cicero, in a series of orations called 
Philippics ; and Octavianus the adopted 
son of Julius Caesar. 

These 14 orations of Cicero against Antony, were called 
Philippics ; because they resembled the 12 famous orations of 
Demos'thenes against Philip (the father of Alexander the 
Great) ; in which he tried to rouse the Greeks to vindicate 
their freedom. 

1492. Who was Octavianus ? 

A. The grandson of Julius Caesar's 
sister. 

He was the son of C. Octavius and Atia. As he was adopted 
by Caesar, he was called C. Julius Csesar Octavianus. After he 
became Emperor, he assumed the title of Augustus, tanta- 
mount to the modern title, "His Majesty," or *'His Grace." 

1493. Where was Octavianus, at the murder 
of his great uncle ? , 

A. In Greece : But. he instantly re- 
turned to Rome, and demanded the 
property left him by his adopted father. 

1494. What effect was produced by the Philip- 
pics of Cicero against Antony ? 



366 THE EOMAN YEAR. 

A. The Senate declared Antony a pub- 
lic enemy; and authorised Octavia'nus 
to put him down. 

Octavianus was only 19 years of age at the time. 

1495. How did Antony escape this danger ? 
A. He fled to Transalpine Gaul, where 

Lep'idus received him gladly : and the 
two marched forth to oppose Octavianus. 

1496. Where did Octavianus meet his 2 rivals ? 
A. On the banks of the Rhine; but 

instead of offering battle, the 3 rivals 
entered into a compact to oppose the 
murderers of Csesar. 

1497. What was this alliance called? 

A. The Second TriumVirate. It con- 
sisted of Antony, Lepidus, and Octavi- 
a'nus. (b. c. 43.) 

The first Trmmvirate consisted of Pompey, Crassus, and 
Julius Caesar. 

THE ROMAN YEAR. 

Kalends. The first day of every month (from the Greek 
word Kd7i(2) because the Priest used to '' call ouf to the peo- 
ple at the beginning of each month, the number of days before 
the nones, i. e. whether 5 or 7. 

Nones. The 7th day of March, May, July, and October ; 
but the 5th of every other month. So called because they fell 
on the 9th day (nono die) before the Ides. 

Ides. Were 8 days after the Nones (from idudre to divide), 
because they divided the month into two nearly equal parts. 

The days between the Kalends and Nones were called 4 
days, 3 days, and the day, before the Nones (ante Nonas), 

The days between the Nones and Ides were called 8, 7, 6, 5, 
4, 3 days, and the day, before the Ides (ante Idus). 

The days between the Ides and the Kalends of the next 



CICERO. 367 

month, were called 18, 17, 16, &c. days before the Kalends 
thereof (as ante diem or a. d. xviii, xvii, xvi^Kal. Feb. Mar. or 
as it may be). 

Nun'dine. This was another division of the months into 
periods of 9 days (nonis diebus) or weeks, marked thus, A, B, 
C, D, E, F, G, H ; and the 9th began a new week. Every 
Nundine was a Market day. 

DIES FASTI and NEFASTI. This was a further division 
of the weeks into Court-days and No-court days. 

Fasti were Court-days, so called from fari (to speak or 
plead). On these days the Praetor held his courts ; there 
were 65 fasti in a year, marked with a red F in the almanacks. 

Nefasti were days on which no Congress (comitia) could 
be held, and no law courts were opened ; they were generally 
sacred to the gods, and were marked in the almanack with 
a black N. These Nefasti were, for the most part, days on 
which the Romans had suffered some great calamity, and were 
therefore unlucky. Our expressions, ** Red-letter days" for 
joy Otis ones, and " Writing you in my black book" for disgrace y 
owe their origin to these Roman customs. 



Eminent Men cotemporary with Julius 

O^SAR. 

1498. Wlio were the 5 great rival powers of 
Rome after the death of Sylla ? 

A. Cicero, Cato, Crassus, Pompey, and 

Julius Csesar. 

1499. Who ivas Marcus Tullius Cicero ? 

A. A Plebeian, born in La'tium, who 
obtained great distinction in Rome as a 
Barrister ; and was created successively 
Quaes' tor of Sicily ; Praetor of Lilybaeum 
(in Sicily) ; Consul ; and Dictator. 



368 FROM B. C. 100 TO 44. 

Both Cicero* and Marius were born at Arpinum in Latium. 
Cicero first attrgicted notice by his oration in defence of Ros- 
cius the great actor. He is said to have invented short-hand, 
for the purpose of reporting the speeches in the Senate. 
Cicero means a pea or vetch (cicer): This cognomen was 
given to one of his ancestors from a wart upon his nose like a 
pea. 

1500. For what was the Consulship of Cicero 
» remarkable ? 

A. For the outbreak of the Catiline 
conspiracy, which he suppressed with 
great energy and prudence ; and was 
called ''The Father of his Country" 
(Pater Patrice), (b. c. 63.) 

1501. What became of Cicero after the death 
of Catiline ? 

A. He was accused of violating the 
laws of Rome in putting to death some of 
Catiline's conspirators, without first 'ob- 
taining the consent of the people: and 
was obliged to go into exile, (b. c. 58.) 

' 1502. Who tvas the ^iuost rancorous enemy of 
Cicero ? 

A. Clodius ; a patrician who relin- 
quished his patrician rank, in order to 
become a Tribune, and drive Cicero into 
banishment. 

The cause of Clodius' hatred was, because Cicero bore wit- 
ness against him, when he was accused of violating the mys- 
teries of the Bona Dea (the goddess of women), (b. c. 62.) 

1503. When was Cicero recalled, ? 
A. The next year: When he joined 
the party of Pompey against Caesar. 



M. TULLIUS CICERO. 369 

1504. Hoiv did Ccesar act towards the great 
orator y after the overthrow of Pomjpey ? 

A. With great kindness. But after 

the murder of Caesar, he joined the party 

of Brutus ; and attacked Mark Antony 

in 14 orations, which proved his ruin. 

1505. How did these Thili^pincs 'prove the ruin 
of Cicero ? 

A. On the formation of the 2d Trium'- 

virate, Cicero was proscribed and slain. 

And Antony nailed his head and hands 

to the Rostra in vindictive exultation. 

(b. c. 4f3, aged 64 years.) 

Antony's wife Fulvia drew out the tongue of the deceased 
orator, and pierced it through and through with one of her. 
hair pins. 

1506. What was the character of Cicero ? 

A. Vain, pedantic, cowardly, and un- 
stable. But his suppression of Catiline's 
conspiracy is deserving of great praise. 

He was very witty, and a volume might be filled with his bon 
mots. When Pompey was fighting against Cyesar, some one 
told Cicero that the omens were in Pompey's favour, for 7 
eagles had been taken in his camp ; Cicero drily answered. 
** That would indeed have been lucky if Cassar's troops had 
hQ^n magpies. ^^ 

1507. What is the character of Cicero as an 
author ? 

A. He stands unrivalled as an orator ; 
and his moral, philosophical, and rheto- 
rical works are admired even more than 
his orations. 

His works may be divided into 7 parts: — 1. Rhetorical; 2. 
16* 



:i70 CATO OF UTICA. 

^FMLosophical ; 3. Moral ; 4. Speculative ; b. Theological ; 6. 
■i Oratorical ; and 7. Epistolary. He also wrote poems, one line 
-of whieh is ridiculed by Juvenal for a most unlucky jingle 
(x. Vlf)'. O fortunatam ndtam me consule Romam. ' (Oh, 
,Hom.Q, safely delivered by me, v^^hen Consul.) 

1508. Who was Marcus Cato of Tltica ? 

A. A Roman Censor, of stern unbend- 
ing character: Very conspicuous among 
the profligate nobles of the age, for his 
Stoic frigidity and morals. 

1509. For what was Cato celebrated ? 

A. He supported Cicero, in condemn- 

ing the Catiline conspirators to death: 

resisted the usurpation of the First Trium'- 

virate ; and especially the growing power 

■ of Julius Csesar. 

1510. What became of Cato, when Julius 
' Ccesar tvas made Dictator ? 

A. He retired to Utica fin Africa)^ 

where Caesar followed him with an army : 

and the proud Stoic stabbed himself, 

rather than fall into the hands of the 

conqueror, (b. c. 46 — aged 49 years.) 

In Lucan's epic poem, called " The Pharsdlia,'" Cato is made 
the personification of every god-like virtue : and Addison's 
tragedy, called '* Caio,' represents him in a similar light. 

1511. Who was Marcus Crassus, sur named 
Dives (the Rich) ? 

A. One of the partizans of Sylla; 
w^hose ruling passion was avarice. 

1512. Hoiv did Crassus acquire his immense 
wealth ? 



M. CRASSUS, THE RICH. 871 

A. 1. By trading in slaves: 2. By 
mines : 3. By houses and farms : and 
4. By the confiscated property given him 
by Sylla, 

1513. What offices in the state did Crassus fill ? 
A. Ist—Prsetor, w^hen he defeated 

Spar'tacus and the gladiators (b. c, 71) : 
2dly — -Consul, v^hen he entertained all 

Rome at 10,000 tables ; and gave away 

sufficient corn to supply every family for 

3 months (b. c. 70) : and 

3dly— TriumVirate, vrith Pompey and 

Caesar (b. c. 60). 

1514. In what exjiedition did Crassus engage^ 
after he ivas made Triumvir ? 

A. In one against the Parthians. He 
was, however, defeated with great loss, 
and murdered by treachery after the bat- 
tle, (b. c. 53.) 

1515. Hoiv was he stigmatized after death ? 
A. The Parthian King caused his 

skull to be filled with molten gold ; say- 
ing, '' Gkit thyself now with thy favourite 
dainty, thou slave of gold !" (b. c. 53.) 

The king's name was Orodes. Parthia (Khorassan) a 
country of Asia, to the S. E. of the Caspian Sea. 

1516. Who was Cneius Pomjpey the Great? 
A. A cotemporary of Csesar, w^hom 

Sylia called for his military talents, " Im- 
per^tor" and "Magnus." (b. c. 83-81.) 



872 CN. POMPEY, THE GKEAT. 

1517. By what honour was Pom.pey dis- 
tinguished ? 

A. 1st— By a triumpli at the age of 
25, and before he had held any ofiice in 
the state (b. c. 81) : 

2dly — By being elected Consul, while 
be was under age, and before he had held 
any other oJffi.ce (b. c. 70) : and 

3dly — By being made Trium'vir, to- 
gether with Crassus and Csesar. (b. c. 
60.) 

1518. What ivere Pomjpey's most brilliant ex- 
peditions ? 

Ae 1st— -Clearing the Mediterranean 
sea of pirates, in less than 3 months 
(b. c. 67): 

2dly— Bringing to a close the war 
against Mithrida'tes (b. c. 63) : and 

3dly — The siege of Jerusalem (b. c. 63). 

1519. What became of Pompey, after the Tri- 
umvirate was dissolved by the dea,th of Crassus ? 

A. He was made Sole Consul, to op- 
pose the growing power of Coesar ; but 
was utterly defeated by his great rival at 
Pharsalia (in Thessaly). (b. c. 48.) 

1520. What became of Pompey, after the battle 
of Pharsalia ? 

A. He fled to Egypt ; where he was 
treacherously murdered by the Egyp- 
tians, but honourably buried by his great 



CAIUS JULIUS CiESAE. 373 

rival Julius Caesar, (b. c. 48 — aged 58 
years.) 

1521. Who was Caius Julius Ccesar? 

A. A famous patrician, descended from 
Julius the son of JEne'as ; born b. c. 100, 
and murdered in the 56th year of his life 
by Brutus and his conspirators. 

Sylla used to say of him, '' That boy will one day be the 
niin of the aristocracy, for there are many Mariuses in that 
Caesar." 

1522. How was he first hr ought into notice? 
A. By an oration (when he was only 

22 years old) against Dolabella, for ex- 
tortion in his province of Macedonia. 

1523. What offices did Ccesar serve ? 

A. Every noble office in the state, 
Quaestor, ^dile, Pontifex Max'imus, Prae- 
tor, Consul, and Dictator. 

1524. Hoiv ivas the first consulship of Ccesar 
distinguished ? 

A. By a coalition with Pompey and 
Crassus ; usually called The First Tri- 
umvirate, (b. c. 60.) 

This coalition was formed, while he was Consul Desig- 
natus. One Bibtilus was the colleague with Caesar, but was 
such a mere tool, that the Roman wits speak of the year 60 as 
*' The consulship of Julius and of Ccesar''' 

1525. How was Ccesar occ^ipied, after this coa- 
lition with Pompeij and Crassus ? 

A. The 8 years succeeding his first 
consulship were occupied by his 
Eight Campaigns in Gaul. (b. c. 58-50.) 



874 CiESAE's CONQUESTS IN GAUL. 

During these campaigns Ctesar twice crossed over into 
Britain. 

1526. What were the principal events of the 8 
Campaigns of Ccesar in Gaul ? 

A. 1st — He conquered the Helvetii 
(Swiss) ; who had left Switzerland, to 
settle in Gaul : He also expelled Ario- 
vis'tus (a German king) from Gaul ; and 
pursued him as far as the Rhine (b. c. 58) : 

2d year — He subdued the Belgee, a 
people dwelling between the Seine and 
the Rhine (b. c. 57) : 

3d year — He subdued the North-West 
of Gaul (b. c. 56) : 

4th year — He crossed over into Britain 
(b. c. 55) : 

5 th year — He invaded Britain a 2d 
time ; and defeated the natives in several 
engagements (b. c. 54) 

6th year — He reduced to subjection the 
Gallic tribes, who had revolted (b. c. 53): 

7th year — He took captive Yercinget'o- 
rix, the boldest and best of the Gallic 
chiefs (b. c. 52) : and in the 

8th campaign — He finally subdued the 
Gauls (b. c. 51-50). 

Caesar used to return and winter in Lombardy f Cisalpine 
Gaul) during these campaigns. In the 9 years, he had 
conquered 300 tribes, 800 cities, slain a million of men, and 
taken a million prisoners. 

1527. Hoiv did Pompey receive the news of 
Ccesar'' s splendid career in Gaul ? 



CJESAR MURDERED. 375 

A. With extreme jealousy, and tried 
to deprive him of his command. But 
C^sar crossed the Hu'bicon; and marched 
towards Rome at the head of his vic- 
torious veterans, (b. c. 49.) 

Before he crossed the Rubicon, he walked up and down the 
banks in great agitation, saying, Pompey forces me to be 
either the hammer or the anvil. '' If I cross, I destroy my 
country; if I do not, I destroy myself." At this moment, a 
trumpet sounded, and he exclaimed, '' The die is cast !" and 
plunged into the stream. 

1528. Hoiv did Pompey act ? 

A. He fied to Greece, where he col- 
lected a large army ; which C^sar over- 
threw on the plains of Pharsalia. (48.) 

1529. What became of Pojnpey, after tkis de- 
feat? 

A. He fled to Egypt, where he was 

murdered ; but honourably buried by 

Caesar, (b. c. 48.) 

1530. How long did Ccemr remain in Egypt? 
A. For about 12 months ; and then 

returned to Home, the undisputed master 
of the Roman world, (b. c. 47.) 

Being new master of Kome, he entertained the whole popu- 
lation at 23,000 tables, furnished with ^very . luxury ; and 
amused his guests with shows, and a naval combat, called 
Naumachia, the first of any note exhibited in Rome : In order 
to provide for this, he converted a large part of the Campus 
Martins into a lake, and filled it up again afterwards. 

1531. How was he received at Kome ? 

A. Pie was made Dictator and Em- 
peror for life ; but in the midst of his 



376 ' CLODIUS AND MILO. 

glory, was assassinated by Brutus and the 
other conspirators, (b. c. 44.) 

1532. What was the character of Julius Ccesar ? 
A. He was a man of very great genius„ 

Eminent alike as a general, statesman, 
lawgiver, jurist, orator, historian, mathe- 
matician, architect, and poet. His latin 
is a model for purity, and his style for 
clearness of expression and vigour of 
thought. 

His great work is called " Com^nentdriif'^ heing a history of 
Ms wars in Gaul, in 7 books ; and the history of the Civil wars^ 
in 3 books. All his other works are lost. 

1 533. What tivo rival noblemen disturbed Rome 
during the same period? 

A. Clodius and Milo. 

1534. Who ivas Publitis Clodius Pulcher ? 
A. A great jjrofiigate of Rome ; noted 

for his hostility to Cicero, the orator. 

1535. Why was Clodius so inimical to Cicero^ 
A. Because Cicero bore witness against 

him, when accused of violating the mys- 
teries of Bona Dea. (b. c. 62.) 

1536. Who was Bona Dea ? 

A. A Roiifan Deity, who revealed her 
oracles only to women. Her festival was 
held on the 1st of May, in the house of 
the Consul or Prsetor. The solemnities 
were conducted by the Vestal Virgins, 
and no male was allowed to be present. 



CLODIUS AND MILO. 377 

1537. How did Clodius violate the mysteries of 
the Bona Dea ? 

A. He entered the house of Caesar 

(who was Proetor) disguised as a woman; 

but being discovered, was brought to trial 

before the Quaestor, (b. c. 62.) 

1538. How did Clodius defend himself? 

A. He attempted to prove an alibi ; 
but Cicero refuted this plea. 

Clodius was notwithstanding acquitted, because 30 out of the 
55 judges received bribes, 

1539. Hoiv did Clodius revenge himself on 
Cicero ? 

A. He relinquished his rank to become 
a Tribune ; and then drove Cicero into 
exile, (b. c. 58.) 

Ostensibly, because Cicero had condemned Lentulus and 
Cethegus to death, before the people had passed sentence on 
them ; but in reality, because he had borne witness against 
him in the matter of Bona Dea. 

1540. What laas the nature of the co7itests be- 
tween Clodius and Milo ^ 

A. Both had large gangs of gladiators 
in their pay; who used to disturb the 
peace by frequent encounters in the pub- 
lic streets. 

1541. What ivas the end of this feud ? 

A. One day, w^hen the two rivals met 
on the Appian road, Clodius was killed 
by a blow from one of the follow^ers of 
Milo. (b. c. 52.) 



'Bm- FROM B. C. 100 TO 44. 

1542. What effect ivas iwoduced by the murder 
of Clodius ? 

A. A tumult of such a desperate char- 
acter, that Pompey was appoi .led Sole 
Consul to restore order, (b. c. 52.) 

Pompe)'- once broke up an assembly of the people by saying 
he ''heard it thunder!" Hence, Clodius made a law, forbid- 
ding any one to hear it thunder^ when the people were in the 
"Comitia. 

1543. Who ivas Titus Annius Milo Pajpini- 



anus ? 

A. A Patrician of daring and un- 
scrupulous character ; deeply in debt ; 
and resolved to obtain a province, in order 
to extricate himself. 

1544. How did Pompey proceed against Milo^ 
after the murder of Clodius ? 

A. He impeached him for the mur- 
der ; but Cicero undertook his defence, 
and almost all Italy thronged the forum 
to hear the trial, (b. c. 52.) 

1545. What ivas the issue of this trial ? 

A. Milo was condemned, and went 
into exile : But was afterwards slain at 
Thuni (in the Gulf of Taranto, b. c. 48). 

This was not the Milo of Crotona, the Samson of Bruttium, 
who would carry an ox on his shoulders and afterwards eat it. 
The Milo of Bruttium died thus : — He saw a tree partly split 
by wood cutters, and tried to tear it in twain ; but his hands 
were caught in the tree, and he was devoured by wolves. 
(b. c. 510.) 

1546. What authors adorned this period, he- 
sides Cicero and Ccesar ? 



AUTHORS. 379 

A. Lucretius, Ntpos, Catullus, Sal- 
lust, and Varro. 

1547. Who was Cams Lucretius ? 

A. The author of a didactic epic poem 
in 6 books, called "The Works of Na- 
ture" (De Rerum Natura). A work of 
matchless skill, power, and beauty. 

It is said that Cicero edited and revised this poem. Lu- 
cretius was born B. c. 95, and died, probably by his own hand, 
B. c. 5d. 

1548. Wko^ was Valeruis Catullus ? 

A. A poet, and friend of Julius C^sar. 
His extant works are 116 lyrics, elegies, 
and epigrams, (b. c. 87-47.) 

1549. Who was Cornelius Nepos ? 

A. A cotemporary and friend of Cicero. 
He wrote a biographical sketch of cele- 
brated commanders. 

The life of Atticus and the fragment of a life of Cato were 
written by Nepos ; but probably all the other lives are mere 
abridgments by uiEmilius Probus in the reign of Theodo'sius. 

1550. Who was Crispus Sallust ? 

A. A tribune in the year when Clo- 
dius was killed. Being guilty of several 
moral offences, he was expelled from the 
Senate, and obliged to leave Rome. 

1551. IIo2v did Sallust spend his time, after 
his exile from Rome ? 

A. In writing two short histories : 
One of Catiline's conspiracy, and the 
other of the Jugur'thine war. 



380 • THE PROSCPvIPTION. 

Of these the '* Catillna" is -staluable ; but the " Jugurtha" 
is nearly worthless as an historical treatise. Salliist was born 
B. c. 86, and died 34, aged 52 years. 

1552. Who was Terentius Yarro? 

A. " The most learned of all the 
Romans.;" employed by Csesar to collect 
and arrange the great public library of 
Rome. 

1553. What loorks did Varro write ? 

A. He was the most voluminous of 
the Roman authors ; having composed 
460 books ; of which only 2 are now 
extant, (b. c. 116-28.) 

His " De re Rus'tica," composed at the age of 80, is still ex- 
tant ; and 6 of the 24 books, " De lingua Lati'na ;" which are 
of great value for their curious information about Roman 
customs, both civil and religious. His great work, called 
*' Antiquities" (in 41 books), is lost : St. Augustine drew very 
largely from this last, in his work called the "City of God." 



From the Death of Julius C^sar to the 

END OF THE EePUBLIC. 
B. c. 44 to 29. A. u. 709 to 724. 

1554. What was the first act of the New Tri~ 
umvirate ? 

A. To publish a proscription of all 
those likely to interfere with their 
schemes, (b. c. 43.) 

Q. Pedius, the Consul ; Cicero, the great Orator ; 130 Sen- 
ators, and 2000 Knights were murdered in this proscription. 



BATTLE OF PHILIPPI. 381 

Every one was executed who concealed a person proscribed, 
and any slave was set free who murdered one. The horrors 
committed by this Triumvirate exceed those of Kobespierre, 
Danton, and Marat, in the great French revolution. 

1555. What was the effect of this proscription ? 
A. Hundreds and thousands fled from 

Rome, and joined the army of Brutus 
and Cassius in Macedon. 

1556. Where did the Triumvirs encounter the 
army of Brutus and Cassius ? 

A. Near Philippi (a city of Macedon). 
The Triumvirs won the battle : And both 
Brutus and Cassius put an end to their 
lives, rather than submit to their con- 
querors, (b. c. 42.) 

Just previous to the battle, Brutus sai^ he saw the ghost 
of Julius Csesar come to him at the dead of night, in his tent. 
Brutus asked him what he wanted, and the phantom replied, 
" I am thy evil spirit, thou shalt see me again at Philippi," 
and then vanished. 

1557. After the battle of Philippic lohat became 
of the Triumvirs ? 

A. Lepidus went to Africa, Antony to 
Asia, and Octavian returned to Rome. 

1558. What became of Lepidus? 

A. Having remained in Africa for 6 
years, he returned and claimed the prov- 
ince of Sicily ; but OctaVian deposed 
him, and he died in banishment, (b. c. 13.) 

1559. What became of Antony ? 

A. He assumed despotic power in 
Asia; and undisputed right of creating 
or deposing kings, (b. c. 42-39-37.) 



882 ANTOKY AND CLEOPATRA. 

It was at this time, he' separated the sovereignty from the 
High Priesthood of Judea, and appointed the famous Herod 
its king. 

1560. How did Antony interfere with the king'- 
dom of Egypt ? 

A. He summoned Cleopa'tra to inform 
him why she had not sent troops to assist 
the Triumvirs at Philippi. 

1561. Sola did Cleopatra answer this sum" 
fnons ? 

A. She went to him, sailing up the 

river Cydnus, dressed like the goddess 

Venus: and Antony fell in love with the 

fascinating queen, (b. c. 41.) 

1562. What ivere the consequences of this fas- 
cination ? 

A. Antony left his army in Asia ; and 

went to Egypt, to live with Cleopatra. 

1563. What became of Antomfs ivife, Octavia^ 
the sister of Octavian ? 

A. He divorced her, that he might 

marry Cleopa^tra ; and thus produced a 

rupture between himself and OctaVian. 

1564. What loas the result of this rupture ? 
A. A battle, fought at Ac'tium (a city 

of Epirus) ; in which Antony was de« 
feated both by sea and land. (b. c. 31.) 

1565. What became of Antony and Cleopatra? 
A. They fled to Egypt, where Antony 

stabbed himself; and Cleopatra put an 



EKB OF THE REPUBLIC. 8815 

end to her life by a venomous asp, 
brought to her in a basket of fruit. 

Thus terminated the sovereignty of the Ptolemies in Egypt^ 
which had endured for 294 years, (b. c. 323-30.) 

1566. What became of Oct avian ? 

A. He was left sole master of the Ro- 
man world ; which included Italy, Gaul, 
Spain, Greece, Egypt, the islands of the 
Mediterranean, and parts of Germany^ 
Asia, and Africa, (b. c. 30.) 

The empire at this time included all the islands of the Med- 
iterranean, Egypt, Cyre'ne, Carthage, Numidia, Maurita'nia, 
Spain, Gaul, Illyr'icum, Panno'nia, Daima'tia, Mce'sia, Mace- 
do'nia, Thrace, Greece, Asia Minor, Parthia, Persia, Arabia, 
besides Italy. 

1567. How was Octavian honoured ? 

A. 1st — He was allowed 3 triumphs : 

2dly— His name was associated with 
the Gods: 

3dly— He was created Chief Pontiff 
and Emperor (imperdtorj : 

4thly — He was styled ^' Augustus :" 
and 

5thly— The month Sextilis (in which 
he celebrated his triumphs) Avas called 
" August" in his honour. 

Augustus means Venerable, and perhaps was applied to Octa- 
vian in his capacity of Augur. The subsequent emperors were 
styled "Augustus," and their wives "Augusta." Prom the 
time of Hadrian to the division of the E.oman empire the em- 
perors were styled Caesar ; After which time each of the two 
emperors was styled Augustus, and each of the 2 Viceroys 
was styled Ceesar. 



384 M. JEMILIUS LEPIDUS. 

1568. How was the victory of Augustus cele- 
brated ? 

A. By closing the temple of Ja'nus for 
the 3d time since the foundation of the 
city, in token that Rome was at peace 
with the whole world, (b. c. 29.) 

It was above 200 years since it had been closed — viz. B. C. 
2'3o, just previous to the Second Punic war. 

Thus ends the Eoman Eepublio. 



Eminent Men from Julius O^sar to the 

END OF THE EePUBLIC. 

B. c. 44 to 29. A. u. 709 to 724. 

1569. Who ivere the most conspicuous 2^^rsons 
in the 2d Triwmvirate ? 

A. Sextus Pompey, Brutus, Cassius, 

and the Triumvirs. 

1570. Name the members of the 2d Triumvir-ate, 
A. Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian. 

1571. Who iva.s Marcus ^milius Lepidus? 
A. Caesar's " Magis'ter Equitum" (or 

second in command) : At the death of 
C^sar, the command of the army devolved 
upon him. 

1572. Whxit part did Lepidus take, after the 
murder of Ccesar? 

A, He joined Antony, and was pro- 



MARK A^s^TONY, 386 

claimed a public enemy: After which, 
both Lep'idus and Antony joined Oc- 
tavian, and formed the Second Trium- 
virate, (b. c. 43.) 

1573. What office ivas assigned to Lepidtcs by 
his 2 Colleagues? 

A. He was made Consul, and sent to 

Rome ; while the other two prosecuted 

the war against Brutus and Cassius. 

1574. After the overthrow of Brutus and 
Vassius at Philippi, what new arrange^iuent was 
made with Lepidus ? ^ 

A. He was sent into Africa^ where he 

remained for 7 years ; and was then sent 

for by OctaVian, to assist in a war against 

Sextus Pompey. (b. c. 36.) 

1575. Hotv did Lepidus receive this smitmons ? 
A. He resolved to be independent, and 

laid claim to Sicily : but Octavian de- 
feated him ; deprived him of office ; and 
commanded him to leave Rome. 

1 576. How long did Levidus survive ? 

A, About 22 years. He died in exile 
about 80 years of age. (b. a 13.) 

1577. Who was Mark A7itony ? 

A. A kinsman and friend of Caesar, 
He commanded the left wing in the bat- 
tle of Pharsalia ; and was Consul when 
Caesar wp ■ murdered, (b. c. 44.) 

17 



S86 FROM B. G. 44 TO 2^. 

1578. What part did Antony take, after the 
murder of Ccesar ? 

A, He tried to become master of 

Rome ; but found a rival in the young 

Octavian, the adopted son of Csesar. 

1579. Which of these 2 rivals did the Senate 
favour ? 

A. Octavian ; and declared Antony a 

public enemy. x\ntony, therefore, quit* 

ted Rome and went to Cisalpine Gaul 

(Lomhardy). (b> c. 43.) 

1580. How did Octavian proceed ? 

A. He defeated Antony at Mutina (in 
Liomhardy) : But afterwards became rec- 
onciled ; and combined with him and 
Lepldus to form the Second Triumvirate. 

158L What measures did the Triumvirs take 
to confirm their power ? 

A. Kiter having proscribed nearly 
3000 influential Romans, they marched 
against Brutus and Cassius, whom they 
overthrew at Philip pi. (b. c. 42.) 

1582. What became of Antony ^ after th 
battle of Fhitippi? 

A. He went to Asia Minor ; w^here b 
met with Cleopatra, with whom he fell i 
love; but left her far a time to figl 
against the Parthians, whom he con- 
quered, (b. c. 39-38.) 



SEXTUS POMPEY. 387 

1583., Did Antony return to Egypt, after his 
defeat of the Parthians ? 

A. Yes ; and abandoned himself to 
Cieopat'ra : but Octa'vian made war upon 
him, and defeated him at Ac'tium: after 
which Antony put an end to his own life, 
(b. c. 30 : aged 53.) 

Actium at the entrance of the gulf of Ambracia (Arta) wa« 
beautifeed by Octaviaai, and called Nicop^oli^ {the city of vie- 
tori/ J in honour of this event. (N Lat. 39, E. Long. 20"*^ 43'.) 

1584. Who was Sextus Fompey? 

A. The younger son of Pompey the 
Great. After the murder of Caesar he 
collected a large fleet and became master 
of the sea. 

1585. What part did Sextus take^ ^^^r the 
miurder of CcEsar^ in order to embarrass the Trium- 
virs ? 

A. He stopped the supplies of corn 
from Egypt to Rome ; so that the Tri- 
umvirs were obliged to make terms with 
him. (b. c« 39.) 

1586. How long did these terms of conciliation 
hetiveen Sextus Pompey and the Triumvirs last ? 

A. Only a few months. Sextus was 

afterwards defeated by Agrippa ; fled to 

Asia ; and was put to death by some of 

Antony's troops, (b. a 35.) 

1587. Who was Marcus Brutus ? 

A. Nephew of Cato. He joined Pom- 
pey's party at -the battle of Pharsalia ; 



388 M. BRUTUS. — C. CASSIUB. 

but was pardoned by Csesar, and honoured 
by his favour and friendship. 

Caesar made biiu Governor of Cisalpine Gaul B„ c. 46 — Pr£©~ 
tor B. o. 44 — and promised him the government of Macedonia. 

1588. Hoif; did Brutus repay his benefactor ^ 
A. He was persuaded by Cassias to 

join a conspiracy to murder him. After 
which, he and Cassias raised 2 vast armies 
to oppose Antony and Octavian. 

1589. With ivhat success did Brutus and Cas- 
sius oppose the Triumvirs {^Aiitony and Octa- 
vian) ? 

A. Two battles were fought at Philips- 
pi : In which Brutus and Cassias being 
defeated, both committed suicide, (b. c. 
42.) 

1590. What was the character of Marcus 
Brutus ? 

A. He was a student and philosopher: 

and is said to have murdered Caesar from 

principle ; but a more senseless crime 

was never committed by man. 

1591. Who luas Cains Oassius JLoriginus? 
A. A commander, greatly distinguished 

by his campaigns against the ParthianSo 
He took part with Pompey against Caesar ; 
but was pardoned and advanced to honoure 

1592. How did Cassius repay his benefactor ? 
A. He hated him with mortal hatred^ 

and formed the conspiracy by which he 



EOMAN CHARACTER. 889 

was murdered. After his defeat at Phil- 
ippi, he committed suicide, (b. c. 42.) 

1593. Who ivas Cleojpatra ? 

A. The beautiful queen of Egypt, who 
had a son by Julius Caesar ; but after 
his death married Antony. 

1 594. What became of this fascinating woman ? 
A. After the battle of Ac'tium, she 

murdered herself by means of an asp 
(aged 39, b. c. 30). 

With Cleopatra ended the dynasty of the Ptolemies in 

Egypt. 



The Decline of the Eoman Character. 

(•89l 

1595. What was the character of the Roman 
people under the kings ? 

A. Virtuous, but rigidly severe. Fru- 
gal, temperate, and laborious. 

1596. When was the climax of this nohle sim,- 
plicity and virtue ? 

A. At the destruction of Carthage; 

after which the morals of the Roman 

people began rapidly to decline. 

1597. What was the cause of this decline ? 
A. Ambition ; which induced them to 

make war on nations without just cause : 
and has made their history little else than 
a calendar of battles. 



390 THE EQUITES. 

1598. Hoiv did these constant battles injure the 
moral character of the Romans ? 

A. 1st — By familiarizing them to 
scenes of blood and plunder : 

2dly — By fostering a spirit of ambition; 
and making their commanders a power 
within a power : 

3dly — By introducing foreign luxuries, 
customs, vices, and slaves : and 

4thly — By heaping undue wealth on 
some, M^hile others were ground down by 
the most wretched indigence. 

1599. Who tried to restore Rome to her ancient 

simplicity ? 

A. Sylla ; but his system was about 
as foolish, as if he had tried to make his 
men school-boys, by dressing them in 
children's clothes, without changing their 
habits and minds. 

1600. Which was the most influential class in 
the state, during its decline ? 

A. The Eq'uites ; who not only pos- 
sessed judicial power, but were the great 
capitalists ; and could buy the people by 
bribes, or maintain armies at their own 
private expense. 

1601. Why loere the Equites so wealthy ? 

A. Because they were the publicans 
or farmers of the taxes. 

The various branches of the revenue were let for a term of 



THE EQUITES. 391 

years to the publicans, who paid the governraent, and made 
the most they could of their bargains. Hence the name be- 
came proverbial for fraud, extortion, and avarice. 

As the Equites were the lichest men in the state, they 
monopolized the publica : and hence it came to pass, that 
almost all publicans were Equites or Knights. 

1602. Who were the Equites or Knights ? 

A. 1st— The 300 CeFeres (or body- 
guard) of Romulus, increased to 600 by 
Tullius, and to 1800 by Tarquin I. : 

2dly — -The 12 Centuries formed by 
Servius, from the chief men of the state : 

3dly— -The volunteers at the ^ege of 
Veii, who supplied their own horses : 

4thly — The Ordo Eques'tris, intro- 
duced by Gracchus ; from which the 
Ju'dices were chosen (b. c. 123): and 

Sthly — -The lUus'tres, founded by 
Augustus ; consisting of all citizens pos- 
sessed of the property of a Senator. 

The Equites or Knights wore a " latus clavus" (a scarlet 
hand running from the neck to the bottom of the tunic )^ and a 
gold ring. In the theatre 14 rows of seats, immediately in 
front of the orchestra, were appropriated to the Equites. 
(B. c. 67.) 

They were called Equites from equus (a horse) ; because 
every knight was supplied by the state with a horse for military- 
service, except the volunteers at the siege of Veii. (b. c. 403.) 

1603. Why IV ere these wealthy citizens called 
Equites or Horsemen ? 

A. Because they served in the army 
on horseback. After the Ordo Equestris 
was formed, the Knights were staff 
officers only, and the cavalry w^as sup- 
plied by the allied states, (b. c. 123.) 



392 ROMAN DEGRADATIOK. '' 

Csesar possessed no Romans in his cavalry, but only auxil- 
iaries. 

1604. HoiD ivas the corrujotion of Rome mani- 
fested in the election of annuol 'magistrates ? 

A. By the grossest bribery: Those 
who could bribe the highest were ap- 
pointed, not those who were best quali- 
fied. 

These elections were generally the scenes of riot ; for 
hostile factions, supported by armed slaves and gladiators, 
would fight for their candidates with daggers and swords like 
Clodiiis andMilo. 

Shaksp^re, in his play of ''Romeo and Juliet," makes the 
factions of Montague and Capulet commit similar street riots. 

1605. Hoiv was the Roman revenue replen- 
ished ? 

A. Chiefly by tribute collected from 
the provinces. 

Thus Asia alone, in the time of Sylla, paid annually a sum 
equal to five millions of dollars, and in the time of Augustus 
double that amount. And one mine in Spain yielded the an- 
nual produce $2,500,000. 

The Roman citizens paid no taxes themseP^es. It will be 
remembered that all tributes were let out by the state to the 
highest bidder : generally some company of Equites. 

1606. What ivas the social state of Rome 
towards the close of the Re^public ? 

A. Most degraded: Crimes of every 
sort were committed fearlessly in broad 
daylight : and 

Murder, poisoning, forgery, and rob- 
bery, were daily practices. 

1607. What alteration was made in the army 
by Caius Marius ? 

A. He enlisted slaves and paupers: 



DOMESTIC DEMORALIZATION. 393 

In consequence of which, the wealthy 
would no longer serve in the wars ; but 
remained at home in luxurious ease. # 

1608. Was agriculture as much esteemed at the 
close of the Republic^ as at the beginning ? 

A. No : the farms were converted into 

pastures, on which immense flocks were 

kept by gangs of slaves : so that Rome 

was dependent on Sicily, Carthage, and 

Egypt, for supplies of corn. 

One great cause of this was the custom of turning out small 
farmers from their homesteads, to bestow them on disabled 
soldiers, who neither would nor could cultivate them. When 
this was done, the poor farmer was obliged to become a day- 
iabourer, and work for hire on his own farm. See Virgil, Eel. i. 

1609. What was the domestic state of Rome^ at 
the close of the Republic ? 

A. Bad beyond all description. The 
licentiousness of the women was, if pos- 
sible, greater than that of the men. So 
that few Romans were married, and few 
children born in lawful wedlock. 

We find the men changing and divorcing their wives at will : 
Most of the leading men of Rome were married 5 or 6 times, 
and their former wives married other husbands. Thus C. 
Nero gave up his wife Livia to Octavian, and Octavian divorced 
Scribonia to marry her, having already divorced Clodia in order 
to marry Scribonia. Cicero gave up his wife Terentia to Sal- 
lust. Julius Csesar divorced Cossutia, Cornelia, and Pompeia ; 
his last wife was Calpurnia: Even the rigid Cato gave up his 
3d wife to a young Senator. But no further need be said after 
the 1st chap, of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. This may 
account for the singular fact that though slaves and strangers 
tried to save the proscribed, we hear of only 2 instances of 
S071S protecting their proscribed fathers, though several be- 
trayed them to the hunters of blood. 

17* 



PART iiir 
THE EMPIRE OF ROME. 



Augustus (Octavian). 

E,eigned 44 Years. From b. c 30, to A. d. 14. 

1610. What high offices did Augustus combine 
tin Ms own person ? 

A. Those of Censor, Tribune, Em- 
peror, and Chief Priest. 

As Tribune, his person was sacred, and he had power to con- 
voke the Senate; as Emperor, he was head of the army; as 
Chief Pontift", he was chief in all religious matters. 

1011. What ivas the character of Augustus, as 
■ a -ruler? 

A. Wise, politic, vigilant, firm but in- 
dulgent. His reign was favourable to 
the happiness, and even to the liberty of 
the Romans. * 

1612. How did he reconcile the pecqjle to his 
supreme j)oiver ? 

A. He went through the regular forms 
of election to his various offices from time 
to time, and at the end of 7 years, ten- 
dered his resignation. 

He conferred the titles of magistracy on others, though he 
kept Xhe power in his own hands. He also lived in a private 
house, kept no court, and assumed no royal regalia. 



AUGUSTUS. • 395 

1613. How did the Senate receive this tender? 
A. They supplicated Augustus not to 

abandon the Republic, which he had 
saved ; and he resumed office again for 
10 years. During his reign, he repeated 
this popular act of diplomacy 5 times. 

1614. Who ivere the 2 great coadjutors of 
Augustus ? 

A. Mecoe'nas in legislation, and Agripp^. 

in the arts and sciences. 

Besides these may be mentioned Vale^rius, Messa'la, and 
Asinius Pollio, to whom Virgil has addressed his 4th Eclogue. 

^1615. What Reforms did Augustus introduce 
into the Senate ? 

A. He ejected a number of ignorant 
and unworthy members ; and reduced 
the number again to 600. 

1616. Hoiv did Meco^nas contribute to the glory 
of this reign ? 

A. By suggesting to Augustus many 
wise laws ; correcting piiblic grievances ; 
and patronizing men of learning. 

• 1617. Hoio dAd Agrippa contribute to the glory 
of this reign ? 

A, By introducing great architectural 
improvements ; by which Rome was con- 
verted from a '^ city of brick huts to one 
of marble palaces." 

1618. Which ivas the. most important public 
edifice erected by Agrippa ? 



896 FROM B. C. 30 TO A. D. 14. 

A. The Panthe'on, a circular temple 
dedicated to all the Gods : supported on 
16 columns of white marble. 

The Pantheon is now a Christian Church, called Santa 
Maria Rotonda : but the main part was taken to build the 
famous St. Peter's Church at Rome. 

1619. How did Augustus restore loeace and 
good order to the streets of Rome ? 

A. By a vigilant police. By which 
means, the city became peaceable, orderly, 
and secure. 

1620. What personal protection did Augustus . 
adopt ? 

A. A body guard of 10 Prseto'rian co- 
horts, each consisting of 1000 men, under 
the command of a Prefect. 

This Pr£efectus prseto'rio became afterwards, second in im- 
portance to the Emperor. The whole standing army at this 
time amounted to nearly 500,000 men. 

1621. What improvements did Augustus intro- 
duce into the Provinces ? 

A. He gave the Governors fixed sal- 
aries, and kept a strict watch over them : 
By which means, the provinces were freed 
from the gross exactions to which they 
had been subjected. 

Augustus divided the provinces into 2 parts. One portion 
was put under the power of the Senate, the tribute of which went 
into the treasury for state purposes : The other portion be- 
longed to the Emperor, was governed by officers appointed by 
the Emperor, and the revenue went to the Emperor's treasury 
to pay the army, &c. 

1622. What arrangements did Augustus make^ 
to improve the moral state of Rome ? 



EEFORMS OF AUGUSTUS. 397 

A. He made stringent laws to prevent 
adultery and divorce: encouraged mar- 
riage : and granted privileges to every 
father, who brought up 3 children. 

1623. How did Augustus promote commerce ? 
A. He repaired the roads ; and made 

others, to facilitate rapid communication. 

He appointed Surveyors (curatores vidrum) to keep the 
roads and streets in repair, instead of the Censors. The mil- 
itary (in times of peace) were employed 4 hours a day in ma- 
king these roads, to keep them in health and subordination. 

1624. How did Augustus amuse the people ? 
A. By providing public games and 

spectacles. 

1625. Was all the reign of Augustus spent in 
peace ? 

A. No: He was absent 3 years in 
Spain, where he won several victories and 
founded several towns. At a later period, 
his 2 sons (Tibe'rius and Dru'sus) were 
sent into Germany, where they won sev- 
eral victories. 

Drusus died from a fall from his horse during this cam- 
paign. B. c. 9. 

1626. What new articles of commerce were in- 
troduced in the reign of Augustus ? 

A. Paper from Egypt, and glass from 
Alexandria. 

Paper was made in Egypt from the Pap'yrus, a reed 9 or 10 
feet high, growing on the banks of the Nile. To make paper, 
the inner rind was peeled off, 2 or 3 of these films laid cross- 
wise on each other, and pressed together into a sheet ; 2 or 3 
sheets were then pasted together and rolled on a stick. The 



898 DOMESTIC CUSTOMS. 

writing was in columns, the rolls were called volumes (from 
volvo to roll), and were kept in cases, which were often highly 
ornamented. 

1627. What luxuries were very plentiful at 
Rome in the reign of Augustus ? 

A. Ice and cheese from the Alpine 
districts ; pork, geese, and salt from Gaul ; 
spices, perfumes, and precious stones from 
the Indies ; gold, silver, and iron from 
various tributary nations. 

1628. On what article of furniture did the Ro- 
mans especially 'pride themselves ? 

A. Tables, made of a wood from Mau- 
ritania (in Africa) inlaid with ivory : 
The tables were sold at such extravagant 
prices, that when the men rebuked their 
wives for extravagance in dress^ the la- 
dies used to retort by reminding their 
husbands what sums they spent upon 
their tables. 

Hence arose our expression, ** Turning the tables upon us,'* 
i. e. retorting a rebuke by quoting a similar folly in the ac- 
cuser. 

1629. What new articles of manufacture were 
introduced in the reign of Augustus ? 

A. Linen from Egypt, and silk from 
China or India. 

Silk was sold for its weight in gold. It was worn at first 
only by ladies, but subsequently by men also. It was however 
so rare, that it is quoted as an instance of extravagance in 
the emperor Elagabalus, " that he had a robe of entire silk." 

1630. What kind of carriages did the Romans 

use in the reign of Augustus ^ 



DOMESTIC TRIALS OF AUGUSTUS. 399 

A. Sedans ; palanquins ; covered cars 
gaudily painted, drawn by 2 horses, 
mules, or oxen ; open chariots (currus) 
drawn by 4 horses ; close carriages (car^ 
Tuca) for persons of distinction ; and post 
chaises for travellers. 

I60I. By how m^any consjnracies was the reign 
of AugiistMS disturbed ? 

-A. By 4 ; so that Augustus never 
went into public without wearing armour 
under his dress. 

The 1st was by M. Lep'idus, junr. ; he was arrested and 
executed e. c. 30 : The 2d by F. Ciepio, Mure'na, and others ; 
they also were executed, B. c. 22 : The third was by Egnatius 
Rufus (a senator), executed B. c. 18 : And the 4th by C. Cor- 
nelius Cinna (grandson of Pompey the Great), who was par- 
doned A. D. 4. 

1632. What domestic affiictions embittered the 
life of Augustus ? 

A. 1st — He was unhappy in his wives. 
Clodia and Scribonia he divorced, and 
Liv'ia was imperious and cunning : 

2dly — His daughter Julia, and grand- 
daughter of the same name, were both 
so wanton, that their conduct was a pub- 
lic scandal, and Augustus banished them : 

3dly — -Marcellus and Agrippa (his 
sons-in-law) as well as Cains and Lucius 
(his grandsons) all died in the prime of 
life. 

It is probable that all these young princes, and even Augus- 
tus himself, were poisoned by Livia ; who wanted to secure tlie 
throne to Tiberius, her son by a former husband. 



400 VIEGIL. 

1633. Hoiv long did Augustus reign ? 

A. About 44 years. He died at the 
age of 76, in the 14th year after the 
birth of our Saviour. 

1634. What ivas the character of his reign '^ 
A. It was the great era of Roman 

literature. Insomuch that the literary 
climax of every nation is now called 
" The Augustan age." 

1635. Mention some of the eminent poets in the 
reign of Augustus. 

A. Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Tibullus, and 

Proper'tius. 

1636. Mention so^ne of the eminent prose wri- 
ters in the reign of Augustus, 

A. Livy, the great historian ; and 

Celsus the physician. 

1637. Who was Virgil [Virgilius Maro) ? 

A. A famous Latin poet, born at 
Mantua (in Lombardy)^ and educated at 
Cremona, (b. c. 70, died a. d. 19.) 

After the battle of Philippi, his farm was given to some of 
the soldiers of Octavian, but was afterwards restored. 
His first Eclogue commemorates this event. 

1638. What works did Virgil write? 

A. Four Georgics on agricultural 
subjects, the most elegant didactic poems 
extant; 10 pastorals; and an epic poem 
in 12 books, called the JEne'id. 

The death of Marcellus is referred to in vi. bk. v. 883, for 
which he was munificently rewarded. 



HORACE. — OVID. ' 401 

The capture of the Parthian standards by Augustus is 
alluded to in vii. bk. v. 606. 

1639. Who ivas VirgiVs greo.t patron? 

A. The noble Mecoenas, to whom 
Virgil introduced his friend Horace. 
Virgil died immensely rich, requesting 
that his ^neid might be burnt. 

1640. Who ivas Horace [Hor alius Flaccus) ? 
A. A famous satirist and lyric poet ; 

born at Venu'sia (iji Naples). He served 
in the army of Brutus at Philippi ; but 
afterwards lived at a small Sabine farm 
given him by Meccenas. 

1641. What works did Horace write ? 

A. His best poems are his Epistles, 
especially one on " The Art of Poetryy 
His satires show great knowledge of 
human character, and his Odes are ele- 
gant and graceful, (b. c. 65~8, aged 57.^ 

1642. Who ivas Ovid (Ovidius Naso)? 

A. A Sabine by birth, descended from 
patrician parents of small wealth. He 
was brought up to the bar, and his father 
denounced his favourite pursuit of poetry, 
as certain ruin. 

1643. What notice did Augustus take of 
Ovid ? 

A. He distinguished him by several 

favours ; but, for some unknown offence 



402 LIVY. 

Ovid was banished to To mi (in Thrace)^ 
where he died. (a. d. 18, aged 60.) 

1644. What works did Ovid write ? 

A. His longest work is a collection of 
legends, called '' Metamorphoses ;" He 
also wrote poems on the principal festi- 
vals in the Calendar, called Fasti ; .Ele- 
gies ; and a poem called The Art of Love, 
for which (some say) he was banished 
from Rome. 

1645. Who ivas Livij [Titus Liviits) ? 

A. The best Roman historian, born at 
Patavium f Padua J, He wrote a his- 
tory of Rome (called Annals) in 142 
books ; of which only 35 have come 
down to lis. These annals are divided 
ioto " Dec'ades," of 10 books each. 

The second Decade, and all after the 5th Decade, are lost. 
The 1st, 3d, 4th, and ^ of the 5th, are entire. There are cer- 
tain peculiarities in the style of Livy, called Patayin'ities (from 
Patavium, the place of his birth), which the French call 
Patois. 

1646. What is thought of Livy as an historian ? 
A. His accnracy is often donbted, but 

his style is comsidered faultless ; rich but 
calm, simple but energetic. (Born b. c. 59 
— died A. D. 17, aged 76.) 

1647. What eminent foreigner resided at 
Rome, daring the reign of Augustus ? 

A. Dionyslus of Halicarnas'sus (in 

Asia Minor) ; who wi'ote a learned Greek 



TIBERIUS CJESAR. 403 

history of Rome in 22 books, and several 
other works. 

1648. Who succeeded Augustus ? 

A. TIBERIUS, his son-in-law; who 
was 56 years old. (a. d. 14-37.) 

The full name was Tiberius Claudius Nero Ctesar. lie 
was the son of Titus Claudius Nero, and Livia (the wife of 
Augustus). N. B. All the Emperors were styled Aiif/tistus. 

1649. What was the character of Tiberius ? 
A. He was the '' prince of hypocrites." 

Affecting a regard to decency, but in- 
dulging in detestable lust and cruelty. 

1650. Who was the most distinguished man in 
the reign of Tiberius ? 

A. German'icus, the son of his brother 
Dru'sus ; famous for his victories in Ger- 
many, (a. d. 11-lT.) 

1651. What became of Gerinanicus ? 

A. He was poisoned by Pi'so, at the 
instigation of Tibe'rius. (a. d. 19.) 

Augustus had willed that Germanicus should succeed his 
uncle Tiberius, who was jealous of his nephew's popularity. 
Piso was tried for the murder, but was found dead with his 
throat cut, probably at the instigation of Tiberius also. 

1652. WJio ivas the great favourite of Tiberius ? 
A. ^^lius Seja'nus, the commander of 

the praetorian bands. But not content 
with the Emperor's favour, he plotted to 
obtain the Emperor's throne. 

1653. What became of Sejanus ? 



404 VALEKIUS. — PATERCULUS. 

A. He was executed by the Senate, 
and his body thrown into the Tiber. 

His son and daughter with several of his friends shared the 
same fate. (a. d. 31.) 

1654. For what is the reign of Tiberius noto- 
rious ? 

A. 1st — For the murder of John the 
Baptist by Herod (a. d. 32) : and 

2dly — For the crucifixion of our Lord 
and Saviour Jesus Christ, by Pontius 
Pilate (the Roman governor), (a. d. 33.) 

1655. How long did Tiberius reign ? 

A. For 32 years ; he was smothered 
during a fainting fit, by order of Cahg'ula 
his successor, (a. d. 37.) 

1656. What eminent men lived in Rome, du- 
ring the reign of Tiberius ? 

A. Vale'rius Maxi'mus, Pater'culus, 

Phaedrus, and Strabo. 

1657. Who was Valerius Maximus ? 

A. The compiler of a large collection 
of historical anecdotes, of great value and 
interest. 

Consisting of the Sayings and Doings of Great Men — Social, 
Sacred, and Military Customs, in 9 books, entitled " De factis 
dictisqiie Memor'abilibus'' — it was dedicated to Tiberius, and is 
still extant. 

1658. Who was Caius Valleius Paterculus ? 
A. A Roman historian in the reign of 

Tiberius; who perished with Seja'nus. 
(a. d. 31.) 



C. CALIGULA C^SAR. 405 

His work is an epitome of Universal History in 2 books 
from the destruction of Troy to a. d. 30. It is a work of great 
skill and judgment, in the style of Sallust. It is still extant. 

1659. Who was Phcednis ? 

A. A Thracian slave, brought to Rome 
amongst other captives. He wrote in 
Latin iambic verse 97 Fables ; v^hich are, 
for the most part, elegant translations of 
JEsop. 

1660. Who was Strabo ? 

A. A great geographer, born in Pon- 
tus fAsia Minor J ; who wrote in Greek a 
work on Geography of great value and 
interest. It is still extant. 

1661. Who succeeded Tiberius Casar? 

A. CALIG'ULA, hisnephew; the son 
of German'icus. (Reigned a. d. 37-41.) 

His name was Caius Caesar — He was called Caligula by 
the soldiera, because he wore caligse (soldier's boots) in his 
boyhood. 

1662. What ivas the cha^racter of Caligula ? 
A. He was a sanguinary and licentious 

madman ; vain and extravagant. 

1663. Hoiu did he exhibit his sanguinary tem- 
per ? 

A. He caused hundreds of persons to 
be put to death by torture, merely for his 
amusement : 

He caused Senators to be thrown to 
wild beasts in the circus from mere wan- 
tonness : 



406 FROM A. D. 37 TO 41. 

And he used to say, '' Oh, that the Ro- 
man people had but one neck, that I 
might cut it off at a blow !" 

He fed his beasts on human criminals, which he called 
*' clearing his accounts." One day, visiting the amphitheatre, 
and finding no bestiarii, he ordered a number of the specta» 
tors to be cast into the arena, that the sport might not be 
spoiled : but had their tongues plucked out first, lest their 
cries should disturb him. 

1664. Give an instance of his mad prodigality, 
A. He made a bridge of boats 3 miles 

long, covered it with earth, and built 
houses thereon. When it was finished, 
he gave a sumptuous banquet in the mid- 
dle of the bridge ; and concluded, by sun- 
dering the boats, and letting both houses 
and guests into the sea. 

He bathed in perfumed oils, and sometimes served up 
jewels and gold at his banquets instead of food. 

1665. How did he show his inordinate vanity ? 
A. He thought himself a god: And 

built a temple to himself, where he often 
officiated as a priest to himself. 

He was sometimes a male deity, Jupiter or Mars ; and some- 
times a female^ Venus or Dia,na. 

1666. What other instances are recorded of his 
folly? 

A. He made his horse (Incita'tus) 
Priest and Consul: 

He invaded Britain ; but after landing, 
commanded his soldiers to fill their hel- 
mets with shells ; which he called " The 
spoils of the conquered Ocean." 



CLAUDIUS. 407 

His liorse had a stable of marble, a man,n^er of ivory, a sen- 
tinel to guard his slumbers ; and was often invited to the 
Emperor's table, where it was presented with golden oats, and 
wine in a golden goblet. 

1667. Holo long did this idiot monster reign ? 
A. For 4 years. When he was raur- 

dered by Cassius Chse'rea, a pr^torian 
officer, (a. d. 41, aged 29.) 

Seneca says of Caligula, "Nature seems to ?iave sent him 
forth to show the world, what amount of mischief can be 
effected by the greatest vices backed by the greatest power." 

1668. Who succeeded Caligula ? 

A. CLAUDIUS, his uncle. A man 
of feeble health, retired habits, and 50 
years of age. (Reigned a. d. 41-54.) 

His full name was Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero 
Germanicus CiESAR: he was the younger son of Drusus 
(the brother of Tiberius the Emperor), 

1669. What public works ivere executed hy 
Claudius ? 

A. The Ciaudian aqueducts, which 
supplied Rome with water; and the port 
of Os'tia. 

One of the 2 aqueducts was begun in the reign of Caligula : 
the other was the grandest architectural aqueduct in Rome. 

The Ostia was a port at the mouth of the Tiber, about 16 
miles from Rome : It was founded by Ancus Marcius, destroyed 
by C. Marius, rebuilt by Claudius, and improved by Trajan. 

1670. What remarkable event distinguished the 
reign of Claudius ? 

A. The Romans established themselves 
in Britain, under the command of the 
Praetor Plautus : And London was found- 
ed by the Roman settlers, who called it 
'' Augusta." (a. d. 43-50.) 



408 NERO. 

1671. What British king was taken p'isoner 
in this invasion ? 

A. Carac'Ucus, king of the SiFures 

[South Wales.] (a. d. 51.) 

1672. What observation did Caractacus make 
as he was led captive through Rome ? 

A. '' Is it possible that a people pos- 
sessed of such wealth, can envy me a 
humble cottage in Britain!" 

1673. What becarne of the bold British captive ? 
A. He was taken before Claudius, who 

was so charmed by his manliness, that he 
set him at liberty. 

1674. How long did Claudius reign ? 

A. For 10 years. He was poisoned 
by his wife Agrippi'na. (a. d. 54.) 

Agrippina had a son Nero, before she married Claudius ; she 
poisoned the Emperor, lest he should appoint his son Britan- 
nicus his successor, instead of Nero. 

Claudius was nicknamed Misellus (poor fellow)^ and seems 
to have been a butt and laughing-stock of Augustus, Tibe- 
rius, and Caligula. But his imbecility must have been pJiysi- 
cal, not mental, as he wrote several historical works, one of 
which was a history of Etruria. N. B. — None of his works 
are now extant. 

1675. Who succeeded Claudius ? 

A. NERO, the son of Agrippina, at the 
age of 17. (Reigned a. d. 54-68.) 

His original name was Lucius Domitius Ah'enohar'hus : but 
wheit his mother married Claudius, and Nero was adopted by 
him, he changed his name into Nero Claudius Cmsar Drusus 
Germanicus. Nero is a Sabine word, and means hrave. 

1676. Hoiv did Nero begin his reign ? 

A. Istly— He murdered Britannicus, 
the son of the late Emperor (a. d. 55): 



NEPvO, 409 

2dly — Four years afterwards, he mur- 
dered his mother (a. d, 59) : and 

3dly — He next divorced and executed 
his wife, that he might marry the wife of 
Otho (a. d. 62). 

He first attempted to murder his mother, by sending her a 
^ea voyage in a boat, constructed to fall to 'pieces by with- 
drawing certain bolts ; but she was taken up by some fisher- 
^nen, and dissembling her suspicion, informed the Emperor of 
her wonderful escape. 

1677. What tvere Nero's favourite pursuits ? 
A. Music and chariot driving. His 

ambition was to be thought the best 
singer in the world. 

He often sung and drove his chariot in public exhibitions : 
and on one occasion, went to Greece and contended for the 
musical prize given in the public games. 

1678. What dreadful catastrophe happened to 
Rome, in the reign of Nero ? 

A. The Great Fire ; by which only 
4 parishes out of the 14, escaped un- 
injured. (Ae D. 64.) 

Some say, the city was set on fire by Nero himself, that he 
might see '^how Troy looked in conflagration," Others say,, 
- lie forbade the flames to be quenched, and went to a high 
tower, where he sang verses to his harp, " Upon the burning 
of ancient Troy." Nero himself accused the Christians of 
the crime, and made it a plea for a bloody persecution against 
them; in Vv^liich St. Paul was beheaded, St. Peter crucified 
with his head downwards, others devoured by dogs, others 
burnt alive '' to illuminate the nights," and some buried at 
different heights to represent " a shrubbery." 

1679. Hoiv did Nero repair the ruined city ? 

A. He built his '' Golden Palace'' 
upon the site ; surrounded by parks, gar- 
dens, and lakes. 

18 



410 SENECA. 

At the entrance of this palace stood a gigantic statue of 
Kero himself, 120 feet high ; there were 3 galleries, on 3 rows 
of marble pillars, each extending a mile in length. The roof 
and walls were gold (gilt ?) inlaid with mother o'pearl : and 
one of the banqueting rooms, made of glass, revolved with 
the sun, and distilled perfumes on the guests. 

1680. What plot was organized to rid Rome oj 
this^ tyrant ? 

A. One headed by Piso ; which being 
discovered, brought ruin on many of the 
principal persons in Rome. (a. d. 65.) 

1681 . Mention some, who were involved in ruin 
hy Piso's conspiracy. 

A. Sen'eca the philosopher ; Lu'can 

the poet ; Piso and others. 

The same year Nero*s wife Pops&a died, from a kick given 
her by her brutal husband, while she was with child. 

1682. Who tvas Marcus Annceus Sen'eca ? 
A. A stoic philosopher, born at Cor- 

duba (in Spain), He was the tutor of 
Nero ; but was put to death under plea 
of having taken part in Piso's conspiracy, 
(b. c. 8.— a. d. &b.—Aged 73.) 

Corduba was the birth-place of Strabo the geographer^ 
Lncan the poet, and Seneca the philosopher. It was founded 
by the Romans, b. c. 150, and became afterwards the residence 
01 the Moorish kings, 

1683. What works did Seneca write? 

A. Numerous moral treatises, 10 tra- 
gedies, and a work on natural philosophy. 
It has been said, that ^' Seneca looks best 
in quotations;" but without doubt, his 
works exhibit deep thought in clear and 
forcible language. 



LUCAN, 411 

1684. Hotv u-as Seneca put to death? 

A. His veins being opened, he was 
taken into a vapour stove, where he was 
suffocated. 

His body was so attenuated by meagre diet, that hk blood 
would not flow ; to shorten his sufferings, he took hemlock, 
but it had no effect ; at last he was taken into the vapour stove 
and quickly suffocated. It is thought that Seneca had no 
part in Piso's conspiracy, but that the Emperor murdered him 
out of conceited jealousy, because it was *' unworthy of a 
Nero, that any man should live who could call him pupil." 

1685. Who was Marcus Annceics Livcan ? 

A. A Roman poet, born at Corduba 
(in Spain). Nero, out of jealousy, for- 
bade him to write poetry ; and Lu'can 
joined the conspiracy of Piso. (39-65.) 

1686. What poem did Luca7t write ? 

A. An Epic called '' The Pharsalia :" 
full of beauties, bold language, and manly 
thought: but disfigured by extravagant 
conceits and similes. 

1 687. How was Lucan pU to death ? 

A. His veins were opened, and he 
soon expired, (a, d. 65.) 

Lucan's father was Seneca's brother. The poet died repeat- 
ing a part of his own " Pharsalia," descriptive of a dying 
soldier. 

1688. What event of British history distin- 
guishes the reign of Nero ? 

A. The revolt of the Britons under 

queen Boadicea ; under which 70,000 

Romans were slain, (a. d. 61.) 



412 GALEA.—- OTHO. — YITELLIUS. 

1689. What became of Boadicea, the heroic 
queen of the Ice'ni .^ 

A. She was defeated by Sueto'Dius 

Pauli'nus, the Eoman general ; and put 

an end to her life by poison, (a. d. 61.) 

1690. How long did Nero reign ? 

A. For 14 years ; when the soldiers, 
in disgust, proclaimed their old general 
Galba, emperor in his stead« 

169L What became of Nero? 

A. He stabbed him.self in the house of 
a slave^ in the 32d year of his age, 

1692. Who succeeded Nero ? 

A. GxlLBxl, wdio reigned 1 months ; 
but being obnoxious to the soldiers from 
bis severity and avarice^ was murdered by 
Otho, his successor, (b. c, 68, aged 71.) 

His full name was Servius Sulpi'cius Galba. 

1693. Who succeeded Galba ? 

A. OTHO seized upon the empire, but 
the German legions made choice of VI- 
TELLIUS ; upon which Otho committed 
suicide, (a. d. 69.) 

1694. How long did Vitellius reign ? 

A. Only a few months : He was beaten 
to death by the soldiers, and thrown into 
the Tiber. ^ (a. d. 69.) 

Vitellius was a mere glutton^ who took emetics after one 
meal, that he might have power to devour another. 

1695. Who succeeded Vitellius ? 



VESPASIAN. 413 

A. VESPASIAN, a man of low origin, 
who rose by merit to the highest offices 
in the state, (a. d. 69-79.) 

1696. Where was Vespasian, at the death of 
Vitellius ? 

A. In Judaea, carrying on the great 

siege of Jerusalem. 

His full name was Titus Fla'vius Sabi'nus Vespasia'nus. 

1697. Whom did Vespasian leave to prosecute 
the siege of Jerusalem ? 

A. His son Titus, who took the holy 
city in 5 months, (a. d. 70.) 

Jerusalem was surrounded by 3 strong walls^ 2 of which, 
were demolished by Titus in a few days with much bloodshed : 
Titus then offered to spare the city, if the people would sub- 
mit, but they refused ; and in a few months, the 3 walls were 
demolished, the city taken, and the Temple destroyed by fire. 
This victory is commemorated by the famous Arch of Titus^ 
still extant in Rome. 

1698. Hoiv did Vespasian restore order in 
Rome ? 

A. He disbanded the mutinous soldiers 
of the late emperors ; and set an admi- 
rable example of industry and moderation 
to his subjects. 

On his way to Rome he stayed some months at Alexandria 
(in Egypt), where tradition says he cured a blind man and a 
ci'ipple by his touch. 

1699. What was the most important event in 
the reign of Vespasian ? 

A. The appointment of Agric'ola over 

Britain ; who reconciled the natives by 

his humanity and justice. (78-85.) 



414 TITUS. 

1700. What famous building was made in the 
reign of Vespasian ? 

A. The Colise'um of Rome ; begun 

by Vespasian, and finished by Titus. 

This enormous building covers 5 acres of land ; would ac- 
commodate 90,000 spectators ; and was built upon one of Nero*s 
fish-ponds. In hot or rainy weather it was covered over the 
top with an awning, called a Velarium. It is said that 12,000 
Jewish captives were employed in its erection. 

1701. How long did Vespasian reign ? 

A. For 9 years. He died at the age 
of 69, honoured for his prudence, affa- 
bility, and moderation. 

Finding his end approaching, he rose on his feet saying, 
" An Emperor should die standing." 

1702. Who succeeded Vespasian ? 

A. TITUS, his son, famous for the 
siege of Jerusalem. He was an excellent 
emperor, but at the expiration of 2 years 
was poisoned by his brother Domitian. 
(a. d. 79-81.) 

His full name was Tittis Flavins Sa'binus Vespasia'niis — 
The Romans used to call him '' The delight of mankind,** 

1703. Why was Titus so very popular ? 

A. Because he was just and generous, 
brave and courteous, diligent in business, 
and very self-denying. 

He used to set so high a value on time, that one night, call- 
ing to mind that he had done nothing all day for the benefit 
of his svibjects, he exclaimed " Per'didi diem!" (I have lost a 
day !) 

1704. What remarkable catastrophes occurred 
in the reign of Titus ? 

A. 1st — An eruption of mount Vesu'- 



ERUPTIOK.— GEEAT FIRE. 415 

vius (in Italy )^ which overvvhehned the 
2 cities of Hercula'neum and Pompeii 
(a. d. 79) : and 

2dly^ — A great fire, which lasted 3 days 
and nights at Rome ; and destroyed the 
Capitol, the library of Augustus, Pom- 
pey's theatre, and many other public and 
private buildings, (a. d. 80.) 

1705. How did Titus seek to rejyair these inju- 
ries ? 

A. He relieved with money the suffer- 
ers ; and declared he would repair at his 
own cost the devastations caused by the 
fire. 

/ The 2 cities of Herculaneum and Pompe'ii were situated 
about 12 miles from Rome. They were completely covered 
with lava ; but 1600 years afterwards, were accidentally discov- 
ered by some well-sinkers. Upon clearing away the lava 
(which was between 12 and 30 feet deep) busts, statues, manu- 
scripts, paintings; needles, scissors, compasses, surgical in- 
struments, silver spoons, dies for stamping letters ; and even 
wine, olives, chestnuts, walnuts, almonds, bread, and pills, 
were discovered in a perfect state of preservation ; which have 
tended to throw great light upon many classical obscurities. 
Herculaneum was discovered A. D. 1713. and Pompeii a. d. 
1753. 

1706. What celebrated naturalist lost his life 
at this eruption of Vesuvius ? 

A. Pliny the elder ; an intimate friend 
of Vespa'sian and Titus ; a very volumi- 
nous author, and most indefatigable man. 
(a. d. 23-79.) 

1707. What ivorks did Pliny write ? 

A. The only one now extant is his 



416 DOMITIAN. 

" Natural History" in 37 books ; a kind 
of cyclopedia of science, inventions, fine 
arts, geography, and natural history. 

Pliny in his preface says, it contains 20,000 subjects of im- 
portance, drawn from above 2000 volumes. Besides his His- ' 
toria Natura'lis, he composed several other works, which are 

lost. 

1708. Hoiv did Plmy the Elder die? 

A. Being at Mise'num, in command 
of the Roman fleet, he determined to ex- 
amine more closely this extraordinary 
eruption, but was overwhelmed and buried 
by the boiling lava. 

1709. How long did Titus reign ? 

A. For 2 years ; he died of a fever, 
probably the result of poison given him 
by his brother Domitian. (Aged 41.) 

1710. Who succeeded Titus? 

A. DOMITIAN, his younger brother : 
a monster more atrocious in cruelty than 
even Calig'ula and Nero, (a. d. 81-96.) 

His full name was Titus Flavins Domitiahius Augustus. It 
has been said that Caligula was a monster, but a madman : 
Nero a monster and fool : but Domitian a monster from de- 
pravity of heart ; who delighted in evil, and was jealous of 
every thing good. 

1711. What toas the favourite imrsuit of 
Domitian ? 

A. Archery. He could shoot his ar- 
rows with precision between the fingers 
of a man at a considerable distance. He 
was also fond of catching flies, and stick- 
ing them through with a bodkin. 



DOMITIAlSr. 417 

Hence one of his slaves being asked, if Domitian were 
alone, replied, *' Yes, there is not even 2ifly with him.^* 

1712. By what cruelties was the reign of 
. Domitian disgraced ? 

A. He banished the learned: perse- 
cuted the Christians: recalled the wise 
Agric'ola from the government of Britain, 
and murdered him. Indeed his whole 
reign was infamous and disgusting. 

He invented exquisite tortures to destroy the obnoxious : 
sometimes cutting them into piece-meal ; sometimes pouring 
fire into their bodies ; &c. One day he invited the senators to 
a banquet, and had them ushered into a room hung with 
black, filled with cofiins on which the name of the several 
senators was inscribed; at a given signal, a troop of slaves 
rushed in with drawn swords, which they flourished about for 
some time ; and then a servant came to say — the company 
might depart. During the persecutions of Domitian, St. John 
the evangelist was confined in the island of Patmos, where he 
wrote the book of the Revelations. A. d. 95. 

1713. How was the life of this monster brought 
to a close ? 

A. His wife, Domitia, finding he in- 
tended to put her to death, caused him to 
be stabbed when on his way to the bath.. 

1714. How long did Domitian reign ? 

A. For 16 years: He would probably 
have been murdered much sooner, had: 
he not been supported by the army,, 
whose pay he augmented by one-fourth. 

18* 



418 nerya. — trajan. 

The Five Good Emperors of Rome. 

A. D. 98-180. (Period of 82 years.) 

1715. Who icere the 5 good Emperors of Rome, 
nvho succeeded Domitian ^ 

A. Nerva, Trajan, Ha'drian, Antoni'- 

iiius, and Aurelius. 

1716. What tvas the character of Cocce'ius 
Nerva ? 

A. Mild almost to weakness, and gen- 
erous almost to imbecility. But he died 
after a short reign of 16 months. 

1717. Who succeeded Nerva ? 

A. TRAJAN, the first foreigner that 
ever reigned in Rome; and the best of 
all the Roman Emperors, (a. d. 98-117.) 

His full name was Marcus Ulpias Traja'nus: he was a 
Spaniard, born at Italica, near Seville. He was diligent in 
business, moderate towards his enemies, modest in power, 
liberal to the deserving, frugal in his expenses, and unexcep- 
tionable in every department of life. 

1718. Holo ivas the reign of Trajan distin- 
iguished ? 

A. He reformed abuses : brought the 
^armyinto subjection: lessened the taxes: 
obtained several splendid victories : built 
many noble edifices: and set an admi- 
rable example to all his subjects. 

His wife, Ploti'na, greatly improved the morals and habits 
o-f the women by her excellent example. Trajan divided 
Home into 4 districts for the better administration of justice. 



TACITUS. 419 

1719. For ivhat wars is Trajan famous ? 

A. For his victories over the Da'cians 
and Parthians. 

The famous Column of Trajan^ 150 feet high., was erected 
to commemorate his victories over the Dacians. On it are 
represented the chief events of this war, in a spiral line ex- 
tending over the whole shaft: It is still in tolerable preserva- 
tion, (a. d. 114.) 

1720. What, architectural works adorn the 
reign of Trajan ? 

A. A magnificent forum for public 
offices, aqueducts, roads, harbours, baths, 
libraries, and other buildings. 

Trajan also drained the Pomptine (or Pontine) marshes in 
Campa^nia. 

1721. Whose pupil %vas the Emperor Trajan ? 
A. Some say of Plutarch, the Greek 

philosopher and biographer, who wrote 
"•'' The Parallel Lives of 46 Greeks and 
Romans." 

No classical book is more popular than " Plutarch's Lives." 
His portraits are excellent; his reflections honest; his hu- 
manity every wliere conspicuous. He also wrote, in Greek, a 
book of sound wisdom, called '' Morals.^' (Born 66 — died 
140.) 

1 722. Hoiv long did Trajan reign ? 

A. For 19 years. He died at the age 
of 63, honoured and adored. 

1723. What eminent men adorned the reign of* 
Trojan ? 

A, T^xitus, Flo'rus, and Sueto'nius 
(historians) ; and Pliny, the younger. 

1724. Who tvas Caius Cornelius Tacitus ? 
A. A famous Roman historian ; who 



420 SUETONIUS.— PLINY, THE YOUNGER. 



lived in the reigns of Vespa'sian, Titus, 
Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan. 

1725. What ivorks of Tacitus are still extant ? 
A. A "- History," of which only a small 

part is extant ; a book of " Annals from 
Augustus to Nero ;" a short account of 
'* Germany ;" and a life of '' Agric'ola," 
the Roman governor of Britain. 

1726. What is the character of Tacitus, as an 
historian ?■ 

A. Graphic and truthful ; vigorous, 

terse, but rather obscure: His insight 

into human character and the motives of 

men's conduct, is most admirable. 

1727. Who was Caius Suetonius Tranquillus? 

A, A Roman historian, whose princi- 
pal work is called " The Lives of the 
12 Caesars;" that is, the emperors from 
Julius Caesar to Domitian, both inclusive. 

This work is full of anecdotes, and is valuable. The lan- 
guage is terse and without affectation. 

1728. Who was Pliny, the younger ? 

A. A nephew of Pliny the elder, by 

• w^hom he was adopted. He was a very 

learned man, and lived in friendship with 

T&citus and Sueto'nius. (Born a. d. 61.) 

1729. What works did Pliny, the younger , 
write ? 

A. His principal w^ork is a compilation 



HADRIAN. 421 

of letters, " From Pliny to Trajan, and 
from Trajan to Pliny in reply." 

In one letter he speaks of the Christians, as a highly moral 
people of a " perverse superstition," and asks Trajan how he 
should act towards them: Trajan replies, that the Christians 
are not to be hunted out ; but if brought before Pliny, by the 
magistrates, are to be punished. 

1730. Who succeeded Trajan ? 

A. HA'DRIAN, his nephew; the 14th 
emperor of Rome. (a. d. 117-138.) 

1731 . What was the character of Hadrian ? 

A. He was a man of extraordinary ac- 
complishments, both of body and mind. 
Merciful, affable, and benevolent. His 
maxim was, that '' He was emperor not 
for himself^ but for his people." 

1732. How was his reign spent ? 

A. In visiting every province in his 
empire. 

He visited Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain, Greece, and* all 
the countries of Africa and Asia under his dominions. He 
used to say, an emperor should be like the sun, which diffuses 
vitality over every part of the earth. 

1733. Hovj ivas Hadrian^ visit to Britain dis- 
tinguished ? 

A. He greatly improved the city of 
York (Ehor'acum) ; and built a wall be- 
tween England and Scotland, to prevent 
the incursions of the Picts and Scots. 

This wall extended from the mouth of the Tyne (in North- 
umland) to the river Eden (in Cumberland)^ and is still 
called the Picts' wall. 

1734. How was Hadrian's visit to Judea dis- 
tinguished ? 



422 FROM A. D. 117 TO 138. 

He gave orders to re-build Jerusalem ; 
but the Jews out of jealousy put the Ro- 
mans and Christians to the sword. 

1735. How did Hadrian punish the Jews for 
this insurrection ? 

A. He sent an army against them 

w^hich demolished their chief towns,, and 

slew in battle 580,000. (a. d. 131-136.) 

Numbers were also sold to slavery, and from this conquest 
is dated " The great scattering of the nations." 

1736. What celebrated jurist ivas employed by 
Hadrian, to compile a. code of laws ? 

A. SalVius Julia'nus, who compiled 
the " Edicts of the Praetors" into a code, 
for the benefit of Rome and its 4 dis- 
tricts. 

1737. What ivere the Edicts of the Prcetors? 

A. Laws made by the Prsetors to sup- 
ply the defects, or mitigate the rigour of 
the Roman statutes. 

The Edicts of one Prsetor were not binding on another, any- 
more than the judgments of a Judge in. England are binding 
on other Judges — they are rather opinions than laws ; but 
after the pubUcation of the Edictum Perpetuum of Hadrian, 
these wise rules became established laws. 

Hadrian made many wise and humane laws ; forbidding mas- 
ters to kill their slaves, as had been allowed before his reign ; 
forbidding the torture of all the slaves of a master, when the 
master himself was found killed in his own house, &c. 

1738. What cities were built by Hadriaji ? 
A. He re-built Carthage, which he 

called Adrian'ople ; and founded the fa- 
mous city in Thrace of the same name. 



ANTOKINUS PIUS. 423 

His villa at Rome and Tibur was a most magnificent seat ; 
so extensive, that almost an entire town now stands on the 
♦ site. 

1739. What i?istitutio?is were founded hy JJU 
jiian Hadrian ? 

A. A university at Rome called the 
Athense'um (from Athens the city of 
learning') ; and the famous library called 
'^ the Ulpian," from his own name. 

The first public library in Rome was founded by Asin^iuS 
Pollio on Mount Av'entine. The next was founded by Augus- 
tus, on Mount Palatine ; but by far the best was the Ulpian. 

1740. What authors adorn the reign of Ha- 
drian ? 

A. Aulas Gellius, who compiled a 
book of extracts on history, philosophy, 
and antiquities, called '' Nights'' (Noc'- 
tesj : and Juvenal the satirist. 

Arrian, the Greek historian, was a friend of Hadrian, 
Claudius Ptolemy, the great astronomer and geographer of 
Alexandria ; and Justin Martyr, one of the earliest Christian 
writers (who was put to death in the next reign), flourished 
during the reign of Hadrian. 

1741. How long did Hadrian reign ? 

A. For 22 years. His reign was one 
of the happiest periods of Roman history. 

1742. Who succeeded Hadria,n ? 

A. ANTONI'NUS surnamed Pius by 
the senate, because he requested his 
adopted father Hadrian might be ranked 
among the gods. (a. d. 138-161.) 

His original name was Titus Aure'lkis Fttlvus Boion'ius 
Arrius Antoni'nus : but after he was adopted by Hadrian he 
changed his name into Titus JElms Hadria'nus Antoni'niis 
C(x,sar. to which the senate added Fius. 



424 MARCUS AURELIUS. 

1743. What zvas the character of Antoninus ? 

A. Virtuous in private life, and unex- 
ceptionable as a prince. His delight was 
to reward merit and encourage learning. 

1744. What learned man did Antoninus send 
for^ to educate his son Aurelius ? 

A. Apollo'nius, the stoic philosopher, 

surnamed the " ill-tempered" ( Dyscolus ) ; 

the first man that ever reduced Grammar 

to a system, (a. d. 117-161.) 

Four of his works (written in Greek) are still extant. 
When Antoninus requested the philosopher to attend at the 
palace, Apollonius sent word back, " It is not the duty of a 
master to wait on his pupil, but of a pupil to wait on his mas- 
ter." When Antoninus heard this, he said " Well ! it is rather 
surprising Apollonius should consent to travel from Greece to 
Home to instruct my son, and yet refuse to come from one 
street to another." 

1745. Hoia long did Antoninus reign ? 

A. For 22 years; during which' time 
the peace of the empire was unbrokeUo 

1746. Who succeeded Antoninus Pius ? 

A. AURE'LIUS, his adopted son, 
commonly called '' The Philosopher ;" 
one of the most illustrious men that ever 
lived, (a. D. 161-180.) 

His full name and titles were Marcus Aure^liiis Antoni'mis 
CcesaTy Armeni'actis, Parihicus Max'mius, et Med'icus. 

1747. Whom did Aurelius associate with him ? 
A. One Com'modus, who adopted the 

name of Lu'cius Aurelius Verus ; an in- 
famous profligate ; ignorant, slothful, and 
extravagant, (a. d. 161-169.) 



MARCUS AURELIUS. 425 

1748. IIoiv long did Verus continue to distress 
his colleague ? 

A. For 8 years, when he died. 

Verus seems to have been a fool — He erected a statue of 
gold to his horse Celer, fed hhii with raisins and almonds, 
covered him with purple, and stalled him in the palace. After 
the death of this horse, Yerus erected to him a stately monu- 
ment in the Vatican. 

1749. How was the early part of the reign of 
Aurelius disturbed ? 

A. By the Parthians, and Germans ; 
over whom he gained several victories. 

1750. What famous victory ivas gained over 
the Quadi {a German tribe) ? 

A. One that has given rise to a fa- 
mous controversy, and is generp^lly called 
" The miracle of the Thundering legion." 

1751. What ivere the circumstances of this 
miracle ? 

A. It is said that a legion of Christians 
in the service of Aurelius offered up a 
prayer for the Romans, when they were 
dying of thirst ; and that a miraculous 
storm arose, which revived them and dis- 
comfited the foe. (a. d. 174.) 

1752. What effect had this victory on Aure- 
lius ? 

A. He forbade the persecution of the 
Christians, and wrote to the senate in 
their favour. 

In the early part of his reign he sanctioned 2 persecutions 
against the Christians. In the former, Polycarp was mar- 
tyred, A. D. 166, in the latter, IrenjBus, A. D. 177. 



426 POLYCARP. — IRENJEUS. 

1753. What tvere the leading features in the 
character of Marcus Aurelius ? 

A. A love of literature and philo- 
sophy : he used to say " Happy the sub- 
jects whose kings are philosophers!" 

• 1754. What works of Aurelius are still ex- 
tant ? 

A. A common-place book written in 
Greek, called " Meditations" — highly es- 
teemed for its correct moral reflections 
and sound philosophy. 

1755. Who was Poly carp ? 

A. A native and bishop of Smyrna (in 
Asia Minor) ; a disciple of St. John 
the Evangelist ; and a Christian martyr. 
A " Letter to the Philippians" is the only 
piece now extant of his writings. 

He is thouglit to be the " Angel of the Church of Smyrna," 
mentioned in the Book of Revelations ii. 8-11. When going 
to execution the Roman pro-Consul offered him his life, if he 
would revile Christ : But the aged martyr exclaimed, '' Eighty 
and six years have I served him, and he never did me wrong ; 
shall I revile him nowf^ (He died A. d. 166.) 

1756. Who ivas Irence'us ? 

A. A native of Smyrna (in Asia 
Minor) ; disciple of Polycarp ; bishop 
of Lyons (in France) ; and a Christian 
martyr, (a. d. 177.) 

He wrote a work on '* Heresies" in Greek, but only a Latin 
translation is now extant : Its principal aim is to confute the 
Gnostics, a sect which endeavoured to amalgamate Christianity 
with paganism. 



COMMODUS. 427 

1757. Hoiv long did Aureliiis reign ? 
A. For 19 years. With Aureliusfell 
the glory and prosperity of the empire. 



The Decline of the Roman Empire. 

A. D. 180-476. 

1758. Who succeeded Marcus Aurelius ? 

A. COM'MODUS, his son, a sangui- 
nary and licentious tyrant, of idiot mind 
and gigantic strength, (a. d. 180-192.) 

His vanity was equal to his wickedness : He used to dance, 
sing, play the buifoon, act as pedlar and horse jockey, fight as 
a gladiator, both with men and beasts ; for which exploits he 
called himself " Hercules Secundus." 

1759. IIoiv did Commodus perish ? 

A. His concubine, finding from his 
tablets she was doomed to perish, gave 
him poison, in the 13th year of his reign. 

The reign of Com'modus and Domitian are transcripts of 
each other. Commodus was the 17th emperor of Pwome, the 
1st that was born in his father's reign, and the 2d that suc- 
ceeded his father in the empire (Titus was the other). 

His acts of wanton cruelty are those of an idiot. Thus, he 
would cut off men's noses under pretence of shaving them — 
he commanded a person to be cast to wild beasts for reading 
in Sueto'nius the life of Calig'ula. He was, however, possessed 
of gigantic strength, and is said to have killed in the amphi- 
theatre 100 lions, each with one blow ; and to have conquered 
in single combat 1000 gladiators. 

1760. Who succeeded Commodus ? 

A. PEU'TINAX, a man of low ex- 
traction, who rose by merit to the throne, 



428 DIDIUS. — SEYERUS I. 

and is called the " Tennis-ball of For- 
tune." (Reigned 3 months a. d. 192.) 

He first procured a livelihood by selling charcoal ; he next 
kept a school ; then entered the army ; was then made em- 
peror ; and in 3 months was dethroned and murdered. 

1761. What did he make the chief 'purpose of 
his reign ? 

A. To reform the Praetorian soldiers ; 
but the ungovernable band, disgusted at 
his severe discipline, rose against him 
and slew him. 

1762. Who succeeded HeVvius Pertinax ? 

A. DIDTUS, who honght the empire 
of the Praetorian guards, when they put it 
up to auction, (a. d. 193.) 

He promised to give about $1000 to each soldier. Sulpicia'- 
nus (Prefect of the city) bid against him, but Didius, the 
lawyer, having most ready money, became the purchaser. 

1763. Holo long did Marcus Didius Salvitcs 
Julianus reign ? 

A. Only 2 months, being murdered by 
the soldiers under the command of Seve'- 
rus his successor. 

1764. Who was Lucius Septimius Seve'rus ? 
A. SEVE'RUS was an African by 

birth. On the death of Per'tinax he was 
proclaimed emperor by the army, and in- 
stantly marched to depose Didius. 

1765. How was the reign of Severus spent ? 
A. He destroyed Byzan'tium ( Constan- 
tinople) ; conquered the Arabians and 



CAR AC ALL A. 429 

Parthians in many splendid battles ; and 
ultimately crossed over to Britain, repaired 
the wall of Ha^drian, and died at York 
(Ebordcum), after a reign of 18 years. 
(a. d, 193-.211.) 

In the reign of Septimius Severus was the Sth persecution 
of the Christians ; and the Scotch were converted to Christi- 
anity by the preaching of Marcus and Dionysius, A. d. 203. 
The Christians were subject to 10 great persecutions: 
L Under Nero, a. d. 64. 2. Under Domitian, a. d. 95. 3. 
Under Trajan, a. d. 98. 4. Under Hadrian, which was sus- 
pended A. D. 118. 5. Under Pertinax, a d. 202, chiefly in 
Egypt. 6. Under Maximin, A. d. 236. 7. Under Decius, A. d. 
249. 8. Under Valerian, A. J). 257. 9. Under Aurelian, a. d. 
272. 10. Under Dioclesian, A, D. 302. Constantine the Great 
put a stop to these persecutions A. d. 306. 

1766. Who succeeded Lucius Septimius Seve- 
rus ? 

A. CAHACALLA, his son ; who se- 
cured the throne by murdering his brother, 
and several nobles, whose influence he 
feared, (a d. 211-217.) 

Caracalla was only a nickname from a Gallic dress M'hich he 
wore — his legal name was Marcus Aure'lius A7itoni'nus Bas- 
sia'nus. 

1767. What was the character of his reign ? 
A. His cruelties and extravagance 

were unbounded, both in Rome and in 
the provinces. His sojourn at Alex- 
andria was marked by a general slaughter 
of the inhabitants, (a. d. 212.) 

His extirpation of the Alexandrians was in revenge for 
some satirical remarks they made upon his licentious con- 
duct. 

1768. How long did this execrable tyrant reign ? 



430 MACKINUS. — ELAGABALUS. 

A. For 6 years. He was assassinated 
by the Prefect of the Pr^torian guards. 

1769. Who succeeded Caracalla ? 

A. MACRrNUS, who rose from hum^ 
ble parents to be Prefect of the Praeto- 
rians, and at length Emperor, (a. d, 

217-218.) 

His full name was Marcus Opilius Seve'riis Macri'nus ; he 
was born at Csesare'a, in Mauretania (in Africa). 

1770. What ivas the cause of his death ? • 

A. He became unpopular with the 
soldiers, from his attempt to enforce order 
and discipline : and was assassinated by 
them after a reign of 14 months. 

1771. Who- succeeded Macrinus? 

A. ELAGAB^ILUS ; whose folly, 
superstition, and bestiality, almost trans- 
cend credibility—He was assassinated by 
the Prsetorians at the age of 18, after a 
short reign of 4 years, (a. d. 218-222.) 

Elagabalus was the name of a Syrophoenician Smi»god, to 
■whom he was in early childhood a priest : his name was Variits 
.Avi'tus Bassia'nus, priest of Elagabalus. In the 4 years of 
his reign he married and divorced 6 wives. He built a senate • 
house for w^omen, whose debates turned upon the fashions of 
the day and points of etiquette. His shoes were covered with 
jewelsj and he was the first Roman who wore a silk dress. 
His carpets were of gold and silver tissue, and his mats of 
partridge down. Amongst his mad pleasantries may be men- 
tioned the following : He would invite a number of common 
people to his table, and seat them on large belloios, which 
would suddenly toss them aloft and cast them into an area of 
wild beasts, to be devoured : Another favourite pastime was to 
fasten his guests on wheels, like Ixion, and amuse himself by 
seeing them revolve round and round till they died. 



SEVERUS II. — MAXIMINUS. 431 

1772. Who succeeded Elagab'alm ? 

A. ALEXANDER SEVE^RUS, his 
cousin; who reigned 14 years with jus- 
tice, wisdom, and clemencv. (a. d. 

222-225.) 

Marcus Aurelius Alexander Severus was an excellent mathe- 
matician, geometer, and musician : he was also a painter, 
sculptor, and poet — and though only 16 years of age at the 
time of his accession, was sedate and wise as a sage. 

1773. By what means wOjS the reign of Seve'rus 
disturbed ? 

A. By the Germans, who had inun- 
dated Gaul and parts of Greece. While 
Severus was marching against these 
herds, he was assassinated by the soldiers 
at the instigation of Max'imin. 

1774. Who succeeded Alexander Severus? ^ 
A. MAXIMIN, his murderer; born 

at Thrace of Gothic parents, and brought 
up to the life of a shepherd : but having 
entered the Roman army, he rose to the 
highest rank from his gigantic stature 
and strength, (a. d. 2e35-238.) 

Caius Julius Ve'rus IVLaximi'nus was 8 feet high ; — hi^i 
thumb was equal in circumference to a woman's wrist, so that 
his wife's bracelet served him for a ring. He could drag a 
loaded wagon single handed — break the leg of a horse with 
a kick — eat 40 lbs. of meat at a meal, and drink 6 gallons of 
wine. He first attracted the notice of Severus in the circus, 
where he out-run 16 runners in succession — then kept up with 
the emperor on horseback — then fought with 16 combatants at 
once, whom he overcame. Severus instantly took him into 
his Prsstorian Band, where he rose to great honour for his 
valour and severe discipline. 

1775. What kind of Eni2')eror was this giant ? 



432 PHILIP. — DECIUS. 

A. A monster, who sported with suf- 
fering: But he overthrew the Germans 
in several encounters, in which he dis- 
played amazing feats of valour. 

1776. How long did the giant Maximin reign? 
A. For 3 years : He was assassinated 

by the Prsetorian Guards, while sleeping 
in his tent. 

GoRDiAN Africa'ntjs follows next, who committed suicide 
after a reign of 2 months, aged 80 : He was succeeded by 

Pupie'nus (the son of a blacksmith) and Balbi'nus, joint 
emperors, who, after reigning 5 months, were assassinated by 
the Praetorians, and succeeded by 

GoRDiAN, the grandson of Africanus ; a boy about 12 years 
of age, who reigned 6 years, and was also assassinated by 
Philip the Praetorian Prefect, A. d. 244. 

1777. Who succeeded Gordian ? 

A. PHILIP, the Arabian, his assas- 
sin ; whose reign is famous for the great 
jubilee, when Rome attained her 1000th 
year. (a. d. 248.) 

1778. Hoiv long did Philip reign ? 

A. For 5 years ; when the array as- 
sassinated him. (a. d. 244-249.) 

1779. Who succeeded Philip y the Arabian ? 
A. DE'CIUS, general of the army ; 

who reigned 2 years, (a. d. 249-251.) 

1780. Hoiv was the reign of Decius distin- 
guished ? 

A. 1st— By the seventh persecution of 
the Christians, which was unusually fierce 
(a. d. 250) : and 



VALERIANUS I.— GALLIENUS. 433 

2dly — By the first irruption of the 
Goths, by whom he was slain, 

Gallxjs succeeded Decius, and is said to have caused his 
death; this treacherous coward was assassinated by his 
guards, after a reign of 3 years, and was succeeded by 

^Emii.ia^nus, the 34th emperor of Rome: who was also 
■assassinated by the Prsstorians after a reign of 3 months. 
(A. D. 254.) , 

1781. Who succeeded ^niilia^nus ? 

A. VALE'RIAN (P. Lianius Vale- 
rianiis), a man of illustrious birth ; and 
honoured by all ranks of people for his 
integrity, modesty, and accomplishments. 

(a. d, 253-260.) 

In his reign, Origen, a very vohiminous Christian writer (in 
Greek) ; and Cyprian, bishop' of Carthage, and a father of the 
Church, died. 

1782. IIoiv tvas the reign of Valerian dis- 
turbed ? 

A. By the Persians, under their king 
Sapor, who made an invasion upon Syria, 
While Valerian was fighting against these 
invaders he was taken prisoner, and passed 
the rest of his life in captivity. 

Sapor used the captive Emperor as a foot-stool for mounting 
his horse ; and after 7 years captivity, his eyes were plucked 
out, and the infirm old man flayed alive. The skin was after- 
wards tanned, dyed red, and hung up in one of the Persian 
Temples, as a memento of Sapor's victory over the Romans. 

1783. Who succeeded Valerian ? 

A. GALLIF/NUS, his indolent and 
profligate son ; whose reign is one of the 
most disastrous and ignoble in the his- 
tory of Rome. (a., d. ^260-268.) 

19 



434 CLAUDIUS IL 

His full name was Puhlius LicinHus Valeria^nus EgnaHnss 
Gcdlie^niis. 

1784. Why was the reign of Gallienus so dis- 
astrous ? 

A. 1st— -From a famine ; which was 
followed by a pestilence of such fearful 
violence, that 5000 persons died daily at 
Rome, while it was at its height : . 

2dly — By a series of rebellions, from 
what are called " The Thirty Tyrants,'' 
who contended for the throne. 

1785. How long did Gallienus reign ? 

A. For 8 years. He was slain by his 
own soldiers, while fighting against one 
of the '^ Thirty Tyrants." 

1786. Who succeeded Gallienus? 

A. CLAUDIUS II., surnamed Goth- 
icus for his victory over the Goths ; in 
which above 300,000 were left dead in. 
the field, (a. d. 369.) 

1787. How long did Marcus Aurelius Claudius 
Gothicus reign ? 

A. For 2 years. He died of the 
plague, to the great grief of Rome. (a. d, 

268-270.) 

1788. Who succeeded Aurelius Claudius Goth- 
icus / 

A. AURE'LIAN, who rose from the 
ranks by his merits ; and whose reign is 



AUKELIAN. 435 

distinguished by many brilliant exploits. 

(a. d. 270-275.) 

1789. What conqicests were made by Aurelian ? 
A. 1st — He defeated the Goths and 

Vandals (a. d, 270-271): 

2dly — ^^He defeated the Germans, in 
Um'bria (in Italy, a. d. 271): 

3dly — He defeated and took captive 
Zeno'bia, the famous queen of Palmy'ra 
(in the Syrian desert, a. d. 273): and 

4thly — He marched against the Per- 
sians ; but was assassinated on the road 
by his own soldiers. 

It is said that Aurelian slew with his own hand 900 men in 
battle. He was called Julius Cggsar, by way of honour. 

1790. Who was Zenobia ? 

Ae The famous queen of Palmy'ra ; 
whose name is rendered illustrious by 
Longinus, the Greek philosopher and 
grammarian, who resided at her court. 

Longi'nus is called " A living cyclopedia," in consequence 
of his extensive information^ He was put to death by Aure- 
lian, at the capture of queen Zenobia. His work " On the 
Sublime'' (still extant) is unrivalled for its style and power; 
it is full of most exquisite remarks upon oratory, poetry, and 
taste. 

1791. Where was Palmyra ? 

A. In the great Syrian desert ; it was 
built by Solomon ; and is called Tadmor 
in the Bible : A splendid city, but it never 
recovered from the capture of Aurelian. 

Solomon called it Tadmor (the City of Palms), and the 



436 FKOM .A. I). 284 TO S05. 

Greeks translated the name into Palmyra. There was ano- 
ther city called Baalbeck or Heliopoles, of even greater beautyy 
in the same desert. 

Ta-Citus (not the historian) succeeded Anrelian, at the age 
of 70 ; he reigned 6 months, and died of a fever. 

Probus, a Hungarian, was the next emperor; a man of 
great valour, who was assassinated by his guards, after a vir- 
tuous reign of 6 years (a. i>. 276-28'2). He was succeeded by 

CARUS (the 41st emperor of Rome), called Persicus for his 
victory over the Persians ; but 16 months after his accession, 
he was struck dead by lightning (a> l>. 282) ; and was suc- 
ceeded by his 2 sons, 

Cari'nus and Nume^rian ; both of whom were assai^sinated 
in a few weeks, (a. d. 283.) 

1792. Who succeeded Cari^nus mid Nmne'- 
rian ? 

A. DIOCLE^SIAN, who divided the 
empire into 2 parts : He liimself took 
the eastern half, and made Maximlan, 
Augustus of the west. (a. d. 284-305.) 

1793. What further division of the Ho'inan 
emjyire tvas ^nade by Diocledan ? 

A. He made two sub-divisions, over 
which he placed viceroys under the title 
of Ccesar. Thus there were 4 rulers, 
viz., 2 emperors, who were each styled 
Augustus ; and 2 viceroys, who were each 
styled C(JBsm\ (a. d. 292,) 

DioCLE^siAN took the government of the East, and made 
Nicomedia (in Asia Minor) his court. 

Maxim'ian governed Italy and Africa; his court was at 
Milan (in Italy). 

Oonstan'tius (the father of Constantine the Great), one of 
the CcesarSy had Britain, Gaul, and Spain; his court being 
held at Treves (in Gemnany). 

Gale'rius, the other- Ccesar, had Illyricum and the whole 
line of the Danube ; his court was at Sirmium, in Pannonia. 

1794. Why did Diocledan divide the Roman 
nire into 4 vcirts ? 



empire into 4 parts 



DIOCLESIAN. 43:7 

A. Because the attacks of the bar- 
barians were becoming daily more for- 
midable ; and he hoped by this means to 
fortify the empire against invasions. 

1795. With what success was this division 
of the empire made ? 

A. The Persians were defeated, and 
obliged to sue for peace: The Germans 
were driven back from the Roman do- 
minions: and the empire restored to 
strength and prosperity. 

1796. How was the reign of Diode' sian con- 
cluded ? 

A. After a glorious reign of 21 years, 

he and his colleague Maxim'ian resigned 

their empires on the same day ; and were 

succeeded by the 2 Ccesars. (1st Ma^^ 

A. D. 305,) 

1797. By what persecution was the reign of 
Dioclesian disiionoured ? 

A. By the 10th persecution of the 

Christians, instigated by Gallie'nus, and 

very violent in its character, (a. d. 302.) 

1798. What celebrated Greek philosopher died 
in the reign of Dioclesian ? 

A. Por'phyry, who wrote a treatise 
against Christianity, probably the most 
learned attack ever made upon the in- 
spired scriptures. It was destroyed by 
the Emperor Theodosius. 



438 CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. 

CoNSTANTius (called Chlorus from his pallid look) died at 
York the next year, a. d. 306 ; and GAXiERius (the cruel per- 
secutor of the Christians) died A. D. 311, of a disgusting 
disease called morbus pediculo'sus. 

1799. Who succeeded Constantius and Gale- 
rius ^ 

A. CONSTANTINE the Great, the 
46th Emperor of Rome. (a. d. 306-336.) 

Constantine the Great was the son of Constantius Chlorus, 
mentioned above. 

1800. When was Constantine converted to 
Christianity ? 

A. When Maxentius, the usurper, was 
defeated, and drowned in the Tiber. 
(a. d. 312.) 

The arch of Constantine, which commemorates this victory, 
is still standing at the foot of the Palatine Hill. 

1801. How was this the means of the conver- 
sion of Constantine to Christianity ? 

A. On his march to Rome, he saw 
in the sky a luminous cross, with this 
inscription in Greek, '' BY THIS CON- 
QUER ;" and on the night before the 
battle a vision also appeared to him in 
his sleep, commanding him to inscribe a 
cross on the shields of his soldiers. 

The Greek words of the inscription were 'ev tovtcj vma. 
This tradition is the cause of great controversy : But one 
thing is certain, Constantine became an enthusiastic friend of 
the Christians, whom he preferred to all places of trust ; and 
he also made Christianity the recognized religion of his 
Empire. 

1802. Where did Constantine fix his court ? 
A. At Byzan'tium, which he made a 



COUNCIL OF NICE. 439 

most beautiful city, and called Constan- 
tinople, after his own name. 

This city was solemnly dedicated by Christian rites, A. D. 
330. 

1803. How did Constantine the Great divide 
his empire ? 

A. Into 4 parts, over each of which he 

appointed a Prefect. Each Prefecture 

was sub-divided into dioceses ; the rulers 

of which were amenable to the Prefect. 

1804. What benevolent law did Constantine 
the Great make respecting debtors ? 

A. He prohibited their being scourged 

or tortured. He also insisted that light 

should be admitted into all prisons. 

He forbade slaves to be crucified, which had been their 
usual mode of execution, because he would not so dishonour 
the cross. He also prohibited the combats of Gladiators. 

1805. How long did Constantine the Great 
reign ? 

A. For 33 years. He was baptized by 
Euse'bius, shortly before his death. 

1806. By what religious convention is the 
reig?i of Constantine distinguished ^ 

A. By the first General Council of 

Christians, held at Nice fin Asia Minor^ 

324.) 

The '^Nicene Creed" in the book of Common Prayer was 
drawn up in this Council. 

1807. Who was Arius ? 

A. A celebrated divine of the time of 



440 NOTABLE CHRISTIANS. 

Constantine, and founder of the sect called 
Arians. 

Constantine and Ms son Constantius botli favoured the 
opinions of Arius, 

1808. What celebrated bishop of Alexandria 
lived in the reign of Constantine the Great ? 

A. St Athana'siiis, the great oppo- 
nent of A'rius, The Athanasian creed, 
in the book of common prayer, takes its 
name from him, 

1809. What greaJ historians adorn the age of 
Constantine the Great ? 

A, Lactan'tius and Euse'bius. 

1810. IVho ivas Lactantius ? 

A. A celebrated Christian father, called 

the Christian Cicero-— ^n honour he well 

deserves, (Died an old man, 330.) 

Many of his works (written in Latin) are still extant, upon 
Error, Wisdom, Anger, Justice, Persecution, Religion, A 
Happy Life, Man, &c,, &c. 

1811. Who ivas Eiisebiiis ? 

A. A famous Greek historian^ born 
in Palestine ; a man of great learning, 
and bishop of C^sarea. (a. d. 264-34:0.) 

1812. Vi^hat ivorks of Eustbius are still extant ? 
A. A history of the Eastern Nations: 

A collection of opinions of the Ancient 
Philosophers : An Ecclesiastical History : 
A History of the Early Christian Perse- 
cutions, &c., &c. All of great value. 



JULIAN THE APOSTATE. 441 

1813. To tvhom did Constantine leave the 
Empire ? 

A. To his 3 sons ; but a civil war 
soon ensued, in which the eldest was 
slain, the youngest murdered, and 

CONSTANTIUS (his second son) left 
sole Emperor. (Reigned 337-361.) 

1814. Whom did Constantius associate with 
himself in the ewj'pire ? 

A. JULIAN his cousin, surnamed 
The Apostate ; because he forsook Chris- 
tianity, and returned to Paganism again. 

Julian fixed his court at Paris (in France)^ which was then 
called Lutetia. 

1815. What was the chief event in the reign of 
Constantius and Julian ? 

A. JuUan was proclaimed Augustus 

by the soldiers ; and a civil war would 

have ensued, had not Constantius died, 

and left him sole Emperor, (a. d. 361.) 

The Emperor was called Augustus^ his colleague was only 

Cmsar. 

1816. For ivhat was the reign of Julian re- 
markable ? 

A. For the re-establishment of the 

heathen religion ; and a fruitless attempt 

to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. 

It is said that Julian, in order to disprove the Christian 
prophecy that the Temple should not be rebuilt, resolved to 
rebuild it himself; but his work was miraculously destroyed 
as fast as completed, and Julian obliged to give over the 
attempt. 

19* 



-M2 VALENTINIAN I. 

1817. What was the character of Julian, the 
.Apostate ? 

A. Most attentive to business ; up- 
right in his administration ; brave and 
humane ; tolerant, and very learned. 
(Reigned a. d. 361-363.) 

He Avrote many works still extant : Such as Letters, Ora- 
tions, Satires : His great work against Christianity is lost. 
EuTRo'pius, the historian, was cotemporary with Julian. 

1818. How was Julian killed? 

A. In a skirmish against the Persians. 

JOVIAN was elected by the soldiers to succeed Julian : 
And in order to conclude the war, he purchased a truce of 
Sapor, the Persian king, for 3 years : But died on his march 
homewards, (a. d. 363.) 

1819. Who succeeded Jovian ? 

A. VALENTINIAN I., a brave gen» 
era! and zealous Christian. He asso- 
ciated with himself his brother Valens, to 
whom he consigned the eastern empire. 

Valentinian held his court at Milan (in Italy). Valens pre- 
sided at Constantinople. 

1820. How ivas the reign of Valentinian dis- 
tinguished ? 

A. By the first invasion of the Huns. 
Tlie Alemanni also infested the frontiers ; 
but Valentin'ian kept both at bay for II 
years, during which he reigned, (a. d. 
364-375.) 

Valentinian died of a fit brought on by excitement in 
: speaking. 

1821. Who IV ere the Huns? 

A. A tribe of Tartars, for many years 



HUKS.— ALEMANXI. 443 

formidable to the Chinese, who built a 
wall 1500 miles long to repel their in- 
roads. 

1822. How are the Huns described by the 
Greeks and Romans ? 

A. As hideous beings resembling apes ; 
with broad shoulders ; flat noses ; small 
black eyes, deeply buried in their head ; 
savage manners ; and extremely numer- 
ous. 

The Huns were a terror to Europe for about 80 years ; but 
were annihilated soon after the death of Attila their king, 
A. D. 453. 

1823. Who were the Alemanni ? 

A. Several German tribes confed- 
erated under one military leader in times 
of war. They first attacked the Romans 
in the reign of Caracalla (a. d. 214), and 
finally settled about Switzerland. 

Alemanni is from 2 German words Alle-manner fall men), 

1824. Who succeeded Valentinian ? 

A. GR A'TIAN, his son, at the age of 
8 years ; who divided the empire of the 
west with his younger brother Valen- 
tinian II. (a. d. 367-383.) 

1825. Hovj ivas the com'mencement of Gratian^s 
reign distinguished ? 

A. The Goths Vvere admitted into the 
empire by Valens, and permitted to set- 
tle in Thrace, (a. d. 376.) 



444 GRATIAN. — THE GOTHS. 

1826. Who were the Goths ? 

A. A powerful German tribe from the 
Baltic coast; who migrated to the Black 
Sea in the reign of Caracalla. 

1827. Whe7'e did these nomads settle? 

A. Anrelian surrendered to them the 
whole of Dacia ; when they separated 
into two parts called the Osto-goths (east- 
goths)^ and the Visi-goths (west-gothsj. 

The Yisi-goths invaded Italy under Alaric (a. d. 410), then 
settled in France and Spain, and about 200 years afterwards 
were extirpated by the Arabs. 

The Osto-goths invaded Italy under Theodoric the Great 
(A. D. 493), embraced Christianity, and lost their distinctive 
character. 

1828. How long did Gratian reign ? 

A. For 16 years. On the death of 
Valens, he appointed Theodosius emperor 
of the east. (a. d. 378.) 

1829. Row long did Valentinian II, survive 
his brother Gratian ? 

A. About 9 years. He was assas- 
sinated by one of his generals ; and the 
famous St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 
pronounced his funeral oration. 

1830. Who was St. Ambrose? 

A. One of the most celebrated Chris- 
tian fathers ; who flourished in the reign 
of Valentin'ian and Theodosius. 

1831. For what is St, Ambrose celebrated ? 

A. For his opposition to the Arians. 



THEODOSIUS THE GREAT. 445 

He also wrote a book called " Offices," 
still extant. (Born, a. d. 340 — died, 397») 

St. Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea, another opponent of 
the Arians, died in the reign of Yalentin'ian II. (a. d. 379.) 

1832. Who succeeded Valentinian II. ? 

A. THEODO'SIUS the Great, a Span- 
iard by birth, the Emperor of the East, 
^became sole sovereign of both empires. 
(a. d. 392-395.) 

1833. Hoiv ivas the reign of Theododus dis- 
tinguished ? 

A. 1st — By 2 signal victories over the 
Goths: 

2dly — By the total and final abolition 
of idolatry in the Roman empire : and 

3dly — By the final establishment of 
Christianity. 

1834. What act of cruelty ivas Theodosius 
guilty of? 

A. When a riot broke out at Thes- 

saloni'ca (in Greece), he treacherously 

invited the rioters to a public spectacle, 

and massacred about 7000 of them. (a. d. 

390.) 

1835. How ivas Theodosius punished for this 
treacherous cruelty ? 

A. St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, com- 
manded him to perform penance ; which 
was done by laying aside his robes of 
state, and entreating pardon on his bend- 



446 HONORIUS. 

ed knees before all the assembled congre- 
gation. 

1836. How long did Theodosius reign? 

A. For 17 years. He died a natural 
death, at the age of 48. 

1837. Who succeeded Theodosius ? 

A. HONO'RIUS (in the west) and 
Arca'dius (in the east) his 2 sons. The 
Eastern and Western Empires were never 
again nnited nndei one sovereign, (a. d. 
395.) 

N. B. — We must henceforth leave all mention of*the East- 
ern empire, and confine our observations to the Western only. 

1838. Who invaded Rome in the reign of 
Honor ius ? 

A.. AMric (king of the Visi-Goths). 
The war lasted 2 years ; during which, 
Rome was thrice sacked and plundered. 
(a. d. 408-410.) 

Alaric means All-rich. He died A. D. 410. After Honorius 
was driven from Rome, he fled to Ravenna (lat. 44° 20', long. 
12'^ 20'), where he died, after an inglorious reign of 28 years. 
(A. D. 395-423.) 

1839. ^ Who succeeded HorMrius ? 

A. VALENTIN'IAN III. his sister's 
son ; who was only 6 years of age. (a. d. 
425-455.) 

1840. Hoiv ivas the reign of this boy emperor 
distinguished ? 

A. By recalling the Romans from 
Britain ; because all his forces were re- 



ATTILA. 447 

quired to defend his own empire, (a. d. 
426.) 

1841. What invaders rendered this measure 
necessary ? 

A. Attila (King of the Huns); and 
Geif^seric (King of the Vandals). 

1842. Who were the Vandals ? 

A. A German horde, who migrated to 
Spain, crossed over into Africa, and then 
attacked Italy. They remained a terror 
to these countries for about 120 years; 
%vhen they were extirpated by Belesa'rius 
(in the reign of Justinian^ a. d. 535). 

The Vandals founded in Spain the city of Vandalusia, now 
spelt without the V. 

1843. Who luas Attila ? 

A. The powerful king of the Huns : 
So much feared by the Romans, that they 
called him '' The scourge of God,'' 

1844. What rendered Attila such a terror to 
the Komans ? 

A. He first invaded the Eastern em- 
pire, with half a million barbarians ; 
when Theodosius ceded to him a large 
territory south of the Danube. He next 
invaded the Western empire, but was 
defeated, and died shortly after, (a. d. 
453.) 

The Roman general ^tius united his forces with Theodoric 
(King of the Visi-goths) to repel the attack of Attila. This 



448 ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS. 

was the last great battle fought by the Romans : Above 200,000 
Huns fell on the field of battle, and the race was exterminated. 
(A. D. 451.) 

] 845. Who was Genseric ? 

A. King of the Vandals, and the most 
terrible of all the barbarians. He took 
possession of Africa, before he invaded 
Italy, (a. d. 429-439.) 

1846. Hoia did Genseric succeed in his attack 
upon Rome ? 

A. He ransacked the city for 14 days ;- 
carried thousands into Africa for slaves, 
and destroyed thousands by the sword, 
(a. d. 455.) 

1847. How long did Genseric continue master 
of Italy ? 

A. For 20 years ; during which time 
8 emperors were raised to the throne. 

Petro'nius, Avi'tus (a Frank), Majoria'nus, Seve'ruSj 
Ajii^iiEM'ius, Oltb'kius, Glyce^iiius, and Julius Nepos who 
was deposed by Orestes (an officer in the army), who set his 
own son on the throne (a. d. 475). 

1848. Who vjas the last Einperor of Rome ? 
A. Rom'ulus Augus'tulus (the 66th 

emperor) ; who was deposed in a few 
months, and died in retirement. (474.) 

1849. Who deposed Romulus Augustulus ? 
A. Odoa'cer (King of the Heriili): 

who assumed the title of '' King of Italy." 
(a. d. 476.) 

1850. Who tvere the Heruli ? 



CONCLUSION. 449 

A. A Scandana'vian race ; who mi- 
grated to the Black Sea in the reign of 
Gallienus. (a. d. 262.) 

1851. What is the history of this tribe after 
their mi gyration ? 

A. They joined the Goths in their 
attacks upon Rome : formed a part of 
the vast army of Attila ; and united after- 
wards with other German tribes under 
Odoacer, with whose attack upon Rome 

ENDED THE GREAT WESTERN EMPIRE, 

after a continuance of 1229 years ; (i, e.^ 
from B. c. 753 to a. d. 476.) 

N. B. The Eastern division continued 977 years longer; 
when Constantinople was taken by the Turks (under Moham- 
med II.) A. J3. 1453. 



CONCLUDING REMARKS. 

1852. Whom did the Rartians style Augustus 
and Ccesar ? 

A. The reigning Emperor was always 
styled Augustus ; and the heir presump- 
tive was styled Caesar. 

The title of Coesar was first given to the presumptive suc- 
cessor to the throne hy Hadrian the 14th Emperor, a. d. 138. 
In the reign of Dioclesian, the two viceroys were termed 
Ccesar, and the two Emperors were each styled Augustus, 
A. D. 292; but this arrangement soon lapsed, after the death 
of that Emneror. 



450 PR.ETOKIAX GUARD. 

1853. What subordinate riders did Constantine 
the Great appoint ? 

A, He divided the empire in 4 Pre- 
fectures ; and placed a ruler over each, 
called a Praefect. 

1854. What poiver had these Prcefects ? 

A. The supreme administration of jus- 
tice and finance, as well as the power of 
appointing inferior magistrates. 

The 4 Prsefectures were : 1. Orientis ; 2. Illyr'ici; 3. Italite ; 

and 4. Galliarum. 

1855. Who were the Prcetorian cohorts? 

A. A body-guard appointed by Augus- 
tus, consisted of 10 cohorts, each of 1000 
men. 

Increased by Vitellius to 16 cohorts or 16,009 men; all 
having double pay and retmng pensions. 

1856. What influence did these cohorts exercise 
in the empire ? 

A. They ruled the succession with 
arbitrary power ; assassinating one em- 
peror, to substitute another of their own 
choice. 

1857. Who was the first Emperor appointed 
by these cohorts ? 

A. Claudius (the 4th Emperor of 
Rome) : Their power was entirely sup- 
pressed by Constantine the Great, and 
the men draughted oif into the legions. 

Septimus Severus banished them the city for murdering 
Pertinax, and selling the empire by auction to Didius : but 
they were soon recalled, re-organized, and increased four-fold. 



LANGUAGE CORRUPTED. 451 

1858. What pcnvei' had the seiiate in the em- 
pire ? 

A. It sank gradually, as that of the 

Emperors increased ; till in the reign of 

Hadrian it ceased altogether. 

1859. Hoiv could so many infamous Emperors 
find toleration in Rome ? 

A. Because they bribed the Praetorian 

Guards ; and amused the people with 

spirited spectacles. 

1860. How was the succession of the Emperors 
regulated ? 

A. The reigning Emperor adopted 

a successor, and called him C(Esar : If 

the Praetorians approved of the choice, 

the senate confirmed it as a matter of 

course. 

1861. Hoiv can the corruption of the Latin 
language^ after the death of Augustus^ be accounted 
for? 

A. Because Greek tutors were em- 
ployed to educate the Roman children, 
and Greek became the fashionable lan- 
guage of the gentry. 

The numerous slaves and captives from all parts of the 
world contributed not a little to this corruption : which began 
to manifest itself in the reign of Tiberius. After Commodus, 
we meet with few authors of note. 

1862. When %vas Christianity established in 
the Roman empire ? 

A. Constantiiie gave it great en- 



452 PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY. 

couragement : But Theodosius made it 
the established religion of the empire. 

1863. What teas the gradual progress of the 
Christian religion ? 

A. In the first century, the church 
was persecuted by Nero and Domitian : 

In the second century, the New Testa- 
ment was received as a canon of faith, 
and the Old Testament translated into 
Greek: But Christians were still perse- 
cuted by Trajan, Ha'drian, Antoninus, 
Aurelius and Seve'rus : 

In the third century, Christianity was 
attacked by Porphyry ; but nobly de- 
fended by Origen, Cyprian, and others : 

In the fourth century, it was alter- 
nately cherished and persecuted. Among 
its persecutors were Diocle'sian, Gale'- 
rius, and Julian. Among its favourers 
were Constantino and his sons, Valentin'- 
ian, Gra'tian and Theodo'sius. 

In the reign of Gra'tian, the pagan priesthood was form- 
ally abolished: and 17 years afterwards, Christianity was 
formally established by Theodo'sius the Great. 



INDEX. 



PAGK 

Aborigines 13 

AccA Laurentia .... 16 

Ach^an league wars . . 296 
AcHAiA, province of . . 297 
AcTiuM, battle of . ' . . . 382 
AcRON ....... 36 

Addlchis . . . . . .135 

Ad HERBAL . . . .313, 314 

Adrian 421, 422 

Adrianople built . . . 422 
^dile, duties, &c. . . .154 

increased by Csesar 362 
lictors attended . 26 
Patrician . . . .190 

Agates, battle of . . . 253 
J^MILIANUS ...... 433 

.^MiLius Mamercus . . .175 
Paulus ..... 286 

defeated .... 268 

Horace illustrated . 286 

SCAURUS 74 

iExEAs 14, 19, 20 

^QUIANS 134 

^rarium 96 

JErarians 175 

Mb 96, 174 

^SCHYLUS ...... 162 

uEsop 79 

^Tius 447 

iEroLiAN WAR . . . .276 
Africanus. See Scipio, 

Ager hostilis 47 

PuUicus . . 130, 304 
cause of tumult . 139 
how disposed of . 138 
leased out . . 82, 130 



Ager Publicus (continued.) 



leases of 






139 


Ager Romanus 






138 


Aaaer . . . 






97 


Agrarian law . 




140 


143 


of Licinius 




, 


140 


Fabius 






141 


Flamininus . 




285 


Gracchus 


142 


310 


Spurius Cassiua 




140 


Agricola in Britain 




413 


murdered 




417 


Agriculture . . . 




302 


decline . . 




393 


honourable 




222 


sacred . . 




40 


Agrigentum . . . 




249 


Agrippa . . . 395, 


396 


899 


Herod . . . 




332 


Menenius . . 




132 


speech . . 




138 


Agrippina . . . 




408 


Ahala Ser villus 




136 


Alaric sacks Eome 




446 


Alba Longa . . . 


14,49 


Albans removed to E 


ome 


52 


the plebeians 




57 


Albinus Post . . 


116, 


125 


Album . . . 






1 9'-> 


ALCiEUS . . . 




79 


Alemanni . . 




442, 


443 


Alexander . 




204, 


245 


Severus . 






431 


Alexandria library bi 


irnt 


359 


vengeanc 


e on 


429 


Alexandrine war 




, 


359 



454 



INDEX. 



Allia, battle of . ... 181 

Allies 820 

Almanac 2; 

Alps, Hannibal crossed . 268 

Napoleon . . . 268 

Ambassadors sacred . . 181 

Ambrose, St 444 

Arians opposed by 444 

Amos . 48 

Amphitheatre of Csesar . 231 

Amulius 15, 16 

Angus Marcius . . . 54-58 
buildings by . 55, 56 
compiles laws . . 54 
plebs founded by 57 
wars of ... . 64 

Andabatm ...... 280 

Andronicus ..... 261 

most ancient poet . 801 
Annales Maximi . . 42, 192 
Anthemius ..... 448 

Antiochus . . . 275, 276 
Antium .... 207, 208 

spoils for rostra . 207 

Antoninus Pius , 428, 424 

Antony Marc . 864, 865, 866, 

882, 885, 886 

Apelles 246 

Apex ....... 48 

Apioli stormed .... 64 

Apollonius ..... 424 

Appian aqueduct . . . 231 
road .... 232 

Appius. See Cmiidms. 

the Blind . . . 281 

opposes Pyrrhus 215 

Aqueducts of Appins . 232 

Claudius . 407 

Dentatus . 233 

Aqujd Sextice., battle of . 817 

A^i-ce ........ 263 

Arcadius ...•...' 4 

Arch 225, 245 

Constantine's . . 438 

Trajan's .... 216 

Arcitagatuus . . . . 802 

Archimedes 289, 290, 292, 298 

and Hiero .... 290 

and Newton . . . 298 

Ardea 106 

Arians ....... 440 



Ariobarzanes .... 822 

Arion . . - 63 

Ariovistus 374 

Artstides 162 

Aristobulus ..... 325 

Aristophanes .... 178 

Aristotle 246 

Arius 439 

Armour 90 

Camillns alters . . 222 

Army, constitution of . 88 

Marius alters . 844, 393 

standing , . . 173, 896 

when entered ... 90 

Arretium, battle of . . 212 

Arsia, battle of. . . . 112 

Arrtan ...... 423 

Artillery used .... 258 

Aruns 61 

slain 112 

Arx 182 

As .95, 174 

AscANius found Alba . . 14 

AscuLUM, battle of . . . 215 

stormed . . . 820 
AsiATiGus. See Scipio. 

Asmius Pollio .... 423 

Athanasian creed . . . 440 

Athanasius 440 

Athensoum 423 

Athens captured . . . 822 

fvQQ 177 

plag-ue of . . . 177 
Atilius. See llegvlus, 

Atrmm . . . . . . 885 

Attalus ...... 142 

Attila 447 

Attius Nsevius, augur . 79 

poet . . 261 

Tullius 157 

Attus Olausus .... 128 

AuFiDius 157 

Augurs . . 41, 48, 44, 45, 

148, 221, 349 

x^ugust. ...... 362 

Augusta 883 

i. e, London . . 407 

Augustan age .... 400 

Augiistulus Romulus . 448 

August us ^ a title . . . 449 

Augustus Caesar . . . 894 



INDEX, 



455 



Augustus Caesar (continued.) 
afflictions ... 399 
amusements public 397 
army of ... . 396 
coadji\tors . . . 395 
commerce promoted 397 
conspiracies against 399 
deatli of .... 400 
library .... 423 
reforms. . 395, 396, 397 
reign glorious . . 400 
resignation . . . 395 
victories .... 397 
AuLus Gellius .... 423 

AURELIAN 434 

conquests . . . 435 
murdered . . . 435 

AuRELius 424 

christians protected 425 
colleague .... 424 

deatli 427 

persecutes christians 425 
"thundering legion" 425 
victories .... 425 

v^rorks 426 

AviTUS 448 

Auspices taken .... 93 

AUSTERLITZ 211 

Authentic history . . . 193 
Author, first Eoman . . 231 
AuTRONius' house . . . 336 
AvENTiNE given to plebs 143 
Latins inhabited . 54 
plebeians . . 58, 93 

Balaam 237 

Balbinus 432 

Ballets 228 

Ballista 258 

Barbers ...... 225 

female .... 228 

shops for gossip * 225 

Basilius Jun 149 



Baths 
Battering-rams . . 
Battles, Actium 

-^s^ates . . 
Allia ... 
Aqnas Sexti^ 
Arretium 



338 
258 
382 
253 
181 
317 
212 



Arsia 112 



Battles (continu 


ed.) 




Asculum . . 216, 320 


Beneventum 


. 216 


Canute . . . 


. 268 


- Chalon, last . . 


. 448 


Cynoscephalse . 


. 274 


Fossa Ckiilla . 


50 


Gallia Narbonen 


^is 317 


Liiris .... 


. 207 


Metaurus . . 


. 271 


Mutina , . . 


, 386 


Mvlse .... 


. 250 


Numistro . . 


. 270 


P]iarsalia . . . 


. 358 


Philippi . . . 


. 381 


EegilJus . . . 


, 116 


Sentinum . . 


. 211 


Siris .... 


. 214 


Suessula . . . 


. 206 


Thermopylae 


. 162 


Ticinus . . . 


, 267 


Trasimenus . . 


. 267 


Trebia. . , . 


. 267 


Venusia . . . 


. 270 


Verona . . . 


. 318 


A'^esuvius . . . 


. 207 


Zama .... 


. 271 


Beards not worn . . 


. 225 


Belg.1: subdued . . 


. 374 


Belly and members . 


. 138 


Beneventum, battle of 


. 216 


J^esticLTii . . , . . 


73 


Betrothal . . 




. 842 


Bias .... 




79 


Bible illustrated 
JBigcB . . 




. 237 

74 


BlON . . . 




. 246 


Birds ominous 




. 44 


Bissextile . . 




. 361 


BiTHYNIA . . 






Black book . , 




. 367 


BOADICEA . . 


i 


til, 412 


BOGCHUS . . 




. 314 


BoiANS .... 




. 180 


defeated . 


. ^ 


13, 265 


Bond decb . 




. 376 


Boots . . . 




. 227 


BOSTAR . 




. 263 


Boxing . . . 




. 73 


Boys' dress . 




. 121 


Brennus . 180 


, 181. -! 


■«f^ 2i»3 



456 



IKDEX. 



Bribery 


892 


by Jngurtha . . 


314 


Bridal customs . . .27, 


843 


dress 


342 


Bridge of Ancus . . . 


56 


Britain invaded . . . 


374 


Koraau province 


407 


relinquished . . 


446 


Britannic us 


408 


Bruttium ...... 


249 


Brutus Decius .... 


229 


Junius 99 


123 


at Delphi . , . 


105 


condemns his sons 


111 


first consul . 109 


128 


mourned .... 


112 


revenges Lucretia 


107 


shiin ... 112, 


123 


Marcus 363, 381, 887, 388 


,389 


Bull Sabine 


97 


of Diana .... 


97 


Buonaparte . . . 268, 


272 


Busta Gallica .... 


183 


Batchers' stalls .... 


224 


Byzantium destroyed 


428 


rebuilt . . 


438 


C in Senator's shoe . . 


28 


C^CILIUS . ..... 


289 


See Metellus. 




C^LEs Vibenna .... 


77 


CiELIAN hill 


77 


Albans inhabited 


52 


Fleb property 


93 


CjasAR Julius . 44, 356- 


365, 


873, 375, 


876 


amphitheatre . . . 


231 


calendar of . . . . 


361 


campaigns in Gaul . 


874 


crosses Rubicon 357 


375 


defeats Pompey . . 


875 


feasts Eome . . . 


875 


honours of ... . 


360 


in Egypt .... 


8'59 


master of Eome . . 


375 


murder of ... . 


363 


reforms of ... . 


361 


writings 


376 


Omar, a title . . 486 


449 


Calendar reformed . . . 


861 


of riavius . . 


236 



Calendar of Numa . 




PAGES 

40 


Caligula .... 


405 


406 


murdered 


. . 


407 


stables of 




406 


Callimachus . . . 




178 


Calpurnius Flamma 


. 


260 


heroism of . 




260 


Calvus L 


189 


201 


Camillus M, F. . . 


196-198 


Aptium stormed by 


207 


Dictator . . . 




187 


Falerium taken 


by . 


■197 


Gauls repelled 


by. 


184 



Camp followers .... 89 

fortified .... 222 

Campania .... 205, 244 

Campus Martins ... 71 

Putridus . . . 318 

Canal of Dentatus . . . 234 

Candidates 147 

Candles 119 

Cann^, battle of . . . 268 

Canuleius 177 

Capitol 146 

etymology . . . 101 

on the Tarpeian . 101 

temple of. . . . 146 

Capitoline Hill . . . 86, 93 

called Saturnian . 93 

chosen by Tatius . 24 

Captivity of Jews ... 79 

Capua ....... 243 

corrupts Hannibal . 277 

deserts to Hannibal . 268 

mutiny at ... . 277 

retaken ..... 270 

Caput and Navem ... 96 

Capys 243 

Caracalla .... 429, 430 

Caractacus ..... 408 

Carbo 316 

Career 72 

Cars 899 

Carthage 247 

destroyed . . . 295 

rebuilt . . ^ 828, 422 

Eoman province 296 

war 1st ... 247 

<^ 2d ... 264 

" 8d ... 293 
See Punic. 



INDEX. 



457 



PAGK 

Carinus ...... 436 

Carriages 399 

Carruca 399 

Carus ....... 436 

Cassias 0. L 388 

conspiracy of . . 363 

deatii of . . . . 389 

Ch.erp:a 407 

Spurius ...... 155 

Ao-rarian law of . 140 
execution of . 140, 156 

league with Latins 155 
Hernicans . 183, 155 

victories .... 155 

Castor and Pollux . . . 126 

Oatapnlta ...... 258 

Catiline 332 

Cicero thwarts 333 

conspiracy of . 333 

flight and death 334 

Cato, Major .... 286, 287 

paves Eome 303 

works . . 287 

Minor .... 369, 370 

Catullus 379 

Caudine forks .... 208 

Cavalry ...... 65 

Csssar's . . . 391 

Celeres 34 

Komul us institutes 26 

Censors 168, 171 

abolished . . . . ' 173 

duties ...... 171 

eligibility for . . . 173 

government stewards 172 

Plebeian, first ... 201 

Census how made . . . 167 

of Servius ... 94 

Centuries 88 

junior .... 99 

military . . . 344 

patrician ... 89 

plebeian ... 89 

senior .... 90 

subdivisions of 90 

Centumviri 803 

Geriturice or stiff rag la . 76 
Centurions .' . . .88, 344 

Gestus 73 

Cethegus joins Catiline . 888 

executed . . 334 



Chaises .... 




PAOK 

899 


Chariots .... 


. 74,399 


races with 




74 


Chatham, earl of . 




215 


Cheese 




399 


Chickens of Pulcher 




44 


ominous 




44 


Chilon 




79 


Christianity established 


461 


progress 




452 


Christians, persecutions 


429 


protected 


425, 438 


Chronicles illustrated. 




163 


Cicero 






Antony exposed b^ 


' 365 


Catiline exposed 


b> 


' 333 


orations . . 




334 


character . . 




369 


consul o . . 




368 


house of . . 




336 


murdered . . 




369 


Philippics . . 
and Koscius . 


36 


5, 369 




354 


works of . . 




869 


Christian . , . 




440 


CiMBRI 




315 


annihilated 




318 


invade Italy 




315 


success . . 




316 


CiMON 




169. 


Cincinnatus . . . 


133, 158 


Dictator 




159 


Cineas at Eome 




215 


Cinna 




830 


Circus Maxim us 




72 


Cispadanian Gaul . 




179 


City tribes . . . 




86 


Civil wars . . . 




326 


Classes Servian . . 




S7, 88 


Cecelia swims over Ti 


ber 


115 


Claudian aqueduct 




407 


Claudius Appius . . 




128 


cruelty of . 




137 


Virginia seized 


by 


165 


Cjssar i. ... 


40 


r, 408 


Cjesar II. . 




434 


Marcus 




165 


Ptolemy .... 




428 


Pulcher .... 




44 


Eegillensts . . . 




116 


The Blind . . 


215, 231V 



458 



INDEZ. 



PAGE 

Cleobulus 79 

C1.E0PATEA . . . 360, 389 

death of 882, 890 

Clients . . .82, 88, 34, 59 

Gloaca maxima ... 68, 69 

curators of 69 

Gloacarium 69 

Clodia ....... 399 

Clodius 376 

banishes Cicero . 868 
contends with Milo 877 
house of ... . 836 
killed ..... 378 

law of 378 

violates Bona Dea 317 
Gi.urLius murdered . . 52 

Clusium 180 

Glypea ....... 250 

Clypeus 91, 222 

Clytemnestra . . . . 127 
Cock ominous .... 44 
CooLKS H. . . 113, 126, 261 

CtENA 388 

Cohorts 344 

Coinage .... 95, 96, 97 

salt 173 

silver .... 225 

See As. 

CoLLATiA taken .... 65 

Collatine tribe .... 87 

COLLATINUS . . 78, 109, 124 

and Sextius . 106 

Colonies , 221 

oldest .... 55 

Coliseum .... 231, 414 

Columna mmnia . . . 239 
Comic dialogues . , . 229 
CoMiNius swims Tiber . 184 
Oomitia centuriata ... 91 
jurisdiction ... 92 
obsolete .... 219 

polling of . , » 44 
Ou/nata ...... 71 

order of voting 71 

. tribida 87 

polling of . . 144 

predominant . 218 

OomUi/um . . . .24, 71, 164 

COMMODUS 427 

L. Verus . . 424 

iCONFUOIUS . . . » . 127 



AG9 

Conquered, howgoverned 215 


Conservatories . . . 


. 340 


Conspiracies .... 


. 899 


Catiline's 


. 338 


Etruscan 


. Ill 


Fiso's . 


. 410 


CONSTANTINE I. . . . 


. 488 


arch of . . . 


. 488 


division of Empire 439 


favours christians 


438 


Arius , 


. 440 


baptized . . . > 


. 444 


CONSTANTIUS I. . . . 


. 486 


Ohlorus , . . 


. 488 


death at York . 


. 438 


11. . . 


. 441 


Consuls .... 147, 148 


Caligula's horse 


407 


duration of office 149 


eligible age . 


. 803 


plebeian . . 


201 


insignia . 11 


0, 148 


lictors attend 


. 26 


Praetors . , 


. 109 


sole .... 


872 


Consular Tribunes 


. 168 


Consularis .... 


196 


Consules designati , . 


. 149 


Contest with beasts . 


72 


Cooks 


. 224 


Corinth ..... 


296 


CoRioLANUs 133, 156, 15 


7, 158 


CORIOLI 


183 


Cornelia . , . . . 


309 


her jewels . 


809 


Cornelius Cossus . . 


175 


spolia opima of 


175 


Eufinus . . 


223 


degraded , 


235 


SciPio . . . 


280 


P. defeated 


267 


in Spain 


268 


See JEmihanus 




Scvpio 




Cornelii ...... 


381 


CoBNicuLUM taken . . . 


76 


Corona, castrensis, oivicaj 




muralis, ohsidionalis . 


193 


oleagina, ovalis, 




tri/umpJians . 


194 


Tiavalis .... 


195 



INDEX. 



459 



PAGE 

Corruption of Rome . . 3^2 

CORUNCANIUS .... 260 

Corvus of ships .... 256 

Oossus defeats Saranites 206 

spolla opimci of . 37 

Costume. See Dress. 

Council of Nice . . . 439 

Ckassus . . . 356, 370, 371 

house of . . . 336 

joins Catiline . 333 

Creditor, redress of . . 135 

Cremeka 160 

Crow ominous .... 44 

Crown lands. See Ager. 

Crowns ...... 193 

Crucifixion forbidden . 439 

of Jesus Christ . 404 

Crying Philosopher . , 127 

CUMA 116 

CuNCTATOR. See Fahius. 

Curatores cloaGarmm . . 69 

marum . . . 401 

Curia ...,.., 30 

IlostiUa .... 53 
Curi(E ..... 28, 30, 71 

CURIATII ...... 50 

Niebuhr's theory 53 

Curio 30 

CuRius Dentatus . 233, 234 

defeats Pyrrhus . 216 

Currus 399 

CuRTius Q 202 

tradition explained 202 

Cynosoephal^, battle of 274 

Cyrus born ..... 79 

death of ... 127 

retreat of . . . 177 

Dacia 316 

Damon and Pythias . . 178 

Dantiel 48, 128 

Darius .... 125, 128 

Debt, law of 135 

paid by Servius . 81 

Debtors borrowed money 131 

Constantine's laws 439 

cut to pieces . . 136 

imprisoned . . . 135 

made slaves . . 136 

pawn themselves . 136 

person free ... 81 



PA«R 

Decemvirs . . . 145, 163 

exiled . . . 167 

Decemvirate First . . 163 

Second . . 164 

abolished 187 

laws of . 164 

Decius 432 

persecutes christians 432 
slain by Goths • . 433 

Mus 236 

immolation of 211, 237 
Decline of character . . 389 

Deewmm 303 

Decurions ..... 844 
Delicacies, Roman . . 338 
Delphi to Brutus . . . 105 

Demooritus 127 

Demosthenes .... 208 

Dentatus Siccius . . , 176 

Achilles . . 177 

Diana temple burnt . . 204 

See Ourius. 

Dictator 149 

Lartius first . 116 
lictors attended 26 
Plebeian, first . 201 

DiDius 428 

Dido . 247 

Dies alliens is . . . . 181 

fasti 867 

\iefasti 867 

Dinner 838 

Dioceses 439 

Dioclesian 436 

Diogenes 246 

DioNYsius Halic. . . . 402 

Dioscuri 126 

Divorce common . . . 343 

instances . . . 393 

restrained . . ' 397 

Doctor, first Roman . . 802 

shops for news . 802 

Domitia 417 

domitian 416 

Draco 63 

Drama 226 

Roman .... 301 

Dress 120 

of augurs . . . 148 
bovs .... 121 



460 



INDEX. 



Dress (continued.) 




Emperors (coatinued.) 


of candidates . . 


147 


8 Caligula .... 40 


children . . . 


121 


21 Caracalla . . 


. . 42 


eornmon people 
consuls . . . 


227 


41 Cams . . . 


. . 43 


148 


4 Claudius I. . 


. . 40 


funeral , . . 


117 


37 Claudius 11. . 


. . 43 


Gauls . » . . 


179 


17 Commodus . 


. . 42 


generals : . . 


147 


48 Constans . . 


. . 44 


kings .... 


27 


46 Constantine I. 


. . 43 


magistrates . . 


226 


47 Constantine II. 


. . 44 


men .... 


120 


44 Constantius I. 


. . 43 


senators . . . 


226 


49 Constantius IL 


. ; 44 


supper . . . 


338 


32 Decius . . . 


. . 43 


priests . . . 
vestals . . . 


148 


19 Didius . . . 


. . 42 


21 


42 Dioclesianus . 


. . 43 


women . 120 


, 227 


11 Domitianus . 


. . 41 


Drinks 


118 


23 Elagabalus . 


. . 43 


Drusus 


397 


6 Galba . . . 


. . 41 


Livius 


819 


45 Galerius . . 


. . 43 


DUILIUS ...... 


261 


36 Gallienus . , 


. . 43 


Gorvus of . . . 


255 


33 Gall us . . . 


. . 43 


rostra of . . 


260 
256 


64 Glycerins . 


. . 44 


Dungeon 


26 Gordianus I. 


. . 43 


J)uumvi7'i 


102 


27 Gordianus IL 


. . 48 


Dyscolus 


424 


30 Gordianus III. 
53 Gratianus . . 


. . 43 
. . 44 


Eagle and Lucumo . . 


61 


14 Hadrian us 


. 42 


ominous .... 


44 


66 Honorius . . . 


. 44 


Eboracum ( Yorh) . . . 


421 


51 Jovianus . . 


. 44 


Edict of prfBtors . . . 


422 


50 Julianus . . 


. 44 


Edictum peiyetuum . . 


422 


60 Majorianus . 


. 44 


Edile. ISee ^dile. 




22 Maerinus . . 


. 43 


Education by Etruscans 


225 


43 Maximianus . , 


. 48 


slaves . . 


31 


25 Maximinus . . 


. 48 


EaEEIA 


40 


65 Nepos . . . 


. 44 


shield of . 


46 

383 
430 


5 Nero .... 


. 44 


Egypt 


12 Ncrva . . . 


. 41 


Elagabalus . . . . . 


63 Olybrius . . 


. 44 


female senate of . 


480 
234 


7 Otho .... 


. 71' 


Elephant and Fabricius . 


18 Pertinax . . , 


. 42^ 


defeat Komans 


214 


58 Petronius . . . 


. 44^ 


Emperors — 




31 Philip .... 


. 43$ 


84 ^milianus . . . 


433 


40 Probus .... 


. 43( 


62 Anthemius . . . 


448 


28 Pupienus . . . 


. 435 


15 Antoninus Pius 


423 


20 Severus I. Sep. . 
24 Severus II. Alex 


. 42J 


1 Augustus .... 


394 


. 43] 


66 Augustulus Romulus 


448 


61 Severus III. .. . 


. 44^ 


38 Aurelianus ... 


434 


39 Tacitus . '. . 


. 43( 


16 Aurelius .... 


424 


55 Theodosius . . 


. 44( 


59 Avitus 


448 


2 Tiberius . . . 


. 40^ 


29 Balbinus .... 


432 


10 Titus .... 


. 41-^ 



INDEX. 



461 



Emperors (continued.) 
13 Trajanus . . 
52 Valentinianus I 
54 Valentinianus II, 
57 Valentinianus III. 
35 Valerian us 
9 Vespasianus 
8 Vitellius . 
Empire Eoman . 
decline 
divided 
sold . 
eastern 

end 
western . 

end 
Engines of war . 
Ennius .... 
Epicurus . . . 
Equites . . . 
armour 
JEquus Publicus . 
Erostratus . . 
esarhaddon . . 
Esquiline hill . 

for plebeians . 

etymology 

tribe , . . 

Etruria .... 187, 

Etruscans, arch of . . 

architecture of . . 

arts of 

defeat by Tarquin 
instructors . . , 
luxurious . . . 
mythology of . . 
refinements of . . 
regalia at Eome . 

Eunus 298, 307 

death of . . . . 299 
success of . . . 308 

Euclid 246 

Euripides 178 

EusEBius .... 439, 440 
EuTROPius 442 

Fabian clan 133 

dignity of . . . 140 
massacred . . . 161 
migrate from Rome 134 

Fabius CuNGTATOR, 268, 277, 283 



418 

442 

443 

446 

. 33 

. 13 

. 412 

. 394 

. 427 

436, 439 

. 428 

. 436 

of 449 

. 436 

of 449 

. 258 

. 288 

. 246 

390, 391 

. 91 

. 391 

. 204 

. 48 

93 

93 

97 

87 

244 

225 

243 

226 

66 

225 

122 

244 

245 



PAGH 

Eabius (continued.) 

GuRGEs 239 

K^so 160 

agrarian law of . 141 
quits Eome . . 161 

Maximus 237 

condemned to death 238 

magnanimity of . . 239 

PiCTOR .... 222, 301 

QuiNTus, decemvir . . 161 

Fahri 89 

Fabricius . . . 234, 285, 236 

Falerium 170 

Faliscans 169, 170 



Familia 
Famine at Eome 
Farmers . . . 



230 
434 
340 
113 
192 
367 

40 
122 

16 



Fasti 

dies . . . . , 

instituted . . 
Father's power . . , 
Faustulus .... 

February 40 

Fecials 35, 46 

ceremonies of . . 47 

sacred «... 181 

Ferim Latinoe, .... 154 

Ficus Ruminalis ... 16 

FiDENiE 169 

taken .... 62 
Fire of Eome . . 409,415 

Flamens 41, 45 

Flamininus 285 

Flaminius . . 260, 274, 285 

Flavius 236 

Fleet, first Eoman . . . 249 

See /Skips. 
Florus 

Flowers 389 

Food 118, 338 



porridge . . . 
whence procured 

Forum 

adorned . . 

by Msenius 

with shields 

shops of . 

Fosa Cluilia, battle of 

Franchise of Eome, . 



223 

398 

69 

66 

239 

224 

24 

50 

29, 319 

conferred on Italians 320 



462 



INDEX. 



FranchiBe (continued.) 

Latin, conferred . . 207 

Eoman, conferred . 221 

war respecting . . SI 9 

Freedmen 81 

Fruit trees 343 

FUFFETIUS 62 

FuLviA betrays Catiline . 333 

dishonours Cicero 369 

FuLvius defeated . . . 270 

Funeral, .... 117, 118 

Funus indictivmn . . . 117 

Furcm Caudinos, .... 209 
FuRius. See Camillus. 

Gabii 104 

Galatia 276 

Galea 412 

Galekius 436 

death .... 438 

Galienus 436 

Gallia Narbonensis . . 316 

battle of . . . 317 

Gallienus . . . 433, 434 

Gallus 433 

Games ... 67, 71, 72, 229 
See Gladiators. 

Gardens 339 

Gauls 179, 180 

burn Eome .... 183 
Caesar's exploits . . 374 

defeated 265 

invade Eome . 179, 191 

repulsed by Manlius 184 

Camillus 186 

sue for peace . . . 265 

Gaurus mount . . . .^ 199 

Geese save Eome . . . 184 

General triumphant . . 146 

costume . . . , 147 

Gens 28 

togata 120 

Gelltus a 423 

Gelon of Syracuse . .157 

Genseric 448 

Genucius executed . . 140 
Germans defeated 

by Aurelian . 435 
Aurelius . 424 
Dioclesian . 437 
Maximin . 432 i 



177 



Germanicus 408 

Gladiators . . 229, 231, 439 

Glass 337, 397 

Glycerius 448 

Gnostics 426 

Gods 245 

Gold coin 96 

Golden age of England, ) 
France and Greece J 

Eepublic .... 204 

Eoman Empire ^ . 400 

Goldsmiths' shops . . 224 

GORDIAN 432 

Junior .... 432 

Goths 444 

first irruption . . 433 

conquered . . . 435 

Gracchus Caius . . . 311 

Tiberius . . 809 

Granius 827 

Gratian 443 

Great-coats 227 

Greece conquered . . 296 
golden age of .177 

Eoman province 296 

Gregory XII 362 

corrects the calendar 362 

Gurges, Fabius .... 239 

Habakkuk 48 

Hadrian .... 421, 423 

builds Adrianople 422 

demol. Jerusalem 422 

Hair long, slavish . . . 228 

Hamilcar, . . . 252, 263 

exploits in Spain 255, 266 

Hannibal .... 265-280 

Hanno 263 

Harsa, Terentilius . . 145 
Hasdrubal . . 263, 270, 296 

Helen 127 

Heliogabalus .... 430 

Helveth 316 

Heraclitus 127 

Herculaneum .... 415 

Herdonius 99 

Herennius to Pontius . 209 
Herod the Great ... 832 

Herodotus 178 

Hezekiah 37 

Hiempsal 313 



INDEX. 



463 



HiERO 



. 248, 253, 263 



and Archimedes . 290 

HippiAs 125 

History destroyed . . . 191 

sources of . . . 119 

H.O.C.S 193 

HoNORius 446 

Ro'piomacJd 230 

Horace 401 

illustrated . . 21 

HoBATii and Curiatii . . 50 

Niebuhr's theory 53 
HoKATius. See Codes. " 

Hortensia lex .... 240 
HosTiLius TuLLUS . . 49, 52 

Hot-houses 340 

Houses . . 119, 223, 335, 336 

heated .... 337 
of Autronius, Cicero, 
Clodius, Crassus, 

Messala, Scaurus 336 

Huns 442 

Hundreds 88 

Hypocrates 178 

Hyrcanus 325 

Ice 398 

IciLius 143, 176 

Ides 366 

Ilia, buried alive ... 15 

marries Tiber . . 21 

sons of 15 

Illustres 391 

Illyrian wars .... 264 

Incitatus (a horse) . . . 406 

Infantry . . 28, 58, 90, 91 

Insignia of Consuls . . 148 

Priests . , 42 

Komulus . . 26 

Tarquin . . 66 

Senators . . 28 

Insula Sacra 112 

Instructors 225 

Interest for money . . 131 

Interrex after Romulus . 38 

Nama . . 49 

Tullus . . 54 

Iphigenia 229 

Iren^us and his works . 426 

Isaiah 48 

isocrates 178 



Italian confederates . . 


320 


war 


319 


January due to Numa . 


40 


Janus, temple of . . . 


39 


closed first time . 


39 


second . . 


254 


third . . . 


384 


Jeremiah ...... 


79 


Jerusalem 




attempt to rebuild 


441 


conquered . . . 


325 


demolished . , . 


422 


siege of ... . 


413 


Jesus Christ born . . . 


400 


crucified . 


404 


Jews captivity .... 


79 


great "scattering" 


422 


Jezebel ...... 


247 


Joel 


48 


John Baptist, death . . 


404 


St. at Patmos . . 


417 


Jonah 


48 


Jovian 


442 


JuDiEJA conquered . . . 


325 


Judas Maccabeus . . , 


289 


Judices 


303 


Judith and Holofernes . 


48 


Jagera 


141 


Jugum 


341 


JUGURTH\ ...... 


HI'> 


captivity and death 


315 


wars ... 312 


,314 


Julia 


899 


Julian vear 


361 


Julian the apostate . . 
Julian us, Salvius . . . 


4.41 


422 


Julius. See Coesar. 




Junior centuries . . . 


90 


Junius. See Brutus. 




Herdonius . 99 


,101 


Juno Lucina 


82 


Jupiter and Numa . . 


41 


Justice, courts of . . . 


303 


Justin Martyr .... 


423 


Juventas, temple of . . 


82 


Kceso Fabius 


168 


Kalends 


366 


Kings 


22 


abolished . . . 


108 



464 



INDEX. 



Kings (continued,) 
chief priests 
dress of . . 
insignia of . 
laws . . . 
last .... 
lictors preceded 
privileges of 
trabea 



Knights' 



Koraiilus 

N uma . 

Tnllus . 

Ancus . 

Tarqiiin I. 

Servias 

Tarquin II 
irmour . 
See Eqmtes. 



26, 



Lactantius 

Lacus. See Curtius. 
Ladies. See Women. 

Loena 

LiENAs Popilins .... 

Ljevinus ......' 

Land of conq. nations . 
Lanlsta ...... 

Lapis specular is .... 

Lares familiares 18, 117, 
Labcj.us Titus .... 

dictator . . . 
Latins 



84 
20 

, 66 
95 
98 
26 
34 

148 
13 
38 
49 
54 
64 
80 
98 
90 



440 



confederation of . 

conq. by Ancus . 

form Piebs . 

franchise of 

language corrupt 

war of . 
Latinus . . . 
Latium . . . 
Latus olavus . . 
Laughing Philosopher 
Lavinia . . . 
Lawn dresses . 
Laws, Agrarian 

Ancus's . 

Canuleian 

Hadrian's 

Cons tan tine's 

Hortensian . 

Icilian 



45 
201 

240 

217 

230 

348 

122 

124 

115 

14 

96 

54 

57 

207 

451 

206 

14 

14 

391 

127 

14 

841 

140 

54 

177 

422 

439 

219 

143 



Laws (continued.) 
Licinian . . 
Ogulnian 
Oppian . . 
Otho's . . 
Poetilian . . 
Publihan 
Sempronian 
Servian . . 
Xll. Tables 
Valerian . . 
Vilian . . 
Volero, P. . 

Leather money . . 



189, 



144, 



145, 



229 
221 
800 
304 
136 
162 
311 
95 
164 
112 
303 
144 
96 
344 
192 
53 
222 
18 
25 
95 
95 



Legends, cause of . . . 
Horatii and Curiatii 
Q. Curtius . . . 
Romulus .... 
Sabine rape . . . 

Leges regies 

soriptce 

Legion 28, 344 

divided by Marius . 344 

improved by Camillus 191 

"thundering" . . 425 

Legislatiori of Augustus 895 

Constantine 439 

J. Cassar . 361 

Dioclesian 437 

Kings . . 95 

Licinius 189, 2ol 

Servius . 95 

Sylla . 331, 348 

.... 18 

.... IS 

. . 333, 334 

.... 261 

. 381, 884, 

Lex. See Laivs. 

Library of Alexandria . 

Asinius Pollio 

Augustus . 

Lucullus . 

TJlpian . . 

LJherti 

LiBERTiNA, temple of . 
Liclnia lex .... 
Licinius Stolo . . 189 
agrarian law of. 



Lemuria 
Lentulus 
Leon IDAS 

IjEPIDUS 



386 

359 
423 
423 
352 
423 
81 
82 
229 
201 
140 



Lictors and their duties 26, 164 



INDEX. 



465 



227 



PAGE 

242 
180 

898 
244 
207 
801 
451 
400 
45 
228 
261, 301 
319 



LlLYB^UM . . . 
LlNGONKS .... 

Linen 

Lniis 

battle of . . 

Literature of Kome 

decline . . 

golden age . 

Litnus 

Living of Romans 

Livius Andronicus 

Drdsus . 

Salinator 

Titus . . 

London founded 

LONGINUS . . . 

Looking-glasses 
Looms .... 
Lowlands . . . 
drained 

LUCAN .... 
LUCANIA . . . 

Luceres . . . 

third tribe 
Lucius, tiee Collatinus. 
Metellus^ Sextus. 

lucretia 

Lucretius 379 

Spurius . . . 112 
. Titus . . . 113 

lucullus 851 

conducts Mith. war 824 
LucuMO 60-62 



261 

402 

407 

485 

841 

841 

68 

66 

411 

210 

29 

75 



106 



Ludi 

ImcLus Trojce . , 
LUPA .... 
Lnpercal ... 
Lustrum . . . 
LuTETiA {Paris) 
Luxury of Romans 



94, 



280 
73 
18 
368 
171 
441 
885 



Lycias , 178 

Maccabees 308 

Maccabeus, Judas . . 289 

Macedon Rom. province 275 

Macedonicus cm. . . 305 

character .... 306 
Macedonian wars . 273-275 

M^oenas 895 

patron of Horace . 401 

Virgil . 401 
20'^ 



PAOB 

Macrinus ...... 430 

MELIUS Spurius . . . 159 

Mceniana 239 

M^Nius C 239 

Magister equitum . . . 384 
Maor. Oharta of Rome 144, 164 
Mao;-istrates' dress . . . 226 

Maherbal 278 

Majorianus 448 

Malachi 178 

Mamers 248 

Mamertines 248 

Mamertine prison ... 56 
Jugurtha confined in 315 

Mamercus 175 

Manasseh 58 

Manetho 263 

Maniples 344 

Manliana imperia . . . 201 

Manlius M. Cap. 185, 188, 196 

Torquatus 199, 200 

Marcellus 265, 270, 284, 285 

Marcus . . 399 

Marcius Angus . . . 54, 63 

coriolanus 156-158 

Rutilus . . . 201 

Marcus Claudius . . . 165 

POPILIUS ... 201 

Marius Caius 314, 317, 318, 

826-330, 844-348 

Miirriage, age of . . . 842 

ceremonies of . . 27 

customs of . . . 343^ 

unlucky days for . 342 

}1arsic war 819^^ 

M asinissa 29Q 

]\Iasters' power over slaves 31 

Maxentius 438 

Maximian 436 > 

Maximin a giant . . » 481 

Maximus. See Fabius. 

May unlucky for bride& . 342 

Mauritania 314 

Meals .337 

Medicine introduced . . 302 
Menenius Agrippa 132,138 
Messala, house of . . 833 

Metoe 72 

Metaurus, battle of . . 271 

Metellus L. Coec . . . T3 

exhibition of . . 73 



466 



INDEX. 



Metcllns (continued.) 
Q. Coec. Macedonicus . 
Q. Coec. Numidicus 
"Mettius Fuffetius . . . 

MiCAH 

MiCENIUS 

MiCIPSA 



Military system .... 
tribunes . . . 
,MiLo betrays Tarentum 
left by Pyrrhus in Italy 

T. Annius 

The Strong .... 
MlLTIADES . . . 125, 

Mirrors 

MlTHRIDATES . . 821, 824, 
Mock fi.o'bts ..... 

Mohammed II 

Money . . . . ■ . .95, 
'Monopolies, pitch . . . 
salt . . . 

.Mbns sacer 

Months ... 40, 862, 
Morals of Eoine . . . 
Mm^hus comitiahis . . . 
pedicularis . 832, 

MOSCKUS 

Mount Taurus .... 
Mucius Sctevola. . 114, 

MUMMIUS 

Munieipium 

Mus, Decius ... 211, 
Music 

MUTILUS 

MuTiNA, battle of . . . 
Myl^, battle of. . . 



Nabopolassar .... 63 
N^vius augur .... 79 
poet . . 251, 261 
Nail driven ..... 94 
Napoleon and Hannibal 268 
Isations conq. — how ruled 217 
Naval victory, first . . 270 

Navy 804 

Nefasti 40, 367 

NeposC 879 

Julius .... 448 
Nkro . . 74, 408, 409, 412 
^■^ -VA . . . . , . 418 



PAGE PAGE 

Newton and Archimedes 893 

806 Nexus . 136 

314 Nice, council of ... 439 

52 NicoMEDEs 322 

48 NiEBUHR .... 18, 84, 53 

223 Nineveh destroyed . . 79 

312 Nones 86 

28 NoncB 98 

38 Notary. ... . . . 236 

168 Novus homo ..... 802 

21 6 NuMA PoMPiLius . . 88, 42 

216 laws of ... . 54 

878 NuMANTiA, war of . ^. . 297 

378 NuMiDiA ...... 293 

162 NuMiTOR 15 

841 Numerian 436 

352 NuMisTRo, battle of . . 270 

78 Nundines 367 

449 

174 Obadiah 48 

226 Octavia 382 

173 Octavian .... 365, 382 
132 See Augustus. 

888 Odoacer invades Kome . 448 

844 Ogulnian laws .... 221 

93 Olybrius 448 

Omens . 44 

246 Oppius (7., law of . . . 800 

276 Optimates 302 

125 Oracles 105 

807 Oratory of Eomans , . 801 

220 Or do Equestris . . . . 891 

236 Orestes ...... 448 

226 Orodes 371 

820 Oscans 243 

386 Ostia founded .... 65 

250 rebuilt .... 407 

Ostium . . . . . • . . 835 

Ostrogoths 444 



Otho 

Roscius . . . 
Ovation, when granted 

Ovid 

Owls ominous . . . 



409 
804 
147 
401 
44 



Paganalia ..... 94 

Pagans 95 

Pagi ....... 95 

Palace of :N ero . . . . 409 

Palanquins 399 

Palatine hill 22 



INDEX 



467 



of. 



Palatine hill (continued.) 

assigned to patricians 93 
cViosen by Eomulus 22, 24 

tribe 86 

Palla 120 

Palladium of Scotland . 
Kome . . 

Pallium 

Palm given to conquerors 
" to bear the palm' 
Palmy days 
Palmyra . 
Pantheon . 
Pantomime 
Paper . . 
Papikius Carbo . 

immolation 
Cursor 

sun-dial of 
Papius Mutilus . 
Papyrus . . . 
Parasols , . . 
Parthians . . . 
Patavinity . • 
Pater patratus . 
Patres .... 
C07iscripti . 
Patricians . . . 
centuries of . 
forbdn. to fortify 
gentlemen . . 
wealthy . . . 
'Patrons, duties of 
Paulus ^milius 
. Pay for soldiers 
Pecudes , . . 
Peculium . . . 
Pecunia . . . 
Peloponnesian war 
Penates . . . 
Pender e pecuniarrh 
vectigal 
usuram 



Perfumes , 
Pergamus . 
Periander 
Pericles . 

Peristyleum 
Perseus . 
Persians . 



21 

20 

120 

226 

230 

230 

435 

396 

228 

897 

316 

182 

223 

226 

820 

397 

342 

429 

402 

48 

29 

110 

29, 52, 59 

87 

houses 93 
. 173 
. 131 
. 32 
268, 286 
. 174 
. 96 
, 82 



425, 



177 
122 
174 
174 
174 
122 
442 
142 
79 
177 
335 
274 
438 



PAGE 

Persians (continued.) 

conquered . 436, 437 
empire ended . . 245 
peace with Jovian 442 

Pertinax 427 

Pestilence. . . . 191,434 

Ph^drus 404 

Phalanx 191 

who composed . 90 
Pharnaces conquered . 860 
Pharsalia, battle of . . 358 

Phidias 178 

Philip Emperor . . . 432 

ofMacedon . . 273 

Philippi, battle of . . . 381 

Philippics 365 

Philo Publilius ... 202 
Physicians in Eome . . 802 

Pilum 222 

Pindar 178 

Pirates, war asrainst . . 355 
Piso ....".. 403, 410 
Pitch a monopoly . . . 226 

PiTTACHUS 79 

Plague of Athens . . . 177 
Kome . 191, 434 

Plato 177 

Plautus 287 

Plavs first performed . 301 
Plebeians . 52, 58, 60, 86, 131 
admitted to every office 191 
Censor, first . *. . . 201 
Consul, first , . 190, 201 
Dictator, first ... 201 
differ from clients, popu- 
lus, slaves, ... 57 

laws 144 

order abolished . 173, 219 
Pontifir, first . . 201, 260 
Prastori first . . 201, 239 

temple of 81 

tribunes 132 

PleUscitum 219 

Pliny elder 415 

youn.ger .... 420 

Plotina 418 

Ploughing 340 

Plutarch and his works 419 
Poetry, Roman .... 298 

Police 896 

Polybius 308 



468 



INDEX. 



PoLYCARp, martyrdom . 426 
FoTncerium . \ . . . 286 
PoMPJEDius Silo .... 820 

Pompeii 415 

PoMPEY Cii. . . . 854-372 
games of . ... 74 
Imperator . . . 855 
J ndgoa conquered by 825 
Magnus .... 355 
Mithridatea con. by 324 
sole Consul . . . 872 
spoils taken by . 852 
triumphs of " . 146, 825 

Sextus 887 

PoMPiLius Numa . . 88-48 

PoMPTiNE marsh drained 419 

Pontiffs . . . .41, 42, 349 

Pontifex Miiximus ... 42 

1st plebeian 202, 260 

Pontius .... 208, 240 

beheaded . . . 212 

Samnite general 241 

PONTUS 821 

PopiLius Lsenas . . . 201 

P opt ''us Rom anus ... 59 

new meaning . .219 

For 81 

Pork 398 

Porphyry ..... 437 

Porridge 223 

PORSENNA . . . . 113, 125 

invades Eome . . 113 

terms with Rome . 115 

Porta Capena .... 40 

Portoria 336 

Posterior es 76 

PosTUMius A. . . 116, 125 
Regillensis . 116 
TUBERO . . . 175 
Praefects .... 439, 450 
Prsefectures . . . 439, 450 
Prcefectas nwrum , . . 360 

PrcBtorio 396 

Prcetexta 45 

worn by boys . . . 121 

flamens . . 45 

generals . 147 

magistrates 147 

Praetor 26, 109, 190, 201, 239 

duties of 195 

eligible age . , , . 303 



Prsetor (continued.) 

number of 195 

increased by Csesar . 362 
" Sylla . 349 

peregrinus 195 

provincial ..... 257 

urhanus 195 

Praetorian cohorts . 896, 450 

Prandium 338 

Praxitelus 178 

P. E. H. E 299 

Priam ...... .^ 19 

Priests 39, 41 

dress of ... . 148 

Prisons 55, 56 

debtors' . , . 136 
light admitted . 439 
Mamertine . 56, 315 
private .... 136 

Probus , . 436 

games of . . . 74 

Procas 15 

Pro-consul . . . 257, 299 
Prodigies in Punic war . 276 
Pro-praetor . . . 257, 299 

Propertius 400 

Proscriptions of— 

Marius . . 329, 346 
Sylla . . . 380, 348 
2d Triumvirate . 380 
Provinces . . . 257, 299 
Augustus's laws . 896 

Provision 338 

Proximus Victor ... 26 
Ptolemy, Claudius . . 423 

Publicans 258 

equites . , . 891 

of salt mines . 55 

Public land. See Ager. 

PuBLicoLA Valerius 110, 123 

death of . . 115 

triumph . . 112 

PuBLiLius Volero . . . 161 

laws of . 144, 162 

Puer 31 

Pulcher and the chickens 44 

PtJLVELLUS, H 113 

Punic war, first . 247, 252 

second 264-272 

third . . . 293 

PupiENus 432 



INDEX. 



469 



Pybrhus .... 
and Fabricius 
death of ... 
defeats Romans .' 
^ Hannibal's opinion 
invades Macedon 
opinion of Rome 
return and defeat 
trophy and motto 



of 



PAGE 

. 241 

. 235 

216, 242 

214 



242 
242 
215 
216 
215 



QuADi 425 

Quadrans 95 

Qimdrigarius .... 74 

Quadrigae 74 

Qucestores dassici . . . 149 

parrieidii . . 150 

Quaestors 150 

eligible age . . . » . 803 

increased by Csssar . 262 

Sylla . 348 

senators 220 

Quindecemvirs .... 102 

Quintilis called July . . 362 

QuiNTius Cincinat. . 133, 158 

Quinqueremes . . 249, 255 

QuiRiNAL hill .... 93 

QumiTES 24 



Races 

Radius 

Rammes 

Ravens ominous . . 

Rape of Sabines . . 
customs due to 
explained . . 

Reclining at table . . 

Red-letter days . . . 

Reform bill of Stole . 

Regalia of Rome . . 

Regulus . . . 250- 

Regillensis . . . . 

Religion domestic . 

Remus 

Reptiles ominous . . 

Republic established . 
end of . . 

Retail trade . . . . 

Betiarii 

Revenue public. . 

Bex sacrorum . . . 

Rhea Silvia. See Ilia* 



. 74 

. 341 
29, 49 

. 44 

. 23 

. 27 

. 25 

. 337 

. 367 

. 189 



■252, 262 
. 116 

122, 301 
. 16 
. 44 
. 109 
. 393 
. 118 
. 230 

803, 392 
. 109 



Rhodes navy . . . 


PAGE 

. 304 


Rings common . 




. 228 


for brides 




. 228 


Roads Appian . 




. 232 


Flaminian 




. 285 


gravelled , 




. 303 


]Patrician 




. 93 


Tlohur .... 




56 


Roman people . 




. 29 


commerce . 




. 802 


corrupt . . 




. 893 


decline 




. 389 


domestic state 




. 393 


drama 




. 301 


extent of . 




. 383 


frugality of. 




. 233 


habits of life 




. 223 


infidelity to Ponti 


us 210 


masters of Italy 


. . 217 


morals corrupted 


. 300 


number increase c 


. 187 


year .... 


. . 406 


constitution under — 


Ancus . . 


. , 57 


Augustus . 


. . 894 


Consuls . 


. . 148 


Decemvirs 


. . 163 


Kino's . 


. . 26 


Punic wars 


257, 300 


Servius . 


. 86 


Sylla . . 


. . 335 


Rome besieged by — 




Alaric 


. . 446 


Attila 


. . 447 


Brennus 


. . 181 


Coriolani 


is . 15S 


Genseric 


. 44S 


Odoacer 


. 449 


Porsenna 


I . 113 


conflagration . . 


409, 415 


divided into distric 


bs . 418 


parts 


. . 436 


prefec 


trs. 439 


2 emp 


ires 446 


drained .... 


. . 66 


enlarged by Tarqui 


a . 78 


etymology . . . 


. . 85 


foundation of. . 


. . 22 


history, early . . 


119, 192 


improvements 


78, 224 


insurrections 131, 


167, 218 



470 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Eome (continued.) 

limits 78, 883 

plague .... 191, 434 
population increased . 22 
possessions .... 299 

rebuilt 186 

Komulian tribes ... 28 

EoMULus 16-37 

AUGUSTXJLUS . . . 448 

Eoscius 354 

Bosira .... 70, 164, 208 
Sowing taught .... 255 
EuBicoN .... 857, 375 
EuFiNus .... 228, 235 
Euminal fig-tree ... 16 

Eustic tribes 86 

EuTiLus CM 201 

Sabines .... 23-25, 85 

bull 97 

subdued ... 212 
Sacred days .... 40, 867 

hill 132 

isle 112 

persons .... 41 
Sacritices, human ... 269 

Sagum 121 

Saguntum, siege of . . 266 
Salamis, battle of . . .162 

Salary 173 

Salic dance 46 

Salii 46 

Salinator L 261 

Sallust 379 

Salt 173 

mines 55 

money 178 

monopoly .... 178 

spilt ominous ... 44 

Salvius Julianus . . . 422 

Samnites 199 

annihilated by Sylla 243 
defeated . . . 217, 206 
war, first . . 204, 243 
second ... 208 
third .... 210 
Ansterlitz of Eome . 211 

Sandals 121 

Sapor 488, 442 

Sappho 79 

Sardinia 254 



PAOH 

Saturnian hill .... 93 
Saul and Agag .... 237 
Sc^voLA, M. . . .114, 125 

SCCBVUS 114 

ScAURus's exhibition . . 74 

house .... 836 

Scrpio Africanus, . 269, 270, 

280-283 

TJie Younger 295, 298, 305 

AsiATiGus ... 276, 283 

Cneius 280 

Cornelius ^ 280 

PuBLius . . . 267, 269 
Scotch converted . , . 429 
palladium ... 10 

_ 'o 258 

ScriIbona 899 

Scutum^ 91, 222 

Seal of Sylla 847 

Secession first .... 132 
second , . . 167 
third .... 219 

Sedans 399 

Sesanus M 408 



Sella curulis 
Self-immolation 

of Curtius 
Decius 



109 
183 
202 
237 

95 

Sempronius, defeat of . 267 
Senate . . .28, 75, 862, 220 
Augustus reforms 895 
decline of power 451 
dress of .... 226 
female .... 430 
house .... 53 
immolation of. . 182 
plebeian .... 220 

Seneca 410 

Sennacherib .... 48 
Senior centuries ... 90 
Senones .... 180, 203 
conquer Eomans 212 
extirpated . . 813 
Sentinum, battle of . . 211 

Septuagint 246 

Sergius Catiline . 332-334 

Sertorius .... 349, 350 

fawn of. . . 349 

university of . 350 

Servian tribes ... 86, 87 



INDEX. 



471 



Servian wall ..... 97 

Servile war 299 

Servilius 136 

Servius Tallius . 76, 80-97 

burial of .... 98 

centuriata^ institates 91 

coinage of ... , 95 

debtors freed by . . 81 

laws of .... . 95 

pagandlia^ institutes 94 

Trlhata^ institutes . 87 

Seven hills of Rome . . 9-3 

wise men .... 79 

wonders . . . .223 

Sewers 68 

curators of . » . 69 

Severus I. Septimus . . 428 

banished praetorians 450 

destroyed Byzantium 428 

persecutes Christians 429 

II. Alexander . . . 481 

III 448 

Sex suffragia 76 

Sextans ....... 95 

Sextilis i. e. August . . 383 
Sextius .... 190, 201 

Sextus 104, 106 

Shavmg 225 

Shell m'oney 97 

Shields. . . . 91,222,224 
Ships, Roman . . 256, 304 

Shoes 121 

Shops 118 

Shrubs 339 

Sibyl 102 

Sibylline books .... 102 
Slccms Dentatus . . . 176 

Sicily 248, 271 

1st Roman province 253 

Silo Praetor 320 

Silk 228, 398 

Silver coin .... 96, 225 
SiLVii 14 

SiMONIDES 174 

Singing 252 

SiRis, battle of .... 235 

Slaves . 30-32, 59, 80, 81, 341 

Constantine's laws 439 

dormitories of . . 340 

dress of .... 228 

enlisted . . , . 393 



PAdE 

Slaves (continued.) 

female 341 

Hadrian's laws . 422 

Social war 819 

Soldiers, armour . . 91, 22 
cavalry . . 65, 75 
Gracchus's law 311 
infantry . . 58 
insurrection of 218 

pay 174 

Solomon, dress of . . . 27 

Solon 79 

Socrates 177 

Sophocles 178 

Spain conquered . . . 265 

Spartacus. 350 

Speech-making .... 229 

Spices 398 

Spinning ...... 119 

Spolia opima ... 37, 265 
Spurius Crassus . 133, 155 
Maelius. , . . 159 
State lands. See Ager pub. 

prison 56 

Statues 226 

Stolla ....... 120 

Stolo Licinius . . 189, 201 

Stoves 337 

Strabo 405 

Streets .... 223, 303 

Strigil 839 

Sublician bridge . . . 261 
Suburban tribe .... 86 
SuEssuLA, battle of . . 206 
Suetonius C. T. ... 420 
Paulinus . . 412 

Sufetes 247 

Suicide common ... 9^ 

SULPICIANUS 428- 

SuLPicius 327 

Sun-dial, first .... 225 

Supper 833 

Sylla . . 322, 323, 326-382, 

347-349 

Cornelian guards . . 331 

Dictator ... 331, 343 

exhibition of . . . 74 

Felix 347 

proscription of . . 327, 

330, 348 

reforms 331, 348, 890 



472 



INDEX. 



PAflK 

Stphax .... 281, 283 

Syracuse .... 248, 270 

Syria, Roman province . 325 

war with . . . 275 



Tables ...... 


. 398 


" turning the tables 


" . 898 


Tacitus Emperor . . 


. 436 


Historian . 


. 419 


Tadmor .... 


. 435 


Talasio^ talasio . . 


. 27 


Tanaquil .... 


. 61 


secures the crown 80 


Tarentum .... 


. 213 


betrayed by Milo 216 


taken by Hannibal 270 


Tarpeia 


. 35 


Tarpeian rock . , . 


. 36 


Tarquin I. . , . 62, 64r-7t^ 


adds a tribe . . 


. 75 


builds Capitol . 


. 65 


cavalry of . . 


65, 75 


contest with Nsevius 79 


drains Rome 


. 68 


enlarged Rome 


. 78 


games, institutes . 67 


.Priscus . . 


, 62 


regalia , . 


. 66 


wars of . . 


. 64 


II. Superhus . . 


. 98-116 


abdicates 


. 108 


builds capitol 


. 101 


murders Herdonius 100 


Servius . 83 


prodigies seen 1 


bv 104 


sewers of 


. 105 


wars with Rome . 112 


See Collatinus. 




Tatitts 


24, 35 


Taxes 


. 392 


Temo 


. 74 


'Temples, Bellona . 


. 47 


Capitol . 


. 146 


Concord . 


. 70 


Janus 


. 39 


Juno . . 


. 82 


Jupiter . 


. 65 


Juventas 


. 82 


Libitina . 


. 82 


plebeian . 


. 81 


used by Sei 


late 53 



Temple of Vesta ... 70 

Terence 288 

Teeentilius Harsa . . 145 

Terrentius Varro . . . 380 

Testudo 259 

Teutones 316 

Thales 79 

Theatre ...... 343 

Otho'slaw . . 304 

Pompey's . . . 343 

Themistocles . . . . 162 

Theocritus .....' 246 

Theodoric 447 

Theodosius the Great . 445 

abolished idolatry 445 

death ..... 446 

Thermopylje, battle of . 162 

Thespis 127 

'• Thirty tyrants" ... 434 

Thucidides 178 

Thumbs in circus , . . 230 

"Thundering legion" . 425 
Tiberius . . 7 . 403, 404 

TiciNUS, battle of . . . 267 

Titles ....... 29 

Titus 414-416 

Lartius . . . 115, 124 

Toga 120 

mrilis 121 

proetexia .... 45 

Togati 121 

ToLosA, gold of ... . 317 

Tormenta 258 

Torquatus M 199 

Tralea 148 

Trade despised .... 302 

Trajan 418 

column .... 419 

divides Rome . 418 

Plutarch's pupil 419 

reforms. . . . 418 

works . . . . 419 

Transpadani . . . . . 179 

Trasimenus, battle of. . 267 

Treat V, Hern i can . 133, 155 

Latin . . 133, 155 

Trebia, battle of . . . 267 

Trees 839 

Tribes 28, 86, 187 

Niebuhr's theory 84 

third added . . 75 



INDEX. 



Tribunes . . . 132, 150-152 
abolished . . 153 
badge of office 154 
holidays . . . 154 
lictors attended 2f) 
military . . . 168 
sacred . . , 152 
Servian ... 87 
Sylla curbs. . 153 
rjT ", • \ militum . .168 
Inbum j^^^j.^ ... 132 

Tribunus celerum . . 62, 150 

Tribute 392 

Spanish ... 392 

Trihuium 151 

Triens . 95 

Tripping ominous ... 44 

ofCsesar . . 44 

Triumph . . . 112, 146, 202 

Triumvirate first ... 373 

second 866, 380 

Triumviri capUales . . 150 

Triumvirs, Antony . . 385 

Caesar . . . 373 

Crassus . . 371 

Lepidus . . 385 

Octavian . . 386 

Pompey . . 356 

TUBEEO 175 

TuLLiA .... 88, 84, 85 
inhumanity of . 84 

Tullianvm 56 

TuLLius Attius . . . . 157 

Servius . . 76-97 

TuLLus HosTiLius . . 49, 52 

Tunic 120, 227 

TURNUS . 14 

XII. Tables . . . 145, 164 
Tyrants, the thirty . . 434 

XJlpian library .... 423 

Umbrella 342 

Umbo 91 

Uncia 95 

Utica 360, 370 

Usury laws 131 

Vaiens 442 

Valentinian 1 442 

II. ... 443 

assassinated . . 444 



PAGK 

Valentinian III. . . . 446 

Valerian 43S 

flayed alive . 438 

Valerius Corvus . . . 198 

L^viNus .... 240 

Maximus .... 404 

Publtcola . 110, 112 

Valleius Paterculus . . 404 

Vandals 447 

Varro 380 

Vases 225 

Veil 134 

defeated .... 82 
taken by storm . . 169 

Velabriam 68 

Velarium . . . ... . 414 

Venatio 78 

Veni^ mdi, vici . . . . 860 
Venusia, battle of . . . 270 
Vercingetorix .... 374 
Verona, battle of . , . 318 

Verres 353 

Verus L. a 425 

Vervain 47 

Vespasian 418, 

builds Coliseum . 414 

Vesta 20 

Vestal virgins . 20, 21, 42, 75 

Vesuvius 415 

battle of . . . . 207 
overwhelms 2 cities 41 5 

Veturia 158 

ViaA^pia 232 

Flaminia .... 285 

Patricia 98 

Viator 154 

Vibenna Cceles .... 77 

Vicus sceleratvs .... 85 

Villa, Hadrian's . . . 428 

Eoman .... 385 

Villius 808 

Viminal hill. ... 93, 97 

Vineries 340 

Virgil 78, 400 

Virginia 165 

Virginius 166 

Viriathus . . . 297, 807 

ViRIDOMARUS 265 

Visigoths . . . . -^ . 444 

Vitelius 412 

VoleroP 162 



474 



INDEX 



PAGE 

VOLSCIANS ..... 134 
VOLUMNIA 158 

Vultures ominous . . 17, 44 
VuLTURNUM 243 

Wall, Hadrian's ... 421 
Eoman .... 97 
Wars, Ach^an . . . . 296 
Alexandrine . . 359 
Cartli. See Punic. 
Cimbrian . . . 315 

Civil 826 

evil effects of . . 390 
Illyrian .... 264 
Jugurthine . . . 312 

Latin 206 

Macedonian . . 273 
Marsic .... 319 

Mithridatic . . 321 
Numantine . . 297 
Punic . 247, 264, 293 
Samnite . 204, 208, 210 
Servile .... 298 

Syrian .... 275 

Social .... 319 

Washing ....... 841 

W^ater supply .... 232 

Water-mills 343 

Wealth . 220, 300, 308, 335 

Weaving 119 

Western empire . 446, 449 

White ox 97 

royal colour . . 27 



Wild beasts 73 

Windows 836 

Wine 118, 228 

Wolf sacred 16 

Btatue of a ... 222 

Wolf suckles Eomulus . 16 

Women 23 

amusements . . 119 

betrothed ... 842 

corrupt .... 393 

divorced .... 343 

dress . . _. 227, 341 
funeral orations over 185 

liberty . . 119, 842 

married young . 842 

Wonders seven .... 204 

Woodpecker sacred . . 16 

Xantippus 251 

Xenophon 178 

Years of 10 months . . 40 

Cassar's regulations 361 

Numa's regulations 40 

Eoman .... 366 

Yoke, passing under , . 51 

York {Ehoracum) . . . 421 

Severus dies at . 429 

Zama, battle of .... 271 

Zenobia 435 

Zeuxis 178 

Zoroaster 127 



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